building science ii

i

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARC 3413/BLD 61303)

PROJECT 1 – LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

RUANG SHAH ALAM

LEONG VUI YUNG 0320362

FUNG HO YENG 0319473

IVY VOO VUI YEE 0319534

LIONG SHUN QI 0315942

LO JIA WOEI 0318585

YVONNE CHIN YUN MIIN 0315662

LECTURER : MOHAMED RIZAL MOHAMED

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 - 5

1.1 Abstract

1.2 Acknowledgement

1.3 Site Information

1.3.1 Introduction

1.3.2 Site Selection Reasons

1.3.3 Zoning of Building

2.0 LIGHTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 6 - 7

2.1 Introduction on Lighting 8 - 14

2.2 Precedent Study

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Day-lighting

2.2.3 Artificial Lighting

2.2.4 Data Collected

2.2.5 Conclusion

2.3 Research Methodology 15 - 17

2.3.1 Precedent Study

2.3.2 Preparation

2.3.3 Light Measuring Equipment

2.3.4 Data Collection Method

2.4 Case Study 18

2.4.1 Building Orientation

2.5 Existing Lighting Conditions 19 - 22

2.5.1 Existing Light Fixture

2.6 Materials & Properties 23 - 26

2.7 Lighting Data Analysis

2.7.1 Lighting Data Collection 27 - 31

2.7.1.1 Main Event Space – Zone A & Zone B

2.7.1.2 Covered Outdoor Area – Zone C

2.7.1.3 VIP Dining Area –Zone D

2.7.2 Lighting Contour Diagram & Analysis 32 - 33

2.8 Lighting Calculation Analysis

2.8.1 Daylight Factor Analysis 34 - 41

2.8.1.1 Zone A

2.8.1.2 Zone B

2.8.1.3 Zone C

2.8.1.4 Zone D

2.8.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis 42 - 48

2.8.2.1 Zone A

2.8.2.2 Zone B

2.8.2.3 Zone C

2.8.2.4 Zone D

2.9 Conclusion 49

3.0 ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

3.1 Introduction on Acoustic 50 -51

3.2 Precedent Study 52 -59

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 Reverberation Analysis

3.2.3 Sound Transmission Class (STC) Analysis

3.2.4 New Proposed Baffled System

3.2.5 Conclusion

3.3 Research Methodology 60 - 62

3.3.1 Precedent Study

3.3.2 Preparation



3.4 Existing Noise Sources 63 - 68

3.4.1 External Noise

3.4.1.1 Site Context

3.4.1.2 Vehicles

3.4.1.3 Human Activities

3.4.2 Internal Noise 69 - 74


3.4.2.2 Electrical Appliances

3.4.2.2.1 Speakers

3.4.2.2.2 Air Conditioning

3.4.3 Location of Noise Sources 75 - 76

3.5 Materials & Properties 77 - 81

3.6 Acoustic Tabulation & Analysis

3.6.1 Sound Meter Reading & Analysis 82 - 90

3.6.1.1 3.6.1.1 Main Event Space – Zone A & Zone B


3.6.1.3 VIP Dining Area –Zone D

3.6.2 Sound Intensity Level (SIL) 91 - 95

3.6.2.1 Zoning of Spaces

3.6.3 Reverberation Time (RT) 96 - 105


3.6.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) 106 - 115


4.0 REFERENCE 116

1 | P a g e

1.0

INTRODUCTION

2 | P a g e

1.1 ABSTRACT

For this project, we were to select a building that has lighting and acoustic features that

can be studied. We have to observe, evaluate, analyse and report on lighting and

acoustics performance of the selected building.

This report will be focusing on the building science in Ruang Shah Alam such as day-

lighting, artificial lighting, noise and sound condition. The report aims to introduce the

lighting and acoustic characteristics and requirement in specific space. Malaysian

Standard (MS1525) is being referred to get more information on the regulations of the

features.

3 | P a g e

1.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Ruang Shah Alam for allowing our team to have a visit on the

building sciences. We are also grateful that the technicians that spent their weekend on

giving us all the necessary information throughout the building including all lighting,

acoustics and architectural drawings. Without their help, we will not be able to finish the

project.

We would like to extend our gratitude to each individual who has helped and assisted us

to complete this research report as without your involvement, this report would be

insufficient and unsatisfactory. At last, a special thanks to our tutor, Mr Rizal for guiding

us through each tutorial and providing us with an aim to accomplish the task.

4 | P a g e

1.3 SITE INFORMATION

1.3.1 Introduction

RUANG is a company that specializes in providing an event space for occasions, such

as weddings, meetings, brainstorming sessions, exhibitions and others. RUANG

currently has 2 venues, SS18 Subang Jaya and Seksyen 16 Shah Alam. We had visited

the one at Seksyen 16 Shah Alam.

1.3.2 Site Selection Reason

Based on our observation, the event space provides sufficient functional spaces for our

analysis on lighting and acoustic. The double volume event hall and outdoor area even

the upper floor are useful to help us develop an understanding on different lighting

conditions of spaces that facilitates different programs and functions.

In terms of lighting properties, the arrangement of the space provides the site with an

array of day lighting and artificial lighting. For acoustics, the space also designed to

reduce the reflection of the sound.

5 | P a g e

1.3.3 Zoning of Building

6 | P a g e

2.0

LIGHTING

PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION

7 | P a g e

2.1 INTRODUCTION ON LIGHTING

Light is a form of energy manifesting itself as electromagnetic radiation and is closely

related to other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as radiowaves, radar,

microwaves, infrared and ultraviolet radiation and X-rays. Light is the most important

factor in the appreciation and understanding of Architecture. The relationship between

light and architecture is grounded in the principles of physics; it is about energy and

matter but in this particular case it also implies an emotional effect on people. The quality

of lighting in a space defines its character and creates impressions. The human eye

perceives its form through the incidence and reflection of light and in that way acquires

information about the ambiance in a given place. Visual impressions are interpreted in

our brains and put in context to create emotions that move us to take particular actions.

8 | P a g e

2.2 PRECEDENT STUDIES

2.2.1 Introduction

Name: W.D. Richards Elementary School (The Art Room)

Place: Columbus, Indiana

Building Type: Art Room

Contact: Mrs. O. Excell Cody

Construction was completed on the school in 1965. The school design incorporates the

use of the east facing clerestory windows placed within a double height space to provide

natural light to each of the classrooms and gymnasium spaces. In 1997 the school

added classrooms and support rooms. Lee & Timchula Architects, the architecture firm

for the addition, used the original design concept in new sections of the school,

incorporating the same clerestory window placed in a double height space to bring

natural light into the rooms. The 20,000 square foot renovation included a school-wide

network of computer and media wiring; new lighting and ceilings throughout the existing

school corridors, a renovation of the existing food service preparation area, sound-

proofing of the existing music room, and a renovation of the reception and administration

area.

9 | P a g e

Plan and Section

Figure 2.2.1B : Reflected ceiling plan showing ceiling tile grid, ceiling heights

and lamp fixture locations.

Figure 2.2.1A : Section through Art Room

10 | P a g e

Interior photographs of the art room

The art room is located in the center core of the school, adjacent to the gymnasium.

Unlike most of the other classrooms, it does not have an exterior wall. The only source of

natural light for the art room is the eastern clerestory window. The design concept of the

room uses the clerestory window to bring exterior light into the room and uses the ceiling

to reflect the natural light into the space and spread that light evenly within the room.

2.2.2 Natural Lighting Using in Art Room

Figure 2.2.2A : Clerestory window from the interior view

Figure 2.2.2A shows that clerestory window above east wall which fully utilize morning

sun but also bring in indirect lighting from afternoon sun. From the figure above, we also

can see that the interior finishes were selected to improve the light reflection. The ceiling

tiles and wall have a high lighting reflectance value which enhancing the natural lighting

provided into the space.

Figure 2.2.1C : Photograph of eastern wall of

the art room

Figure 2.2.1D : Interior photographs of the art

room

11 | P a g e

2.2.3 Artificial Lighting Using in Art Room

In addition to the natural light brought into the space by the clerestory window, the

illumination of the room is supplemented by several sets of light fixtures. The first is a set

of six 2-bulb, 4’-0” fluorescent light fixtures along the north and south walls of the room.

Under the clerestory window, located in the soffit, are five recessed incandescent can

lights.

In the west end of the room there are three 24 inch square parabolic fixtures with two U-

shaped fluorescent lamps. Finally, arranged in a rectangle around the work space are

twenty-two incandescent can lights placed on a suspended track to provide task lighting

over the student work area.

Figure 2.2.3A, 2.2.3B, 2.2.3C and 2.2.3D show the light sources within the art room.

Figure 2.2.3A Figure 2.2.3B

Figure 2.2.3C Figure 2.2.3D

12 | P a g e

2.2.4 Data collected

Figure 2.2.4A : Chart diagramming the 3-dimensional distribution of natural light within

the art room.

Figure 2.2.4B : Chart diagramming the 3-dimensional distribution of artificial light within

the art room.

13 | P a g e

Figure 2.2.4C : Isolux Plot – Natural Light

Figure 2.2.4D : Isolux Plot – Artificial Light

Figure 2.2.4E : Isolux Plot – Natural and Artificial Light

14 | P a g e

2.2.5 Conclusion

Figure 2.2.5A : Visual field map displaying lumination of surfaces within the art room.

We conclude that the natural lighting and artificial light are incorporate together

well within the art room. Through the analysis, we can observe that natural light within

the art room is sufficient to provide for personal orientation and light for occasional visual

tasks. Understanding the limitations in amount of light and the time of day that light is

provided, designers chose to incorporate the use of supplemental lighting found in

various forms. The various light fixtures can be turned on and off to adjust the required

lighting for the various tasks. The light fixtures can be used in conjunction with the

natural light entering the space to provide the most efficient use of energy for the space,

customizing and adjusting the light in the space depending on the task being performed

at any given time.

15 | P a g e

2.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.3.1 Precedent Studies

Precedent study that has the same characteristic of our site is being chosen to guide us

how the light functions and affect the space. This enables us to conduct the case study

properly.

2.3.2 Preparation

1. In obtaining approval to use site as case study, calls and emails were made to the

different chosen places.

2. The plan drawings were obtained from the site owner.

3. Preliminary study and identification of the spaces were studied.

4. Precedent studies were done to have a better understanding of how lights function or

affect in the space.

5. Gridlines with distance of 1.5m was plotted on the plan for recording purposes.

6. Digital Lux Meter was supplied by the tutors.

7. The equipment was tested before attending the site visit.

8. A basic standard and regulations such as ASHRAE and MS1525 were also studied

before hand to analyse and compare the readings later on.

16 | P a g e


Digital Lux Meter

Specification :

Manufacturer LUTRON Digital Lux Meter

Model LX-101

Dimension 108 x 73 x 23mm

Sensor Probe : 82 x 55 x 7mm

Lux Meter Range 0 – 50,000 Lux, 3 Ranges

Sampling Time 0.4 seconds

Operating Temperature 0 – 50 degree Celcius

Lux meter also known as Light meter, is used to measure the intensity of the light

illumination as distinguished by the human eye. The value gained does not correspond

to the object value of energy radiated, as different wavelength within specific spectrum is

perceived with varying sensitivity by the eye. Therefore, lux meter reading is reading that

is taken in consideration of the variables.

Sensor Probe

Sensor Probe

LCD Display

17 | P a g e

Measuring Tape

Measuring tape is used to determine the positions of the lux meter from the ground level

and also used to determine the grid in the space.


Data were collected at non peak hours between 5pm-7pm and peak hours between

8pm-10pm. The readings were taken at 1m and 1.5m level above the ground at each

corresponding time with both daylighting and artificial lightings. Materials used in the

space were studied and recorded to indicate the coefficient value and reflectance value

towards the daylighting and artificial lighting.

18 | P a g e

2.4 CASE STUDY

2.4.1 Building Orientation

Figure 2.4.1A Site plan

Figure 2.4.1B Facade

The front facade is facing to the north-west, receiving the highest amount of sunlight in

the evening. The first floor which covered with glass elevates and blocks the sunlight

penetrates into the ground floor.

19 | P a g e

2.5 EXISTING LIGHTING CONDITIONS

2.5.1 Existing Light Fixture

20 | P a g e

Image Type of Lighting Super Power LED Spot

Light

Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) 5000

Specification E27 80% Energy Saving

Rated Colour

Temperature

3000K

Colour Rendering Index 98

Luminaire Type Built in LED Spotlight

Wattage 50W

Placement Middle row of lightings in

the multipurpose hall

Image Type of Lighting Spiral UR Lite CPL


Specification E27, energy saver,

approx. 8000h lifespan

Rated Colour

Temperature

5000K


Luminaire Type Replaceable bulb for wall-

mounted street lamp

Wattage 325W

Placement Hall wall-mounted lamps

Image Type of Lighting LED Down Light 1


Specification 80% Energy Saving,

approx. 15000h

Rated Colour

Temperature

3000K


Luminaire Type Decorative Lighting

Wattage 60W

Placement Side entrance metal door

21 | P a g e

Image Type

of Lighting

LED Lamp Stand


Specification Approx. 15000h lifespan

Rated Colour

Temperature

2700K


Luminaire Type Decorative Lamp Stand

Wattage 60W

Placement On the side at the

entrance

Image Type of Lighting Fluorescent Lamp


Specification Approx. 30000h lifespan,

non-weatherproof

Rated Colour

Temperature

3900K


Luminaire Type Open Lighting

Wattage 28W

Placement Placed on metal beam

Image Type of Lighting Chandelier Filament

Bulbs


Specification E12 Candelabra

Dimmable Chip-On-Board

(COB) Bulb

Rated Colour

Temperature

2600K


Luminaire Type Dimmable Decorative

Lighting

Wattage 40W

Placement Center of the entrance hall

22 | P a g e

Image Type of Lighting LED Flood Light


Specification 120-degree beam angle,

weatherproof IP65

Rated Colour

Temperature

5900K


Luminaire Type Built in bracket / compact

Wattage 20W

Placement Wall-mounted at entrance

hall

Image Type of Lighting LED Downlight 2


Specification Warm White Energy

Saving Bulb

Rated Colour

Temperature

3000K


Luminaire Type Built in LED Downlight

Wattage 13.5W

Placement Outdoor Lighting at Zone

D

Image Type of Lighting LED Downlight 3


Specification LED 80% Energy Saver

Rated Colour

Temperature

6500K


Luminaire Type Built in LED Downlight

Wattage 14.4W

Placement

Indoor lighting, four rows

ceiling mounted in Zone D

23 | P a g e

2.6 MATERIALS & PROPERTIES

The application of materials is an important factor in determining the quality of lighting in

an environment. The materials will affect the total effect of lighting performance in an

enclosed space, known as room Lighting. The lighting can undergo reflection, absorption,

diffusion and diffraction with different shapes, characteristics surface texture and etc of a

material.

Below are the lists of existing material found on the zones of the case study:

Furniture Material

No. Zone

Materials Colour Reflectance Surface Texture

1 Chair

Black 15 Semi- Rough

White 45 Semi- Rough

2 Table

Black 15 Semi- Rough

3 Metal Door

Black 20 Smooth

24 | P a g e

Timber Door

Brown 25 Smooth

Wall Material

No. Zone


1 A,B Concrete Wall With Plaster Finish

White Paint 45 Rough

C

Grey Paint 20 Rough

2 A Wood Laminated Sheets

Brown 25 Smooth

3 A, C Brick Wall

Red 25 Smooth

25 | P a g e

Ceiling Material

No. Zone


1 A Plywood Ceiling with Black paint Finish

Black 15 Rough

2 B Metal Deck Ceiling

Black 20 Smooth

3 C Plywood Ceiling with White Paint Finish

White 45 Smooth

4 A,B,C

Glass Wall

Transparent 0 Smooth

5 A Wood Insulation Panels

Black 15 Rough

26 | P a g e

Floor Material

No. Zone Materials Colour Reflectance Surface Texture

1 A Concrete Floor with White paint Finish

White 45 Semi- Rough

2 B Metal Deck

Grey 20 Rough

3 C Laminated Timber Flooring

Brown 25 Smooth

4 A Carpet Flooring

Cold Colour 20 Semi- Rough

27 | P a g e

2.7 LIGHTING DATA ANALYSIS

2.7.1 Lighting Data Collection

2.7.1.1 Main Event Space – Zone A & Zone B

Daylight (5:00 p.m)

28 | P a g e

Artificial Lighting (10:00 p.m)

29 | P a g e


Daylight (5:00 p.m)

30 | P a g e


31 | P a g e

2.7.1.3 VIP Dining Area – Zone D

Daylight (5:00 p.m)


32 | P a g e

2.7.2 Lighting Contour Diagram & Analysis

Figure 2.7.2.1 : Light Contour ( Ground Floor Plan ) – Daylight (5:00PM)

From the light contour diagram, we can conclude that the zone C receives the most

sunlight during day time compared to zone A and B. Zone C is a covered outdoor area

with cantilevered dining area on top. Nearer the spot to the entrance of the event space,

lower the lux reading. This is due to the covered upper floor, blocking the sunlight

penetrates. However, the interior receives the least sunlight as it is fully covered and only

has glasses at the entrance and may receives some sunlight from the first floor. That’s

the reason why some spots near the stage receives more lights than the corner.

33 | P a g e

Figure 2.7.2.1 : Light Contour (First Floor Plan) – Daylight (5:00PM)

From the diagram above, it shows the light contour of the first floor. At 5:00PM, the

exterior still receive the sunlight. However, for the interior, the amount of sunlight is

higher than the lower ground as there is no blockage from the facade against the

sunlight. The windows at first floor allow the evening sunlight penetrates in.

34 | P a g e

2.8 LIGHTING CALCULATION ANALYSIS

2.8.1 Daylight Factor Analysis

2.8.1.1 Zone A

Time Weather Luminance

At 1m (1x)

Average(1x) Luminance

at 1.5m (1x)

Average(1x)

5pm Clear sky 1-6 3.3 2-5 3.9

Table 2.8.1A : Lux Reading at Zone A

Average Lux Reading 5pm

1m 3.3

1.5m 3.9

Average lux value 3.6

Table 2.8.1B : Average Lux Value at Zone A

Luminance Level Example

120,000 lux Brightest sunlight

110,000 lux Bright sunlight

20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky,

midday

1000 – 2000 lux Typical over cast day, midday

400 lux Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient

illumination)

<200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise

<1 lux Extreme of darkest storm cloud,

sunset/sunrise

Table 2.8.1C : Daylight intensity at different condition

35 | P a g e

Date and Time 5pm (28 September 2016)

Average lux value reading (E internal) 3.6

Daylight Factor Calculation Formula

internal

external

Standard direct sunlight (E external) 20,000 lux

calculation

=0.018

DF,% Distribution

>6 Very bright with thermal and glare problem

3 – 6 Bright

1 – 3 Average

0 – 1 Dark

Table 2.8.1D : Daylight Factor, DF

Daylight factor is real Daylight factor at Zone A is relatively low. The calculation shown is

0.018 which is the range of dark according to the table provided in MS1525. This is due

to the space is fully covered with the wall, except the entrance let the lights come in.

36 | P a g e

2.8.1.2 Zone B


At 1m (1x)


at 1.5m (1x)

Average(1x)

5pm Clear sky 3-14 7 4-12 8.1

Table 2.8.1.2A : Lux Reading at Zone B


1m 7

1.5m 8.1


Table 2.8.1.2B : Average Lux Value at Zone B





midday



illumination)




sunset/sunrise

Table 2.8.1.2C : Daylight intensity at different condition

37 | P a g e




internal

external


calculation

.

0,000

= 0.038

DF,% Distribution


3 – 6 Bright

1 – 3 Average

0 – 1 Dark

Table 2.8.1.2D : Daylight Factor, DF

Daylight factor at Zone B is relatively low, higher than Zone A. The calculation shown is

0.038 which is the range of dark according to the table provided in MS1525. This is due

to the space is fully covered with the wall, except the entrance let the lights come in. It is

also nearer to the entrance, so it has higher daylight factor compared to Zone A.

38 | P a g e

2.8.1.3 Zone C


At 1m (1x)


at 1.5m (1x)

Average(1x)

5pm Clear sky 33-1630 576.7 13-1097 438.6

Table 2.8.1.3A : Lux Reading at Zone C


1m 576.7

1.5m 438.6


Table 2.8.1.3B : Average Lux Value at Zone C





midday



illumination)




sunset/sunrise


39 | P a g e




internal

external


calculation

0,000

= 2.54

DF,% Distribution


3 – 6 Bright

1 – 3 Average

0 – 1 Dark

Table 2.8.1.3D : Daylight Factor, DF

Daylight factor at Zone C is at average range. The calculation shown is 2.54 which is the

range of average according to the table provided in MS1525. This is due to the space is

located at the halfly outdoor area. It is covered by the elevated floor above.

40 | P a g e

2.8.1.4 Zone D


At 1m (1x)


at 1.5m (1x)

Average(1x)

5pm Clear sky 320-2300 922.8 205-2600 841.9

Table 2.8.1.4A : Lux Reading at Zone D


1m 922.8

1.5m 841.9


Table 2.8.1.4B : Average Lux Value at Zone D





midday



illumination)




sunset/sunrise


41 | P a g e




internal

external


calculation

.4

0,000

= 4.412

DF,% Distribution


3 – 6 Bright

1 – 3 Average

0 – 1 Dark

Table 2.8..4D : Daylight Factor, DF

Daylight factor at Zone D is the highest among all the zones. The calculation shown is

4.412 which is the range of bright according to the table provided in MS1525. This is due

to the space is located at the first floor and surrounded with glass window. Sunlight can

be shines into the space.

42 | P a g e

2.8.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

2.8.2.1 Zone A

Dimension of Space / L × W (m)

Total Floor Area / A (m2)

Types of Lighting Fixtures Spiral UR Lite CPL Super Power LED Spot

Light

Number of Lighting Fixtures / N 2 1

Lumen of Lighting Fixtures / F

(lm)

19500 5000

Height of Luminaire (m) 5.9 5.85

Height of Work Level (m) 0.5 0.5

Mounting Height / Hm (m) 5.4 5.35

Reflection Factors Ceiling: Black Plywood (0.45)

Wall: Brick Wall (0.25), Wooden Insulation

Panel (0.15), Wooden Laminated Sheets

(0.25), White Concrete Wall (0.45), Grey

Concrete Wall (0.20)

*Wall average = 0.26

Flooring: Carpet Flooring (0.20), White

Concrete Flooring (0.45)

*Flooring average = 0.33

Room Index, RI / K

.0 . 4

.4 .0 . 4

0.

.0 . 4

. .0 . 4

0. 4

Utilization Factor / UF

(Referred Table)

0.3 0.3

Maintenance Factor / MF 0.8 0.8

Standard Illuminance (Lux) Multipurpose: 300 (Panduan Teknik JKR)

43 | P a g e

Illuminance Level / E (Lux)

00 0. 0.

.

4 .

000 0. 0.

.

. 4

Total Illuminance / E (Lux)

Discussion:

The total illuminance in Zone A is 168.47 lux. According to the recommended illuminance

by the Panduan Teknik JKR, the multipurpose hall should be 300 lux. The multipurpose

hall at our chosen site does not meet the recommended standard illuminance.

The multipurpose hall is suggested to increase 2 times the number of the lighting fixtures

in order to meet the required illuminance for the space, lighting up the space for events

happening in the multipurpose hall.

Calculation below determined the number of additional lighting fixtures needed:

Spiral UR Lite CPL:

Super Power LED Spot Light:

44 | P a g e

The above calculations showed that increasing 2 times the number of lighting fixtures is

able to reach the recommended standard illuminance for a multipurpose hall, with a

slight exceeding illuminance level of 36.95 lux. This will help illuminate the space better,

giving the users in the space a better lighting experience.

45 | P a g e

2.8.2.2 Zone B

Dimension of Space / L × W (m)

Total Floor Area / A (m2)

Types of Lighting Fixtures Spiral UR Lite CPL Super Power LED Spot

Light

Number of Lighting Fixtures / N 4 2

Lumen of Lighting Fixtures / F

(lm)

19500 5000

Height of Luminaire (m) 5.9 5.85

Height of Work Level (m) 0.5 0.5

Mounting Height / Hm (m) 5.4 5.35

Reflection Factors Ceiling: Black Plywood (0.45)

Wall: Glass Wall (0), Brick Wall (0.25), Wooden

Insulation Panel (0.15), Wooden Laminated

Sheets (0.25), White Concrete Wall (0.45), Grey

Concrete Wall (0.20), Black Metal Door (0.2),

Timber Door (0.25)


Flooring: White Concrete Flooring (0.45)

Room Index, RI / K

. . 4

.4 . . 4

0.

. . 4

. . . 4

0.

Utilization Factor / UF

(Referred Table)

0.37 0.37

Maintenance Factor / MF 0.8 0.8

Standard Illuminance (Lux) Multipurpose: 300 (Panduan Teknik JKR)

Illuminance Level / E (Lux)

4 00 0. 0.

4.0

.

000 0. 0.

4.0

.

46 | P a g e

Total Illuminance / E (Lux)

Discussion:

The total illuminance in Zone B is 351.62 lux, which according to the recommended

illuminance by the Panduan Teknik JKR, the multipurpose hall should be 300 lux. This

zone is well lit and has exceed slightly over 51.62 lux for a multipurpose hall.

In order to meet the requirement, the multipurpose hall of this zone is suggested to

reduce one of the lighting fixtures, so that the space will not be over-lighted, creating

glares that will cause discomfort to the users’ eyes.

47 | P a g e

2.8.2.3 Zone C

Dimension of

Space / L × W (m)

Total Floor Area / A

(m2)

Types of Lighting

Fixtures

Fluorescent

Lamp

LED Down

Light 1

LED Lamp

Stand

Chandelier Filament

Bulbs

Number of Lighting

Fixtures / N 12 3 1 10

Lumen of Lighting

Fixtures / F (lm) 1680 1200 3600 375

Height of Luminaire

(m) 3.5 3.3 1.8 3.4

Height of Work

Level (m) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Mounting Height /

Hm (m) 2.7 2.5 1.0 2.6

Reflection Factors Ceiling: Black Metal (0.20)

Wall: Grey Concrete Wall (0.20), Brick Wall (0.25), Glass Wall (0),

Timber Door (0.25), Black Metal Door (0.20)


Flooring: Laminated Timber Flooring (0.25)

Room Index, RI / K

.0 . 4

. .0 . 4

.4

.0 . 4

. .0 . 4

.

.0 . 4

.0 .0 . 4

.

.0 . 4

. .0 . 4

.

Utilization Factor /

UF

(Referred Table)

0.43 0.47 0.58 0.47

Maintenance Factor

/ MF 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Standard Entrance Hall: 100 (MS1525:2014)

48 | P a g e

Illuminance (Lux)

Illuminance Level /

E (Lux)

0 0.4 0.

.

0. 4

00 0.4 0.

.

.

00 0. 0.

.

.

0.4 0.

.

.

Total Illuminance /

E (Lux)

Discussion:

The total illuminance in Zone C is 181.39 lux, which according to the recommended

illuminance by the MS1525:2014 Second Revision, the entrance hall should be 100 lux.

This zone is strongly lit and has exceed over 81.39 lux for an entrance hall.

In order to meet the requirement, the entrance hall of this zone is suggested to just use

the fluorescent lamps, which it has already efficient and sufficient illuminance of 110.64

lux to lit up the space. That way the space will not be over-lighted, creating glares that

will cause discomfort to the users’ eyes. Also, during daytime it is unnecessary to use

artificial lighting since there is sufficient natural lighting.

49 | P a g e

2.9 CONCLUSION

From our observation, we think that Zone A and B are quite dark compared to Zone C

and D during the day time. However, during the night time it is vice versa.

From our measurement and calculation, our observation can be proved to be correct.

During the daytime, the interior is quite dark but the lighting fixture provided in the space

is not enough for the space to be function. From the lumen method, we have found the

number of lighting fixture to installed in the space to reach the recommended standard

illumination of the space.

50 | P a g e

3.0

ACOUSTIC

PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION

51 | P a g e

3.1 INTRODUCTION ON ACOUSTIC

Acoustics is the branch of physics or the science concerned with the production,

control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound. Its origins began with the

study of mechanical vibrations and the radiation of these vibrations through

mechanical waves in gases, liquid and solid, are still continues today. Research was

done to look into the many aspects of the fundamental physical processes involved

in waves and sound and into possible applications of these processes in modern life.

Many people do include the study of instruments and architectural spaces in

acoustic. However, it also covers other topics, such as noise control. ultrasound for

medical imaging, seismology, bioacoustics and others.

Figure 3.1A Lindsay’s Wheel of Acoustics

Lindsay’s Wheel of Acoustics was created by . Bruce Lindsay. The wheel

describes the scope of acoustics starting from four broad fields of Earth Sciences,

Engineering, Life Sciences and the Arts.

52 | P a g e

3.2 PRECEDENT STUDY

3.2.1 Introduction

The Multipurpose Music Cafe, August Wilson Centre

The cafe is located at sidewalk level, accessible directly from the street and form within

the centre. It will function as a traditional museum cafe and sidewalk cafe during the day.

A seating terrace is located outside and adjacent to the cafe. Wired for internet access

and designed to accommodate a wide range of emerging technologies, the cafe provides

an electronic link to visitors worldwide.

The Multipurpose Music cafe is designed to accommodate an on‐ going menu of

programs and to function as an alternative performance space for intimate performances

with limited seating for jazz, spoken word, poetry and other new performance forms in a

club setting at night. A portable stage and theatrical lighting will be imported to support

such performances as required.

53 | P a g e

This music cafe is a large rectangular box covered by glass walls, a hard floor and a

sound absorbing treatment on the ceiling behind baffles and duct-work. The space is

design to acknowledge the Cafe mechanical and natural resourced produced. It need for

acoustical design elements which hanging long material baffles and acoustical blanket

over 80% of the underside of the floor structure above.

Based on the use description provided by architect, a reverberation time of

approximately 1.0 second would be ideal. This would place the space somewhere

between speech and speech/ music use. According to the architectural acoustics:

principles and design , a very high STC value (60+) between the music cafe and lobby

would be desirable. This is important to both spaces, as a spoken word performance in

the cafe could suffer if a large crowd was gathering in the lobby for a performance in the

main theater, while the lobby must remain quiet during a performance in the main theater

if patrons are entering or exiting the auditorium since a main set of doors is directly

across from the cafe.

This function is very important as it relates back to our chosen site Ruang (Event

Space), where space are multi-functionary and architectural acoustics is important

to keep to space functioning well.

54 | P a g e

3.2.2 Reverberation Analysis

Reverberation is the prolongation of sound as a result of successive reflections in an

enclosed space after the sound source is turned off.

Figure 3.2.2A & 3.2.2B shows the interior of the Multipurpose music cafe

Figure 3.2.2C : Existing Reflected Ceiling Plan

55 | P a g e

Figure 3.2.2D : Music Café Reverberation Time – Existing Design.

Based on Figure3.2.2D, it illustrates that the existing reverberation times are far from

ideal. One important consideration, however, is that the manufacturer of the metal baffle

ceiling system (Chicago metallic) does not have acoustic data for the product. Therefore,

the product has been omitted from the calculations. Including the baffles in the

calculation would like reduce the very high reverberation times at the lower frequencies,

but It would also reduce the reverberation times at the higher frequencies which are

already lower than the ideal.

56 | P a g e

3.2.3 Sound Transmission Class ( STC ) Analysis

Sound Transmission Class (STC) is an index rating of how well a building partition

attenuates airborne sound.

Through the analysis of the sound transmission class (STC) on the wall between the

cafe and the main lobby reveals a potential for unwanted noise transfer between the

spaces. At 46, the calculated STC falls far below the ideal value of 60+. This problem Is

generated by the use of glass doors to 1/2 laminated glass improves the STC to 49, but

this is only a marginal increase. To really improve the potentially negative situation,

significant changes to the architecture are required. These changes may include

changing the glass to another material such as wood or creating a small vestibule at the

entrances.

57 | P a g e

3.2.4 New Proposed Baffled System

However, in order to improve the reverberation time is much more realistic changes,in

order to do this, the metal baffles and acoustical blanket are eliminated,replacing them

with floating fiberglass sound absorbing panels that are faced in perforated metal. This

product in figure .this change will most likely reduce cost by replacing two material with

one.some changes were necessary In the location and type of HVAC diffusers and

sprinkler heads. Figure 7.15 show the reverberation time based on 900 s feet of the new

acoustics panels. Figure shows the proposed layout of these panels.

Figure 3.2.4A : Alpro Metal Acoustic Baffles for the new design in Multipurpose music cafe

58 | P a g e

The new reverberation times are very close to the desired values. According to Architect

ural Acoustics: Principles and Design optimum reverberation times at 125 hertz should b

e 1.3 times the ideal reverberation time at 500 hertz and a multiplier of 1.15 should be us

ed at 250 hertz. These multipliers are used to correct for the fact that the human ear is l

ess sensitive at lower frequencies. With these factors included, the new design is very n

ear the target. The new ceiling system will provide superior acoustical performance at a

reduced cost.

Figure 3.2.4B : Music Cafe Reflected Ceiling Plan – New Design

Figure 3.2.4C : Music Cafe Reverberation Time – New Design.

Figure 3.2.4D : Music Cafe New Baffle Schedule of Materials

59 | P a g e

3.2.5 Conclusion

In conclusion, the proposed solution to improve reverberation times is both economical

and aesthetically pleasing for the analyzed space, The multipurpose music cafe. Noise

reduction with a space can be archived by two methods improvement of reverberation

time and also increasing the STC value. Reverberation time can be improved to ideal

level through the use of absorptive materials in ceilings and surrounding walls. Provide

optimum acoustical environment. On the other hand, STC values can be increased by

changing the materials of the wall in between spaces, which reduces transmission of

sound from a space, which reduces transmission of sound from a spaces to another,

eliminating unwanted noise.

The biggest challenge in acoustic design in August Wilson Centre is not only improving

the acoustic issues but also the visual aspect. As a designer, it is ultimately the

architect’s decision to maintain a visual quality as well as the appearance for the

performance of the place. August Wilson Centre has being unique architecture throught

unyelding visual character and makes the enginerring of the building complex task.

60 | P a g e

3.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.3.1 Precedent Studies

Precedent study chosen helps to have a better understanding on how the surrounding

sound, materials, electrical appliances affect the acoustics of the space.

3.3.2 Preparations

1. In obtaining approval to use site as case study, calls and emails were made to the

different chosen places.

2. The plan drawings were obtained from the site owner.

3. Preliminary study and identification of the spaces were studied.

4. Precedent studies were done to have a better understanding of how lights function or

affect in the space.

5. Gridlines with distance of 1.5m was plotted on the plan for recording purposes.

6. Sound Level Meter was supplied by the tutors.

7. The equipment was tested before attending the site visit.

8. A basic standard and regulations such as ASHRAE and MS1525 were also studied

before hand to analyse and compare the readings later on.

61 | P a g e

3.3.3 Acoustics Measuring Equipment

Sound Level Meter

Specification :

Manufacturer LUTRON Lighting

Model SL-4023SD

Dimension 245 x 68 x 45 mm

Weight 489g without battery

Range 30 – 130 dB

Linearity + - 1.5 dB

Grade of Accuracy Not assigned

Power Supply DC 9V adapter input

The device is used to measure the sound level in a particular point in a space. The

measured unit is in decibels(dB).

Digital Camera

It is used to capture the source of noise such as electrical appliances, and existing

activities and also record the existing materials in the environment.

62 | P a g e

Measuring Tape

Measuring tape is used to determine the positions of the sound level meter from the

ground level and also used to determine the grid in the space.


Data were collected at non peak hours between 5pm-7pm and peak hours between

8pm- 0pm. The acoustics’ readings were taken according to the intersection of the grid

lines at 1m above ground. It was ensured that the sound level meter stabilizes with the

surrounding noise before the readings were taken. The noise source, furniture and

materials used in the spaces were analysed and recorded as there may affect the sound

level recorded.

63 | P a g e

3.4 EXISTING NOISE ANALYSIS

Located at industrial zone where many branded product factories situated. Ruang is

surrounded by many factories and parking is just provided right in front the event space.

Ruang has received plenty of noise from the primary and secondary road as it is facing

these two road which is the only road vehicles usually used and the distance is quite

near. There are tall trees planted between the primary and secondary road which

believe to use as buffer zone that can reduced and blocked the noise from the road but

we found that the tress do not work well on the noise reducing because some of the

trees are decaying and some of the tress are being cut off.

Figure 3.4A : External sound sources from surrounding.

64 | P a g e

Figure 3.4B : Location map of Ruang shows the event space is far from the area (red circle) like mosque

and futsal which will create a permanent and high volume of noise in a certain period of time.

65 | P a g e

Figure 3.4C. & 3.4D : Factories and the vehicles are the main sound source at this site.

Figure 3.4E : The tress as a buffer zone but it do not work well to Ruang.

There is a buffer zone in front the event space with a row of tall trees. But we noticed

that the buffer zone does not work really well on blocking and reducing the noise from

the primary road as we observed that the trees are being chopped and start to decay.

Maintenance and upgrading of the buffer zone should take more concerns and notes

from the authorities.

66 | P a g e

3.4.1 External Noise

3.4.1.1 Site Context

Figure 3.4.1.1A : Different usage of neighbour building will create different kind of sound level.

At the left side of Ruang, it is a kitchen, space for preparation and garage for the event

space and of course it is only for staff. People talking, knocking sound of glass and

utensils and also plastic bags sound may be the main often noise during the preparation.

Kitchen is located inside the building so the noise from the kitchen may limited and

blocked by the wall and partition itself. Vehicles create larger noise when they drive into

this semi-enclose space but the noise is just happened in few second.

At the right side of Ruang, it is an office combine with gallery. The huge party wall is one

of the elements which blocked the noise pass into the event space. Normally, this

building has lesser noise but it turned the other way when people visit to the gallery.

People will only visit the gallery during certain time and the building will only occupied

during the working hours which is in the morning until evening.

Left

Right

67 | P a g e

3.4.1.2 Vehicles

Many company offices and factories were located at this area as this is an industrial area.

Beside the normal vehicles will passing through the road, some heavy vehicles like

lorries and vans will also using this primary road to collect and drop their stocks. In the

other side, there are many residential areas around this site and most of the workers and

resident travel by motorcycles. Motorcycles will create a high frequency sound when

they passed by the road and this noise will make someone feel annoying and unpleasant.

68 | P a g e


Figure 3.4.1.3A : Zone C is where the outdoor human activities happening. The largest sound wave

represent the loudest noise in the outdoor area.

The food will be served at the right hand side of the covered outdoor area and this place

will be very crowded and has the highest volume of noise during the peak hour. The

seats and the outdoor area is limited and mostly placed at the uncovered outdoor area

and because of this, people will stand randomly and chit chat with each other while

having their food. In this situation, the noise is quite spread compare with the internal

noise.

The other sound is caused by the steel staircase which located at the left side of the

space. When people step on the steel staircase, the unsmooth steel surface will created

noisy sound when different weight and walking patterns applied on it.

Staircase

Food

Served

Area

Uncovered

Outdoor

Area

69 | P a g e

3.4.2 Internal Noise


Figure 3.4.2.1A : The indoor space is coloured in red colour and the two main sound source is

plotted on the floor plan.

The hall (Zone A & Zone B) usually will full up with people when there is an event or

party and it will be super quiet when there is not occupied. There are mainly two sound

source in the interior, sound from stage especially during peak hour (people speak from

stage and people speak towards the stage) and the entrance (outdoor activities and

nature sound).

Stage

Outdoor

Activities

70 | P a g e

Figure 3.4.2.1B : Sound source from stage which also include the sound when people speak towards the

stage.

Figure 3.4.2.1C : Sound Source from the entrance which consists of nature sound and outdoor activities.

71 | P a g e

Figure 3.4.2.1D : The situation when the ground floor is occupied.

Figure 3.4.2.1E : First floor is coloured in red colour and the human activities are plotted on the floor plan.

72 | P a g e

At the upper floor (Zone D), the noise is mostly from human activities. This space is quite

small and the authority usually uses this place as VIP dinner space or extra upper floor

seats. During the peak hour, noise probably is those knocking sound of the utensils,

people discussing and chitchatting. At the opposite, the non-peak period, outdoor noise

is heard from the windows and door clearly in the space.

Figure 3.4.2.1F : VIP dining area and extra sitting area are located at the first floor.

73 | P a g e

3.4.2.2 Electrical Appliances

3.4.2.2.1 Speaker

Speakers are distributed throughout the two floors to enable the music, words and

announcements from the stage or the people who speaking through a mic around the

space.

Figure 3.4.2.2.1A :. The speaker used in the event venue.

74 | P a g e

3.4.2.2.2 Air Conditioner

Air conditioners are the main and the only type of ventilation devices found in Ruang.

They used different types of air conditioner in the ground floor and the first floor. The

reason of using different types of air conditioner is determine by the area of the space

and the amount of the hat gain will be produce in the space.

Figure 3.4.2.2.2A : Air conditioner with fibre duct used in Ruang.

There are 2 units of air conditioners with fibre duct used at the two side of ground floor.

There is a long white fibre duct connected to the air conditioner and the bottom of the

duct is not totally enclosed which to allow the cool air to travel throughout the space from

the gap.

Figure 3.4.2.2.2B : Ceiling cassette air conditioner used at first floor.

There are 2 units of ceiling cassette air conditioners used only in first floor. They are high

in power and produce relatively low noise. For our own perspective, we think that 2 units

of air conditioners in this small area is too much because it is quite cool when the 2 air

conditioners are on. But we also believed that the purpose of having more air

conditioners is because they wanted more cool air to be travel into the internal space but

not only from the front part (ground floor).

75 | P a g e

3.4.3 Location of Noise Sources

Figure 3.4.3A : Identification of sound source found at ground and first floor.

76 | P a g e

Indic

ation

Picture Specification Locatio

n

Unit

Product Name (Air conditioner with fibre

duct)

Ground

Floor

2

Weight -

Dimension -

Total Power 2.2kW

Fan Speed -

Sound Pressure

Level

< 78dB

Placement Wall

Product Name Blackline F15+

(Compact, two-way passive)

Ground

Floor

7

Weight 30.5kg

Dimension (WxHxD) 471mmx690mm x443mm

Power Handing 400W AES, 1600W peak

Frequency

Response

55Hz-18kHz ± 3dB -

10dB@45Hz

Crossover 1.4 kHz passive

Sound Pressure

Level

126dB - 132dB

Placement Wall

Product Name Daikin FFR15CV1 First

Floor

2

Weight 18kg

Dimension 295mmx640mmx640mm

Total Power 940W

Cooling Operation 12500 Btu/hr

Sound Pressure

Level

38-45dB

Placement Ceiling

77 | P a g e

3.5 MATERIALS & PROPERTIES

The application of materials is an important factor in determining the quality of acoustics

in an environment, especially controlling the reverberation time. The materials act as a

medium, be it solids, liquids and gases that will affect the total effect of sound produced

in an enclosed space, known as room acoustics. The sound waves can undergo

reflection, absorption, diffusion and diffraction with different shapes, characteristics

surface texture and etc of a material.

Below are the lists of existing material found on the zones of the case study:

Furniture Material

No. Zon

e

Materials Colour Absorption

Coefficient

Surface

Texture

500Hz

1 Chair

Black 0.28 Semi- Rough

White 0.15 Semi- Rough

78 | P a g e

2 Table

Black 0.15 Semi- Rough

3 Metal Door

Black 0.25 Smooth

Timber Door

Brown 0.20 Smooth

79 | P a g e

Wall Material

No. Zon

e


Coefficient

Surface

Texture

500Hz

1 A,B Concrete Wall With

Plaster Finish

White Paint 0.05 Rough

C

Grey Paint 0.05 Rough

2 A Wood Laminated

Sheets

Brown 0.15 Smooth

3 A, C Brick Wall

Red 0.03 Smooth

4 A,B,

C

Glass Wall

Transparent 0.10 Smooth

80 | P a g e

Ceiling Material

No. Zon

e


Coefficient

Surface

Texture

500Hz

1 A Plywood Ceiling with

Black paint Finish

Black 0.05 Rough

2 B Metal Deck Ceiling Black 0.25 Smooth

3 C Plywood Ceiling with

White Paint Finish

White 0.05 Smooth

5

A Wood Insulation

Panels

Black 0.15 Rough

81 | P a g e

Floor Material

No. Zon

e


Coefficient

Surface

Texture

500Hz

1 A Concrete Floor with

White paint Finish

White 0.02 Semi- Rough

2 B Metal Deck

Grey 0.25 Rough

3 C Laminated Timber

Flooring

Brown 0.07 Smooth

4 A Carpet Flooring

Cold Colour 0.50 Semi-

Rough

82 | P a g e

3.6 ACOUSTIC TABULATION & ANALYSIS

3.6.1 Sound Meter Reading & Analysis 3.6.1.1 Main Event Space - Zone A & Zone B

Non-Peak Hour : Without any event

Ground Floor Plan

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

b2 40 dB c2 39 dB d2 38 dB

b3 37 dB c3 41 dB d3 41 dB

b4 40 dB c4 42 dB d4 41 dB

b5 36 dB c5 37 dB d5 39 dB

b6 34 dB c6 40 dB d6 39 dB

b7 46 dB c7 42 dB d7 41 dB

b8 39 dB c8 41 dB d8 42 dB

b9 39 dB c9 50 dB d9 42 dB

e2 41 dB f2 40 dB g2 50 dB

e3 42 dB f3 41 dB g3 53 dB

e4 45 dB f4 41 dB g4 44 dB

e5 42 dB f5 42 dB g5 44 dB

e6 40 dB f6 39 dB g6 44 dB

e7 39 dB f7 39 dB g7 45 dB

e8 38 dB f8 38 dB g8 45 dB

e9 40 dB f9 41 dB g9 47 dB

h2 39 dB i2 44 dB j2 46 dB

h3 41 dB i3 44 dB j3 33 dB

h4 42 dB i4 43 dB j4 46 dB

h5 37 dB i5 43 dB j5 45 dB

h6 40 dB i6 45 dB j6 43 dB

h7 41 dB i7 45 dB j7 45 dB

h8 42 dB i8 46 dB j8 42 dB

h9 50 dB i9 43 dB j9 41 dB

k2 41 dB l2 41 dB

k3 42 dB l3 42 dB

k4 47 dB l4 45 dB

k5 50 dB l5 42 dB

k6 43 dB l6 40 dB

k7 43 dB l7 39 dB

k8 43 dB l8 38 dB

k9 41 dB l9 40 dB

Table 3.6.1.1B :

Acoustic data

collected on site

during non –peak

hour (Zone A &

Zone B).

Figure 3.6.1.1A : Acoustic performance of main

event space during non-peak hour.

83 | P a g e

Peak hour: During event

Gro

Ground Floor Plan

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

b2 76 dB c2 76 dB d2 73 dB

b3 75 dB c3 80 dB d3 74 dB

b4 77 dB c4 82 dB d4 77 dB

b5 89 dB c5 82 dB d5 77 dB

b6 88 dB c6 84 dB d6 73 dB

b7 88 dB c7 81 dB d7 71 dB

b8 83 dB c8 80 dB d8 72 dB

b9 86 dB c9 84 dB d9 83 dB

e2 71 dB f2 75 dB g2 76 dB

e3 74 dB f3 78 dB g3 80 dB

e4 68 dB f4 77 dB g4 77 dB

e5 77 dB f5 86 dB g5 81 dB

e6 72 dB f6 89 dB g6 84 dB

e7 73 dB f7 79 dB g7 82 dB

e8 68 dB f8 76 dB g8 81 dB

e9 85 dB f9 82 dB g9 81 dB

h2 82 dB i2 81 dB j2 81 dB

h3 80 dB i3 80 dB j3 80 dB

h4 80 dB i4 82 dB j4 82 dB

h5 81 dB i5 81 dB j5 81 dB

h6 89 dB i6 80 dB j6 80 dB

h7 89 dB i7 79 dB j7 79 dB

h8 86 dB i8 80 dB j8 80 dB

h9 80 dB i9 80 dB j9 81 dB

k2 85 dB l2 80 dB

k3 82 dB l3 86 dB

k4 83 dB l4 84 dB

k5 90 dB l5 83 dB

k6 93 dB l6 82 dB

k7 86 dB l7 82 dB

k8 86 dB l8 85 dB

k9 104 dB l9 82 dB

Table 3.6.1.1D :

Acoustic data

collected on site

during peak hour

(Zone A & Zone B).

Figure 3.6.1.1C : Acoustic performance of main

event space during peak hour.

84 | P a g e

Analysis

We define the non-peak hour as without event happening and peak hour as event

happening.

Based on the non-peak hour diagram and the table (figure 3.6.1.1A & table 3.6.1.1B),

sound level is around 30 decibel to 50 decibel with average of 43 decibel. During the

sound level collection, the space is totally enclosed, even the doors and the windows at

the upper floor are all closed and all the electrical applications are all switched off. But

because the period we went is the event preparation, so there are some sound from

human activities. For instance, g3 & g4 has a higher decibel as there are workers

walking into the event space during the test. h9 is higher because there are workers

arranging stuffs inside the space during that time. k5 & l4 has different and higher

decibel than the other surrounding grid point is because it is near the entrance and

during the time, there are some outdoor activities like vehicles, human activities and

nature sound come in from the door gaps into the interior.

Based on the peak hour diagram and the table (figure 3.6.1.1C & table 3.6.1.1D), sound

level is around 68 decibel to 104 decibel with average of 80 decibel. During the sound

level collection, the space is having a talk, so there are people speaking at the stage with

mic, people walking around the space in the outdoor and the indoor area, people

chitchatting and all the electrical applications like air conditioner and speaker is

everything switched on. The sound intensity level will be affected by the volume of

people speaking, position of the speaker and human activities. There are some points

like h7, k6, k9 and l3 are higher than the others points because of the people who talk

with mic on the stage is too excited and make his sound frequency and sound volume

before higher during that period. Some points like e9, k2 and l8 have slightly higher

points because there are people moving or discussing during that time. Point f5 and f6

have higher decibel because there is a mic provided at the middle of the venue and let

the public spoke through wards the stage. Of course the area around the speakers (b-c 1,

b-c 9, j-k 1, j-k 9) will get higher decibel then others for instance, c3-c5. e4 and e4 have

a slightly lower decibel because during that period there is a pause of the people who

speaking on the stage.

We noticed that the area near the air conditioner has a weird reading which is b9 and c9

has a highest decibel compare with the other side. We found this noise will occur is due

to the unmaintained air conditioner. For overall, we found that the sound level at the right

side is higher than the left side is because left side has a sound insulator wall provided

but right side doesn’t provide any insulator.

85 | P a g e

3.6.1.2 Covered Outdoor Area - Zone C


Ground Floor Plan

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

m2 55 dB n2 40 dB o2 58 dB

m3 60 dB n3 53 dB o3 63 dB

m4 58 dB n4 54 dB o4 62 dB

m5 59 dB n5 54 dB o5 61 dB

m6 68 dB n6 65 dB o6 66 dB

m7 53 dB n7 58 dB o7 60 dB

m8 54 dB n8 59 dB o8 62 dB

m9 66 dB n9 58 dB o9 57 dB

p2 58 dB q2 53 dB

p3 60 dB q3 54 dB

p4 61 dB q4 58 dB

p5 60 dB q5 57 dB

p6 65 dB q6 60 dB

p7 60 dB q7 60 dB

p8 61 dB q8 58 dB

p9 65 dB q9 56 dB

Table 3.6.1.2B :

Acoustic data

collected on site

during non –peak

hour (Zone C).

Figure 3.6.1.2A : Acoustic performance of covered

outdoor area during non-peak hour.

86 | P a g e


Ground Floor Plan

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

m2 80 dB n2 75 dB o2 77 dB

m3 74 dB n3 75 dB o3 78 dB

m4 80 dB n4 78 dB o4 81 dB

m5 83 dB n5 77 dB o5 84 dB

m6 86 dB n6 82 dB o6 82 dB

m7 74 dB n7 77 dB o7 75 dB

m8 75 dB n8 75 dB o8 74 dB

m9 75 dB n9 75 dB o9 72 dB

p2 75 dB q2 74 dB

p3 77 dB q3 78 dB

p4 81 dB q4 79 dB

p5 83 dB q5 76 dB

p6 82 dB q6 77 dB

p7 76 dB q7 75 dB

p8 74 dB q8 74 dB

p9 72 dB q9 75 dB

Table 3.6.1.2D :

Acoustic data

collected on site

during peak hour

(Zone C).

Figure 3.6.1.2C : Acoustic performance of

covered outdoor area during peak hour.

87 | P a g e

Analysis

Based on the non-peak hour diagram and table (figure 3.6.1.2A & table 3.6.1.2B), the

sound level is around 40 decibel to 68 decibel with average of 58 decibel. The noise is

more concentrate at (m-q 6) which is in front the entrance because during the data

collection, there are workers chitchatting around there and some the noise from the

friction of the door when someone open the door.

o6 is located at the corner and it has higher decibel among the points surrounding. The

reason of having this reading is because it is a corner, sound usually will more

concentrate and has a lower reverberation in an enclosed area especially a corner. Add

on, the material they used (concrete) of the area (corner) will also affecting the sound

absorption and reverberation. At the opposite site, q9 has lower sound level is because

this point is more to the exterior which is the uncovered outdoor area.

In another case, m2 has lower sound level than o6 is because m2 is located below

staircase and people or sound are quite inactive at that area. When there is sound from

the uncovered outdoor area, the staircase will first blocking the sound before transmit to

m2. But n2 has a higher sound level is because during the time, there is another

teammate walking down from the staircase and the steel staircase has because the

biggest sound source of that area.

Based on peak hour diagram and table (figure 3.6.1.2C & table 3.6.1.2D), the sound

level is around 72 decibel – 86 decibel with average of 75 decibel. The sound is more

concentrate at the centre of the area is because people usually gather at the centre and

chit chatting with each other after they took their food at the right side of the area

because of lacking chairs at the outdoor area and people normally will standing and have

their food on the food at the uncovered outdoor area.

m6 got the highest sound level among all grid points is because it is located at the point

which straight facing the entrance. So, when people open the door, the sound from

inside will directly transmitted to this point first.

Compare to non-peak hour, m2 has higher sound level during peak hour because the

speaker is located at this point. Because of the speaker, the area around the speaker will

have higher sound level (m-p 1)

Overall, the right hand side has lower sound level than the left side is because there are

more stuffs like wooden table, cotton tablecloth, paper cups and other dinning utensils

that has more absorption value at that area which is ready for the guest of the event later.

88 | P a g e

3.6.1.3 VIP Dining Area - Zone D


First Floor Plan

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

m2 55 dB n2 53 dB o2 53 dB

m3 55 dB n3 53 dB o3 53 dB

m4 56 dB n4 54 dB o4 55 dB

m5 55 dB n5 54 dB o5 55 dB

m6 56 dB n6 54 dB o6 58 dB

m7 54 dB n7 54 dB o7 54 dB

m8 54 dB n8 53 dB o8 54 dB

m9 43 dB n9 53 dB o9 53 dB

p2 53 dB q2 72 dB

p3 53 dB q3 53 dB

p4 54 dB q4 53 dB

p5 55 dB q5 56 dB

p6 54 dB q6 53 dB

p7 53 dB q7 53 dB

p8 53 dB q8 52 dB

p9 52 dB q9 51 dB

Figure 3.6.1.3A : Acoustic performance of

upper floor area during non-peak hour.

Table 3.6.1.3B :

Acoustic data collected

on site during peak

hour (Zone D).

89 | P a g e


First Floor Plan

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

Grid Noise Level

m2 57 dB n2 55 dB o2 55 dB

m3 57 dB n3 55 dB o3 55 dB

m4 82 dB n4 79 dB o4 78 dB

m5 80 dB n5 78 dB o5 78 dB

m6 83 dB n6 81 dB o6 79 dB

m7 84 dB n7 78 dB o7 78 dB

m8 74 dB n8 78 dB o8 72 dB

m9 73 dB n9 78 dB o9 76 dB

p2 55 dB q2 55 dB

p3 55 dB q3 55 dB

p4 78 dB q4 82 dB

p5 77 dB q5 80 dB

p6 78 dB q6 68 dB

p7 76 dB q7 70 dB

p8 71 dB q8 72 dB

p9 72 dB q9 73 dB

Figure 3.6.1.3C : Acoustic performance of upper

floor area during peak hour.

Table 3.6.1.3D :

Acoustic data

collected on site

during peak hour

(Zone D).

90 | P a g e

Analysis

Based on the non-peak hour diagram and table (figure 3.6.1.3A & table 3.6.1.3B), the

sound level is around 51 decibel to 72 decibel with average of 55 decibel.

The highest sound level is 72 decibel which located at the outdoor, the balcony. During

the measurement, there is lorry passing by and the sound is quite loud and noisy.

The area (m2-m6) have higher sound level is because the technician was coming in to

set up the speaker which the speaker is located at l2. The middle area of the space also

have slightly higher sound level is because there is a worker arranging the VIP dining

table during the data collection.

Based on the peak diagram and table (figure 3.6.1.3C & table 3.6.1.3D), the sound level

is around 55 decibel – 84 decibel with average of 78 decibel.

The yellow boxes area (l-q 1-3) is the outdoor areas which are the staircase and balcony.

The event was held at night and sound sources like vehicles and human activities will

lesser compare to morning. Before the event, VIP will have their dinner on the upper

floor (Zone D), so there are different sound sources like sounds from dining utensils,

people chit chatting, sound from the only speaker, air conditioner and the sound from

ground floor as the upper floor is open to ground floor and windows provided.

p4 and p6 has higher sound level because there are ceiling cassette air conditioner

above these points. q4 and q5 have higher sound level compare to the other outdoor grid

points because the windows are open at that area, sound can easily transmitted to

outside from inside. In the opposite side, q6 has lower sound level is because the

window at that point is closed tightly and there is a pause of the people who speaking on

the stage at that moment.

m4 and m6 have higher sound level because of the sound from the speaker (l1) and the

sound direct transmit form the stage at ground floor to the upper floor especially the first

row of the grid line (m2-m7). M8 and m9 have lower sound level compare to m2 to m7

because of the foldable windows are blocking the sound.

Overall, the outdoor area have similar sound level as people will not stay around at the

steel staircase or the balcony because the width of the steel staircase and balcony can

only fits one people in one time, which is not a good location for gathering or chit chatting.

The main sound source from at the upper floor is normally from the ground floor and the

active human activities (dining time).

91 | P a g e

3.6.2 Sound Intensity Level (SIL)

Sound intensity level, SIL also known as Sound pressure level, SPL. The usual context

is the sound measurement of intensity in the air at listener’s location as a sound energy

quantity. The intensity level is defined as the sound power per unit of area and the basic

units are watts/m2 or watts/cm2.

Average sound intensity level is calculated by using Power Addition Method :

SRL or SIL = 10 log10 I

Iref

Where,

SIL = Sound Intensity Level, Iref = 1.0 x 10 -2 Watts

I = Sound power (intensity) Watts


The reverberation time of the main usage space of chosen site (Ruang Event Space)

which is calculated are included :

Unable access

area

Outdoor area

First Floor Plan

Zone A : Main event space front stage

Zone B : Main event space sitting area

Zone C : Open air antechamber

Zone D : VIP dinner space and extra upper floor seats

92 | P a g e


Discussion :

In peak hour, the sound intensity level fluctuate around 70 dB to 90 dB during event

happening in Zone A which are having speech and debut from the audience at the front

stage. However, the sound intensity level fluctuate only around 30 dB to 50 dB during

non-peak hour due to the event space remain empty and less activities carry out and

only some preparation work carry out by the workers.

PEAK HOUR

HIGHEST READING : 89 dB

89 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

89 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

8.9dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 8.9 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 8.9) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 7.94 x 10 -4 w

LOWEST READING : 68 dB

68 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

68 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

6.8dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 6.8 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 6.8) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 6.31 x 10 -6 w

Total Intensity, I = (7.94 x 10 -4 w) + (6.31 x 10 -6 w)

= 8.0 x 10 -4 w

Hence,

Combined SPL = 10 log ( 8.0 x 10 -4 / 1.0 x 10 -12)

= 89.03 dB

NON-PEAK HOUR


50 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

50 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

5.0dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 5.0 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 5.0) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 1.0 x 10 -7 w


34 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

34 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

3.4dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 3.4 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 3.4) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 2.51 x 10 -9 w


= 1.03 x 10 -7 w

Hence,


= 50.13 dB

93 | P a g e


Discussion : In peak hour, the sound intensity level fluctuate around 75 dB to 95 dB during event

happening in Zone B which are slightly higher than Zone A due to the sound source are

mainly from the speaker and the activities from outside open air antechamber.

While the sound intensity level fluctuate of Zone B during non-peak hour are only

around 35 dB to 55 dB which are higher compare to Zone A due to the noise from

outdoor and surrounding context as the main entrance of main event space usually

open when no event carry out.

PEAK HOUR


93 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

93 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

9.3dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 9.3 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 9.3) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 2.0 x 10 -3 w


77 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

77 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

7.7dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 7.7 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 7.7) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 5.01 x 10 -5 w


= 2.05 x 10 -3 w

Hence,


= 93.12 dB

NON-PEAK HOUR


53 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

53 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

5.3dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 5.3 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 5.3) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 2.0 x 10 -7 w


37 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

37 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

3.7dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 3.7 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 3.7) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 5.01 x 10 -9 w


= 2.05 x 10 -7 w

Hence,


= 53.12 dB

94 | P a g e


Discussion :


happening in Zone C where the sound source mainly from the outdoor activities and

noise from surrounding context. While the sound intensity level fluctuate of Zone C

during non-peak hour are around 50 dB to 70 dB which are higher compare to Zone A, B

and D. It is due to Zone C is a open air zone where received noise from surrounding

context even not have any event happening.

PEAK HOUR


86 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

86 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

8.6dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 8.6 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 8.6) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 3.98 x 10 -4 w


72 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

72 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

7.2dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 7.2 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 7.2) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 1.58 x 10 -5 w


= 4.15 x 10 -4 w

Hence,


= 86.18 dB

NON-PEAK HOUR


68 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

68 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

6.8dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 6.8 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 6.8) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 6.31 x 10 -6 w


53 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

53 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

5.3dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 5.3 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 5.3) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 2.0 x 10 -7 w


= 6.51 x 10 -6 w

Hence,


= 68.14 dB

95 | P a g e


Discussion :


happening in Zone D where the sound source mainly from the speaker and people who dine

at Zone D. However, the sound intensity level fluctuate only around 50 dB to 60 dB during

non-peak hour due to the VIP dinner space and extra upper floor seats area of Zone D

normally remain enclosed and less activities carry out and only some preparation work carry

out by the workers.

PEAK HOUR


83 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

83 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

8.3dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 8.3 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 8.3) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 2.0 x 10 -4 w


68 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

68 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

6.8dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 6.8 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 6.8) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 6.31 x 10 -6 w


= 2.06 x 10 -4 w

Hence,


= 83.14 dB

NON-PEAK HOUR


58 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

58 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

5.8dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 5.8 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 5.8) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 6.31 x 10 -7 w


53 dB = 10 log ( I / Iref)

53 dB = 10 log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

5.3dB = log ( I / 1.0 x 10 -12)

Log -1 5.3 = I / 1.0 x 10 -12

I = (Log -1 5.3) x 1.0 x 10 -12

I = 2.0 x 10 -7 w


= 8.31 x 10 -7 w

Hence,


= 59.20 dB

96 | P a g e

3.6.3 Reverberation Time (RT)

Reverberation time (RT) at 500Hz

The reverberation time is defined as the length of time required for sound to decay 60

decibels (dB) from its initial level after the sound is stopped in an enclosed space.

Reverberation time is calculated to indicate the reverberation quality and describing the

acoustical quality of an enclosure. The reverberation time of an enclosed space can be

controlled by the distances between the surface of the room, the materials absorption

coefficient of the surface and the frequency of the sound. In addition, different kind of

materials have various kind of absorption coefficient in different frequency. Hence, acoustical

absorption coefficient of material in 500Hz frequency are taken as reference to calculate

reverberation time.

Table and calculation below shows the total sound absorption at 500Hz during peak

hour(event happening) and non-peak hour(no event happening).

The reverberation time of a space is linked to the surface enclosed and its volume by the

Sabine Formula :

RT = T x V

A

Where,

RT = Reverberation Time

T = Reverberation time in seconds (0.16s)

V = Volume of the room (m3)

A = Total absorption of room surface

Recommendation of reverberation time for various spaces:

Internal space Reverberation time, s

Multipurpose space 1.00 - 1.25

Open air space Very short

Dining area 0.7 - 0.8

A = S1a1 + S2a2 + S3a3 ….. Snan

S = Surface area of material

a = Absorption coefficient of

material

97 | P a g e


The reverberation time of the main usage space of chosen site (Ruang Event Space) which

is calculated are included :




Zone D : VIP dinner space and extra upper floor

seats

Volume of main usage space, V

= Zone A + Zone B + Zone C + Zone D

= ( 376.05 + 444.48 + 188.03 + 188.03) m3

= 1196.59 m3

Unable access

area

Outdoor Area

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

98 | P a g e


Building

component

Material Surface area, S

(m2)

Absorption

coefficient, a

Absorption of room

surface, A

Wall Concrete Wall With

Plaster Finish

83.24 0.05 4.162

Wood Laminated

Sheets

14.18 0.15 2.127

Unfurnished Brick Wall

26.52 0.03 0.796

Wood Insulation Panels

14.18 0.15 2.127

Floor Concrete Floor with

White paint Finish

51.00 0.02 1.020

Carpet Flooring

11.68 0.50 5.84

Ceiling Plywood Ceiling with

Black paint Finish

62.68 0.05 3.134

Furniture Timber Door

6.00 0.2 1.200

Total Absorption, A (non-peak hour) 20.406

Furniture Chair

31.50 0.28 8.820

People 80.00 0.42 33.60

Total Absorption, A (peak hour) 62.826

Volume of Zone A

V = 8.84 m x 7.09 m x 6 m

= 376.05 m3

99 | P a g e

Discussion :

The reverberation time for Zone A in 500 Hz of absorption at non-peak period is 2.949s and

0.958s during peak period. According to the recommendation of reverberation time for

multipurpose space which is 1.00s - 1.25s, the reverberation time of non-peak period at

Zone A exceeds the standard which could form noise interruption to user. However, it won’t

brings big impact to user due to non-peak period of Zone A is without having any event and

less activities.

Reverberation Time, RT ( Non-peak hour)

RT = (T x V) / A

= ( 0.16 s x 376.05 m3 ) / 20.406

= 2.949 s

Reverberation Time, RT ( Peak hour)

RT = (T x V) / A

= ( 0.16 s x 376.05 m3 ) / 62.826

= 0.958 s

100 | P a g e


Building

component


(m2)

Absorption

coefficient, a

Absorption of room

surface, A


Plaster Finish

50.28 0.05 2.514

Wood Laminated

Sheets

16.76 0.15 2.514

Glass Wall

53.04 0.10 5.304


16.76 0.15 2.514

Floor Concrete Floor with

White paint Finish

74.10 0.02 1.482


Black paint Finish

74.10 0.05 3.705


6.00 0.2 1.200


Furniture Chair

44.10 0.28 12.348

People 110 0.42 46.200


Volume of Zone B

V = 8.84 m x 8.38 m x 6 m

= 444.48 m3

101 | P a g e

Discussion :

The reverberation time for Zone B in 500 Hz of absorption at non-peak period is 3.698s and


multipurpose space which is 1.00s - 1.25s, the reverberation time of non-peak period at

Zone B totally exceeds the standard which form noise interruption and heavy echo to user.

However, it still acceptable due to non-peak period of Zone B is without having any event

and less activities. While the reverberation time at peak period at Zone B is too short which

needed improvement by implementing surface treatment of building component and surface

materials.


RT = (T x V) / A

= ( 0.16 s x 444.48 m3 ) / 19.233

= 3.698 s


RT = (T x V) / A

= ( 0.16 s x 444.48 m3 ) / 77.781

= 0.914 s

102 | P a g e


Building

component


(m2)

Absorption

coefficient, a

Absorption of room

surface, A


Plaster Finish

21.27 0.05 1.064


4.50 0.03 0.135

Glass Wall

53.04 0.10 5.304

Floor Laminated Timber

Flooring

62.68 0.07 4.388

Ceiling Metal Deck Ceiling

62.68 0.25 15.670


6.00 0.2 1.200


Furniture Table 9.00 0.28 2.520

People 30 0.42 12.600


Volume of Zone C

V = 8.84 m x 7.09 m x 3 m

= 188.03 m3

103 | P a g e

Discussion :

The reverberation time for Zone C in 500 Hz of absorption at non-peak period is 1.084s and

0.702s during peak period. According to the recommendation of reverberation time for open

air space which is very short, the reverberation time of both non-peak period and peak

period at Zone C are under the acceptable level.


RT = (T x V) / A

= ( 0.16 s x 188.03 m3 ) / 27.761

= 1.084 s


RT = (T x V) / A

= ( 0.16 s x 188.03 m3 ) / 42.881

= 0.702 s

104 | P a g e


Building

component


(m2)

Absorption

coefficient, a

Absorption of room

surface, A


Plaster Finish

25.69 0.05 1.258

Glass Wall

69.89 0.10 6.989

Floor Metal Deck

62.68 0.25 15.670


White Paint Finish

62.68 0.05 3.134

Furniture Chair 20.25 0.15 3.038

Table 15.38 0.15 2.307


People 50 0.42 21.000


Volume of Zone D

V = 8.84 m x 7.09 m x 3 m

= 188.03 m3


RT = (T x V) / A

= ( 0.16 s x 188.03 m3 ) / 32.396

= 0.929 s


RT = (T x V) / A

= ( 0.16 s x 188.03 m3 ) / 53.396

= 0.563 s

105 | P a g e

Discussion :

The reverberation time for Zone D in 500 Hz of absorption at non-peak period is 0.929s and


dinning space which is between 0.7s - 0.8s, the reverberation time of both non-peak period

and peak period at Zone D are out of the required standard. Thus, Zone D need special

implementation of acoustic treatment in order to improve the acoustic quality of Zone D to

meet the required reverberation time ran.

106 | P a g e

3.6.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

The sound reduction index, SRI also known as Sound Transmission Loss, TL is used to

measure the number of decibels lost when a sound of a given frequency is transmitted

through the structure such as a wall, window, door, or ventilator of the chosen site, Ruang

Event Space.

The sound reduction index of a space is linked to the transmission coefficient of material

and the surface area of material and the calculation is based on the formula below :

SRI = TL = 10 log 10 1

TAV

Where,

TL = Transmission Loss

SRI = Sound Reduction Index

TAV = Average transmission coefficient of material

TAV = S1TC1 + S2TC2 + S3TC3 ….. SnTCn

Total surface area

Where,

S = Surface area of material

TC = Transmission coefficient of material

Recommendation of Internal Noise level for various spaces:

Internal space Internal Noise Level, dB

Multipurpose space 25

Open air space 45 -50

Dining area 45

107 | P a g e


The Sound Reduction Index of the main usage space of chosen site ( Ruang Event Space)

are included :

Outdoor area

Unable access

area





Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

108 | P a g e


Transmission coefficient of materials :

Concrete Wall With Plaster Finish

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

58 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

5.8dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 5.8

Tc = 1.585 x 10 -6

Wood Laminated Sheets

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

28 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

2.8dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 2.8

Tc = 1.585 x 10 -3

Unfurnished Brick Wall 100mm

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

39 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

3.9dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 3.9

Tc = 1.259 x 10 -4

Glass Wall

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

26 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

2.6dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 2.6

Tc = 2.512 x 10 -3


TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

28 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

2.8dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 2.8

Tc = 1.585 x 10 -3

Window aluminum frame

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

42 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

4.2dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 4.2

Tc = 6.31 x 10 -5

109 | P a g e

Material Surface

area, S

(m2)

SRI

(dB)

Transmission

coefficient of

material (TC)

Transmission coefficient

of material (T)

= S x Tc

Concrete Wall With Plaster

Finish

83.24 58 1.585 x 10 -6

1.319 x 10 -4


14.18 28 1.585 x 10 -3 0.022


100mm

26.52 39 1.259 x 10 -4 3.339 x 10 -3


14.18 28 1.585 x 10 -3 0.022

Average transmission coefficient of material, TAV


Total surface area

TAV = (1.319 x 10 -4 ) + (0.022) + (3.339 x 10 -3 ) + (0.022)

(83.24 + 14.18 + 26.52 + 14.18) m2

= 0.047 / 138.12

= 3.402 x 10 -4

Sound Reduction Index, SRI

SRI = 10 log ( 1 / TAV)

= 10 log ( 1/ 3.402 x 10 -4)

= 34.68 dB

110 | P a g e




TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

58 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

5.8dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 5.8

Tc = 1.585 x 10 -6


TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

28 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

2.8dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 2.8

Tc = 1.585 x 10 -3


TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

39 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

3.9dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 3.9

Tc = 1.259 x 10 -4

Glass Wall

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

26 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

2.6dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 2.6

Tc = 2.512 x 10 -3


TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

28 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

2.8dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 2.8

Tc = 1.585 x 10 -3


TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

42 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

4.2dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 4.2

Tc = 6.31 x 10 -5

Solid timber door

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

37 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

3.7dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 3.7

Tc = 1.995 x 10 -4

111 | P a g e

Material Surface

area, S

(m2)

SRI

(dB)

Transmission

coefficient of

material (TC)


of material (T)

= S x Tc


Finish

67.04 58 1.585 x 10 -6

1.063 x 10 -4


16.76 28 1.585 x 10 -3 0.027

Glass Wall

53.04 26 2.512 x 10 -3 0.133


16.76 28 1.585 x 10 -3 0.027

Window aluminum frame 13.1 42 6.31 x 10 -5 8.266 x 10 -4

Solid timber door 6 37 1.995 x 10 -4 1.197 x 10 -3



Total surface area

TAV = (1.063 x 10 -4 ) + (0.027) + (0.133) + (0.027) + (8.266 x 10 -4) + (1.197 x 10 -3)

(93.56 + 16.76 + 53.04 + 16.76 + 13.1 + 6) m2

= 0.189 / 172.7

= 1.098 x 10 -3


SRI = 10 log ( 1 / TAV)

= 10 log ( 1/ 1.098 x 10 -3)

= 29.59 dB

112 | P a g e




TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

58 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

5.8dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 5.8

Tc = 1.585 x 10 -6


TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

39 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

3.9dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 3.9

Tc = 1.259 x 10 -4

Glass Wall

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

26 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

2.6dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 2.6

Tc = 2.512 x 10 -3


TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

42 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

4.2dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 4.2

Tc = 6.31 x 10 -5

Solid timber door

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

37 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

3.7dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 3.7

Tc = 1.995 x 10 -4

113 | P a g e

Reference : Staff, S. O. (n.d.). Recommended reverberation times for 7 key spaces.

Retrieved October 31, 2016, from

http://info.soundofarchitecture.com/blog/recommended-reverberation-times-for-7-key-spaces

Material Surface

area, S

(m2)

SRI

(dB)

Transmission

coefficient of

material (TC)


of material (T)

= S x Tc


Finish

21.27 58 1.585 x 10 -6

3.371 x 10 -5


4.5 39 1.259 x 10 -4 5.666 x 10 -4

Glass Wall

53.04 26 2.512 x 10 -3 0.133


Solid timber door 6 37 1.995 x 10 -4 1.197 x 10 -3



Total surface area

TAV = (3.371 x 10 -5 ) + (5.666 x 10 -4 ) + (0.133) + (8.266 x 10 -4) + (1.197 x 10 -3)

(21.27 + 4.5 + 53.04 + 13.1 + 6) m2

= 0.137 / 97.91

= 1.399 x 10 -3


SRI = 10 log ( 1 / TAV)

= 10 log ( 1/ 1.399 x 10 -3)

= 28.54 dB

114 | P a g e




TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

58 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

5.8dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 5.8

Tc = 1.585 x 10 -6

Glass Wall

TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

26 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

2.6dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 2.6

Tc = 2.512 x 10 -3


TL = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

42 dB = 10 log ( 1 / Tc)

4.2dB = log ( 1 / Tc)

1 / Tc = log -1 4.2

Tc = 6.31 x 10 -5

115 | P a g e

Material Surface

area, S

(m2)

SRI

(dB)

Transmission

coefficient of

material (TC)


of material (T)

= S x Tc


Finish

25.69 58 1.585 x 10 -6

4.072 x 10 -5

Glass Wall

69.89 26 2.512 x 10 -3 0.176




Total surface area

TAV = (4.072 x 10 -5 ) + (0.176) + (1.089 x 10 -3)

(25.69 + 68.89 + 17.26) m2

= 0.177 / 112.84

= 1.569 x 10 -3


SRI = 10 log ( 1 / TAV)

= 10 log ( 1/ 1.569 x 10 -3)

= 28.04 dB

116 | P a g e

4.0

REFERENCE

117 | P a g e



http://info.soundofarchitecture.com/blog/recommended-reverberation-times-for-7-key-

spaces




spaces

Ground Floor Plan



