building restoration - sika · 2020-04-30 · survey and diagnosis ... s concrete structures may be...

Building RestorationComplete Concrete Repair and Protection Systems From SIKA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONCRETE PROPERTIESMaterials, Function and Limitations.........................................................................1

SUCCESSFUL CONCRETE REPAIRBased on Identifying the Root Cause.....................................................................2

MAJOR CAUSES OF CORROSIONCarbonation and Chlorides......................................................................................4

REPAIR AND PROTECTION REQUIREMENTSVisible and Latent Damages ...................................................................................5

REQUIREMENTS BEFORE REPAIR Survey and Diagnosis..............................................................................................6

REQUIREMENTS BEFORE REPAIR Bid Preparation and Contractor Selection ..............................................................7

REQUIREMENTS DURING REPAIRDiagnosis, Workmanship, and Project Management.............................................8

REQUIREMENTS FOR A LASTING REPAIRDurability and Protection..........................................................................................9

SIKA SYSTEM APPLICATIONProduct Installation Guide .....................................................................................10

CONCRETE REPAIR AND PROTECTIONFlow Chart of the Process.....................................................................................12

COMPLETING THE PACKAGEAdditional Compatible Sika Systems....................................................................13

Concrete Repair and Protection Project inProgress

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CONCRETE PROPERTIESMaterials, Function, and Limitations

Concrete PropertiesConcrete’s properties are determinedby the selection and proportions of themain constituents. These are cement,aggregates, water, and increasingly,admixtures. The water/cement ratio,compaction and curing are particularlyimportant. On site, however, concreteis used in situations which are far fromthe ideal environment. Here its perfor-mance is influenced not just by thematerial selection, but by a number ofother factors. These include design,workmanship and exposure.

s When designing the structure, it isimportant to consider the dimen-sions of the concrete, the rein-forcement positioning, concretedensity and protection, theintended procedures for mainte-nance, and the intended life expectancy.

s Good workmanship involvespaying sufficient attention to form-work detailing, the degree of vibra-tion and compaction of theconcrete, finishing techniques,compliance with the correctconstruction standards,and curing.

s Concrete structures may besubject to various types and levelsof exposure. These may include:immersion, the action of de-icingsalts, the marine environment,other chemical contact, impact,abrasion, and extremes of temper-ature, with frequent freeze/thaw cycling.

Concrete is strong in compression,but comparatively weak in tension.The inclusion of steel reinforcementimproves the tensile strength of theelement and, consequently, its resis-tance to stress.

Unfortunately, in the presence ofwater and oxygen, steel corrodes.Therefore, in almost all likely expo-sure conditions for reinforcedconcrete, corrosion of the steel is apotential hazard.

Fortunately, the inherent alkalinity ofconcrete has a passivating action onsteel surfaces. This means that whensteel reinforcement is provided withconcrete cover of adequate qualityand thickness, corrosion is prevented.This allows reinforced concrete toperform its load carrying function inconstruction.

Concrete is Good in Compression

Concrete is Poor in Tension

Concrete is Always Under Attack

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Steel Reinforcement Corrosion

SUCCESSFUL CONCRETE REPAIRBased on Identifying the Root Cause

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Typical Concrete Problems

Corrosion of Steel in ConcreteConcrete is a highly alkaline materialwhen first produced, (pH range12.7–13.2), and embedded steel iswell protected by the passive oxidelayer formed by the initial high alka-linity at the surface of the steel.

While this alkaline protection isusually effective for a long period oftime, it is dependent on the absenceof surface defects, permeability andthe depth of concrete cover over thesteel reinforcement. As an electro-chemical process, corrosion of steelin concrete requires an electrolyte.

Concrete is full of small pores whichcontain moisture and is an effectiveelectrolyte. A small electrical currentflows between anode and cathodewith corrosion activity taking place atthe anode.

The corrosion products of steel are known as “RUST” (chemically, ironoxides and hydroxides), which have amuch greater volume than the steel

(up to 8-12 times the volume). Thisincrease in volume is progressive,gradually exerting greater and greaterexpansive forces within the concrete.The ultimate result is stress reliefthrough cracking, first visible as ruststaining, followed by larger cracks,and then spalling over the corrodedreinforcement.

Both the relative humidity and thetemperature have a significantbearing on the speed of corrosion inconcrete. The corrosion rateincreases with temperature rise andreduces with a drop in relativehumidity.

Rust Staining Cracking Spalling

ROOTCAUSE?

START

Rust

Concrete

Rebar+ ++ +


START

ROOTCAUSE?

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Steel Reinforcement Corrosion

SUCCESSFUL CONCRETE REPAIRBased on Identifying the Root Cause

s CarbonationCarbon dioxide (CO

2) in the

atmosphere, reducing passivating alkalinity.

s Chlorides-Marine Environment / Deicing SaltsAccelerate reinforcement and freeze / thaw damage.

s Chemical Contact and PollutionConcrete must withstand chemical attack from industrial processesand atmospheric pollution,particularly sulfur dioxide (SO

2).

s Loading and Dynamic LoadingIf these are not correctly quantifiedat the design stage or are changedin use, serious problems mayoccur.

s ImpactSome structures, such as multi-story parking garages, mustwithstand impact and remain safe.

s AbrasionHeavy traffic on floors or theabrasive effects of water flow.

s Thermal MovementIn different temperature andweather conditions, concrete issubjected to substantial andfrequent volume changes due tothermal expansion and contraction.

s ExposureKnown exposure conditions are not given adequate consideration.

s JointsMovement joint detailing isinadequate.

s Compaction and VibrationConcrete was not sufficientlycompacted leaving honeycombing or voids.

s Water Cement RatioThe concrete contained excessive water when placed and is porous with higher surface absorption.

s Curing and Protection

The concrete has beeninadequately cured leading toincreased porosity.

s Cover Adequate cover to thereinforce-ment has not beenmaintained.

From experience, concrete problems are usually caused by a combination of the above factors. It is unlikely that only one cause exists.

s Chemical Exposure s Physical Exposure s Original Construction


Carbonation of ConcreteThe most common cause of loss of passi-vating alkalinity is carbonation–a processwhereby atmospheric carbon dioxidereacts with the soluble alkaline calciumhydroxide and other cement hydrates inthe concrete. These are then converted into insoluble calcium carbonate. Thisprocess is completely natural. However,the alkalinity of the cement matrix isreduced and its passivating ability is lostprogressively from the surface inward.The speed of penetration depends largelyupon the permeability of the concrete andits moisture content or humidity.

For carbonation to take place, moisturemust be present. The carbonation reactionproceeds most rapidly when the relativehumidity is between 50 percent and 75percent. At lower humidities, there isinsufficient water in the pores of theconcrete for significant quantities ofcalcium hydroxide to dissolve. Above 75percent humidity the situation is reversedand the pores become progressivelyblocked with water, allowing the calciumhydroxide to freely dissolve but largelypreventing the ingress of carbon dioxide.

It is important to remember that cracks,bugholes, honeycombing, day-joints, etc.,are all critical areas which may permit theingress of corrosion promoting substancesand effectively reduce the actual thicknessof the concrete cover.

Once the concrete in contact with reinforced steel has carbonated, thereinforcing steel is no longer protected. Inthe presence of moisture and oxygen,corrosion damage is inevitable.

Chlorides in ConcreteThe potential for reinforcement corrosionis greatly enhanced if chlorides arepresent in the concrete.

Chlorides can enter the concrete throughdirect or indirect exposure of the structureto deicing salt, exposure in a marine location, use of contaminated originalmaterials, or perhaps leakage from aswimming pool. The concentration of chlorides required to promote corrosion of embedded reinforcement is affected bythe pH of the concrete. The pH of freshconcrete (12.7–13.2) a threshold level ofabout 7,550–8,000 ppm is required to start corrosion on embedded reinforce-ment but if the pH is lowered to 10.5–11.5(still sufficient to turn phenolphthalein solu-tion purple) the chloride threshold is signif-icantly lower, at below 100 ppm.

In addition to their electrochemical influ-ence on the initiation and rate of corrosion,chlorides also can cause physical damageto the concrete surface. This is due ineffect to ‘thermal shock’ resulting fromaccelerated freeze/thaw cycles. Progres-sive surface spalling can occur, reducingor eliminating cover to steel reinforcement.

MAJOR CAUSES OF CORROSIONCarbonation and Chlorides

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Good Quality Concrete (pH = 12.7-13.2) Steel is Passivated

Carbon Dioxide Enters, pH Begins to Drop.Steel is Not Yet Affected

pH at Steel Drops Below 9.5, Corrosion Begins

Volume Expansion of Rust Causes Cracking and Spalling


REPAIR AND PROTECTION REQUIREMENTSVisible and Latent Damages

Prevention of Latent or FutureDamages It is absolutely essential that theroot causes of damage are identi-fied

Most defects will initially becomeevident at locations where there is lowcover and/or poor quality concrete.The reasons for damage, however,usually require greater investigation. Itis important to carry out technicallycorrect repairs, not just to treat thesymptoms, but also to treat the latentdamage to prevent continued deterio-ration.

Successful RepairRequirementss To ensure long-term protection, theremedial treatment must satisfy thefollowing basic criteria:

s Any corroding reinforcementshould be cleaned and thenprotected, preferably in an imper-vious alkaline environment.

s A strong bond should be createdbetween the repair materials andthe original concrete.

s Where necessary, repair materialsshould have a similar thermalexpansion coefficient to the originalconcrete.

s Water vapor diffusion resistanceshould be similar to that of the original concrete.

s The system should offer active corrosion inhibition.

s The treatment should offer a high resistance to future carbon dioxideand chloride ion ingress.

s Materials should be physicallycompatible with any structuralrequirements. Particularly impor-tant is that they do not have exces-sively high compressive strengthor higher modulus (and thereforeincreased rigidity) making themprone to failure. The ideal mate-rials will have similar compressivestrengths with lower modulus ofelasticity to give minimum stress tothe parent concrete.

s All materials should be supplied bya manufacturer with a provenquality management systemsuch as ISO 9000.

s Depending on the nature of the structure, its function and exposure, the following points may also be of importance:

s The structure should be aestheti-cally pleasing.

s Profiles and uniformity of concreteelements should be restored.

s Improvement of the environment by the strategic use of color can be considered.

Contractor Evaluation and SelectionIn addition to the materials selection and assessment, a thorough evalua-tion of prospective contractors mustbe undertaken. This should includechecking references of similar worksand assessment of technical compe-tence, management structure, anyother relevant experience, and ofcourse, financial standing and abilityto fund the project throughout its dura-tion.

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REQUIREMENTS BEFORE REPAIRSurvey and Diagnosis

Preliminary Survey andDiagnosisThis initial survey and diagnosisprovides the information which willform the basis of the repair activity. Itis, therefore, absolutely essential thatthese operations be carried out bysuitably qualified and experiencedpersonnel.

Independent professional organiza-tions exist to carry out this work.Wherever possible, the use of anindependent testing company isrecommended to confirm the reasonsfor damage. It is important to do thiseven when the initial survey to deter-mine the extent of damage can onlybe undertaken in conjunction with theselected specialist repair contractor.

The first step is always to conduct avisual examination of the damagedstructure, noting all symptoms andrecording with photographs. Thisshould then be combined with testing,using principally non-destructive tech-niques onto cleaned concrete in orderto determine the following:

s Strength of concrete (rebound/schmidt hammer).

s Depth of concrete cover and rein-forcement location (covermeter).

s Depth of carbonation zone (chemical indicator test, such as phenolphthalein).

s Chloride content (by weight ofcement).

s Concrete permeability (initialsurface absorption test).

A number of other test procedures,e.g., petrographic examination, elec-tropotential mapping, etc., may alsobe useful in compiling a completepicture of the structure, the damageand the causes.

It is important that the structure isassessed as a whole; of particularimportance are the soundness of existing waterproofing systems,evidence of structural movement andstructural integrity.

These will determine the order inwhich the works should beprogrammed and if additional or sepa-rate works are a prerequisite.Thiswould include the rewaterproofing ofbalconies, decks or roofs prior to start.

The results of all these tests requireskilled and accurate interpretation- sothat any unusual aspects of theconcrete, the rest of the structure andthe environment do not go unnoticed.Consequently, this diagnosis shouldbe made only by personnel with suit-able experience in concrete and itsdeterioration. In all cases it is recom-mended that this be undertaken underthe supervision of an experienced andindependent structural engineer.

The Sika computerized CRSservice is available to help with thenext stage of preparing thespecification and bid documents.

Hammer Testing for Soundness

Covermeter Survey to Determine Depth of Steel Reinforcement

Carbonation Depth Testing with Phenolphthalein


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REQUIREMENTS BEFORE REPAIR Bid Preparation and Contractor Selection

Specification and Bills of QuantitiesRepair is not a standard process.Each individual contract must takeinto account special factors, such asaccess, protection and coordinationwith other trades, and measurementneeds to accommodate possible vari-ations from initial quantity items. Nomatter how much survey work isundertaken at the start, it is unlikelythat the depth and area of each repairwill be known beforehand.Standardization of this approach willobviously aid the engineer’s initial costassessment and the contractor’s esti-mating and billing function to thebenefit of the client. It will also assistdocumentation, assignment of valua-tion for work in progress, and finalmeasurement.

The specification should cover:progressive investigation and testing,surface cleaning, preparatory workand the precise nature and sequenceof the repair and protection opera-tions. It should clearly describe thematerials and relate to standards,including details of their applicationand performance characteristics,weather precautions and worksprotection, material thicknesses,consumptions and curing procedures.

As the quantities for repair works canonly be assessed approximately inadvance, accurate Bills of Quantitiesare difficult to compile, and it is fairand sensible to allow for re-measure-ment of the actual repairs carried out.

The repairs should therefore bedefined with regard to the materialsand application methods to be used,the areas to be treated and theMethod of Measurement.

With the standard System ofMeasurement and the Bills ofQuantities developed by SikaCorporation, it is possible to produceaccurate costs for all but the precisenumber and volume of repairs to bemade. Thus, special attention shouldbe given to this area in the surveyworks and allowances made inbudgets for likely increases in both thenumber and size of repairs, i.e., toinclude those identified as areas oflatent damage through the initial andthe ongoing testing work.

The majority of the costs can be billedaccurately. For instance, cleaning,access, protection of works, surfaceleveling, protective impregnation andcoating applications, these all relateclosely to the specific surface area ofthe structure which is easily measuredin advance and on completion. Thisoutline Specification and Bills ofQuantities developed by SikaCorporation provides valuable assis-tance. It enables standardizedcomparison and evaluation of bids,with minimal additional change orders.

“The bitterness of poor quality remains long

after the sweetness of

low price is forgotten”


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REQUIREMENTS DURING REPAIRDiagnosis, Workmanship, and Project Management

Progressive DiagnosisSuccessful concrete repair worksrequire that all areas of damage andlatent damage are treated effectively.

On-site tests must always be carriedout by experienced operatives.Accurate results will only be obtainedif the tests are carried out on theconcrete surfaces after they havebeen cleaned. The cleaning operationitself will often bring to light additional‘visible defects’ and provide a truesurface for assessment—particularlycovermeter readings and cracklocation.

WorkmanshipAs many buildings under repair areoccupied, the contractor must strive tomaintain a good relationship with theowner or tenants. Where owner resi-dents’ associations exist, we stronglyrecommend that they are involved atthe earliest possible stage. Potentialproblem areas of noise, dust and colorselection cause minimum contractdisruption when dialogue is startedearly and maintained.

Project ManagementAll parties involved have professionaland contractual obligations. Howeverall parties must be vigilant in qualitymanagement of the works. Thisshould include:

s The Engineer

s The General Contractor (if applic-able)

s The Specialist Concrete Repair Contractor

s The Repair System Manufacturer.

Site quality management ensuresconsistency of the correct standardsin the works actually carried out.

When working on site, there has to bea continuing awareness of thechanging state of the building, access,working methods, varying weatherconditions and human failings. Asprogressive testing may reveal theunexpected, there also has to be anability on the part of all parties toadapt and incorporate additionalelements into the contract.

The Engineer provides guidance in allaspects of the contract. For itemswhich are of structural importance,such as the repair of load bearingelements, the engineer must identifylocations where the load must besupported before the damagedconcrete is broken out.

Repair Project in Initial Surface Cleaning Phase

High Pressure Water Cleaning Before Markingout for Repairs


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REQUIREMENTS FOR A LASTING REPAIRDurability and Protection

Protective Coating SystemTo be fully effective, a protectivecoating must be applied to a defect-free and level surface.

Imperfections in the protective film will allow ingress of agressive gases and liquids making the protective treatment ineffective.

The Repair and ProtectionSystemThe objective in using the Sikaconcrete repair and protection systemis to provide the structure with effec-tive, safe and proven repair. This haltsthe progress of latent damage andensures lasting protection for areasnot specifically repaired.

Inadequate concrete cover is replacedby Sika’s efficient system to preventfuture reinforcement corrosion. Sika’sactive corrosion inhibitor protects atboth anode and cathode areas.

Sika’s protective surface coatingsprevent penetration by water, carbondioxide and other aggressive atmos-pheric influences. Yet, they functionfully in accordance with standardbuilding physics, allowing each waywater vapor diffusion and accommo-dating normal hygrothermal move-ments. Sikagard Elastocolor alsoproviding dynamic crack bridgingprotection even at extremes oftemperature.

Successfully Completed Repair and Protection Projects with the Complete Sika System Approach

Cross Section of Concrete Showing IncreasedDepth of Carbonation Through Fine SurfaceCrack

Unfilled Bughole Showing Break in ProtectiveCoating


1. Treat Any Exposed SteelSika Armatec® 110 EpoCem protects against corrosion andimproves the bond of repair mortars.s Protects reinforcement in a high alkaline

cementitious environment.

s Can be applied on the damp surface

obtained with SSD dampening.

s Increases barrier to water and

chlorides.

s Fully compatible with load transfer requirements.

s Ensures homogeneous bond.

SIKA SYSTEM APPLICATIONProduct Installation Guide

10

2. Repair the SpallsSika MonoTop® repair mortars are easy-to-use one pack polymer-modifiedmortars for replacing the concrete in spalled areas.s High build for security of application.

s Easy to use, vertically or overhead.

s Physical properties closely match parent building concrete.

s Lower modulus for increased

durability in high thermal movement

(i.e., on building facade elevations).

Sika MonoTop mortars require no special curing procedures and should simplybe protected in accordance with standard practice. The best protection is wetburlap and/or plastic sheeting.

NOTE: Curing compounds of any type are not recommended due to theirunreliable site performance and their detrimental effect on the bond ofsubsequent materials.

Brush Application of Sika Armatec 110 EpoCem on a Soffit

Trowel Application of Sika MonoTop

Spalls filled with Sika MonoTop Ready forLeveling and Protection

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5. Protect from CarbonationSikagard ® Elastocolor® is a protective, decorative and dynamicallycrack-bridging coating which protects the entire structure fromthe harmful effects of carbonation and water ingress.s Bridges dynamic moving cracks up to 12 mils (0.3

mm) at 16 mils (400 microns) dry film

thickness.

s Effectively halts carbonation.

s Allows each way water vapor

diffusion.

s Prevents water and chloride ingress.

s Enhances the appearance.

s Gives excellent design opportunities with durable color.

3. Protect from Future or Latent DamagesSika FerroGard ® 903 is a corrosion inhibiting impregnation that penetrates and protects not only the repair area, but also thesurrounding concrete from future corrosion due to latentdamages.s Performance not dependent on chloride levels.

s Active cathodic and anodic passivation.

s Totally nitrite free (non-toxic).

s Can penetrate to the reinforcement in one week.

4. Level and Waterproof the SurfaceSika Leveling Mortars are protective leveling mortars which restore alevel profile to the concrete and effectively waterproof thesurface.s Fills bugholes and minor surface defects.

s Provides an ideal substrate for protective

coatings.

s Application method controls

consumption to needed volume only.

Trowel Application of Sika Leveling Mortar on a Parapet

Roller Application of Sikagard Elastocolor

Spray Application of Sika FerroGard 903 on a Parking Deck


CONCRETE REPAIR AND PROTECTION Flow Chart of the Process

VISUAL SURVEY

STAINING,CRACKING,SPALLING?

DETAILED SURVEY

DIAGNOSEROOT CAUSE

REPAIR &PROTECT

NOW?

CLEAN CONCRETE ANDMARK REPAIRS

BREAK OUTDAMAGED CONCRETE

RUSTEDSTEEL

PRESENT?

PREPARE STEEL

PREPARE SUBSTRATE

APPLY ARMATEC110 EPOCEM

FILL WITHMONOTOP MORTAR

PROTECTAGAINSTLATENT

DAMAGES?

LATENTDAMAGES?

CONTINUE REGULARMONITORING

N

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

2Y

APPLY SIKAFERROGARD 903

PROTECT& ENHANCE

APPEAR–ANCE?

APPLY SIKAGARD70 OR 701W

N

Y

2

CRACK–BRIDGINGABILITY

NEEDED?

APPLY SIKAGARD ELASTOCOLOR

N

Y

APPLY SIKALEVELING MORTAR

APPLY SIKAFLOORTO DECKS

APPLY SIKAGARDCOATINGS

APPLY SIKAFLEXSEALANTS

FINAL INSPECTION

HAND OVER

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COMPLETING THE PACKAGEAdditional Compatible Sika Systems

Joint Sealing with Sikaflex®

High Performance SealantsSika’s high performance one and twocomponent polyurethane joint sealantsare fully compatible with Sika’s concreterepair system. Sikaflex 15LM is probablythe best joint resealing sealant availablebecause of its high movement capabili-ties, its non-sag characteristics, and mostimportant, its tolerance of the damp andvariable substrate conditions common inrestoration works.

Crack Injection with Sikadur® Epoxy SystemsCracks or voids can be successfully sealed to restore structural integrity. Sikaprovides a full range of products, systemsand application advice for all types ofresin injection and grouting work.

Sikaflex 15LM Sausage Ready for GunApplication

Sikadur Injection System on a Building Facade

Sikaflex on the Showboat Casino (Cover fromthe Sikaflex Construction Sealants Brochure)

Sikafloor Traffic System on a Parking Garage

Trowel Application of Sikafloor Traffic Systemon a Public Balcony

Sikafloor Traffic System on a Private Balcony


Deck Surfacing andWaterproofing with Sikafloor® Traffic Systems(SFTS)Sikafloor Traffic Systems provide hori-zontal protection with high performance,crack bridging, wearing surfaces for areasadjacent to the concrete repair worksincluding parking garages, public andprivate balconies. Indeed, in parkinggarage and balcony work, resurfacingand waterproofing are often a prerequisiteto successful repair and protection.

COMPLETE CONCRETE REPAIR AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS FROM SIKAWorldwide References

Technical and computer-generated specification components are availableimmediately via fax. Call your local Sika Tech Center at 1-800-933-SIKA

Sika Corporation is undoubtedly themost qualified partner in buildingrestoration works. Our extensiveexperience in North America iscomplemented by our worldwideresearch and development programs.

Case studies are available for almostall types of building structures, in alltypes of environmental exposure, atall extremes of temperature, and in allgeographic regions. Specific detailscan be obtained on request.

Sika is also experienced worldwidewith Civil Engineering works anddetails of our products, systems, andservices here are also available onrequest.

1-800-933-SIKA NATIONWIDERegional Headquarters and Sales CentersFor the location of your nearest Sika sales office, contact your regional center.

ISO 9000:2000

SIKA...A SYMBOL OF STRENGTH SINCE 1910

Sika Corporation (USA) 201 Polito Avenue Lyndhurst, NJ 07071 Phone: 201-933-8800 Fax: 201-933-6225

Sika Mexicana S.A. de C.V.Carretera Libre Celaya Km. 8.5Corregidora, QueretaroC.P. 76920 A.P. 136Phone: 52 42 25 0122Fax: 52 42 25 0537

Sika Canada, Inc.601 Delmar AvenuePointe Claire, Quebec H9R4A9Phone: 514-697-2610Fax: 514-694-2792

The information contained in this document(s), including but not limited to any recommendations regarding the use and application of Sika Corporation ("Sika") product(s), is given in good faith based on Sika's current experience andknowledge of its products when properly stored, handled and applied under normal conditions in accordance with Sika's instructions. The information contained in this document(s) is valid only for the applications and uses of Sikaproduct(s) described herein. Any deviation from any of the instructions, uses, applications and recommendations contained in this document(s) regarding the Sika product(s) will void any Sika warranty. The user of the Sika product(s)must test each product for suitability for the intended application and purpose. The user of Sika product(s) must always read and follow the warnings and instructions for each product on the current Technical Data Sheet, product labeland Material Safety Data Sheets prior to product use. All sales of Sika product(s) are subject to its current terms and conditions of sale available at www.sikacorp.com or 201-933-8800. Technical Data Sheet(s) and Material SafetyData Sheet(s) are available at www.sikaconstruction.com. Nothing contained in any Sika materials relieves the user of the obligation to read and follow the warnings and instructions for each Sika product as set forth in the currentTechnical Data Sheet, product label and Material Safety Data Sheet. Sale of Sika product(s) are subject to the following Limited Material Warranty: SIKA warrants this product for one year from date of installation to be free from manu-facturing defects and to meet the technical properties on the current Technical Data Sheet if used as directed within shelf life. User determines suitability of product for intended use and assumes all risks. Buyer's sole remedy shall belimited to the purchase price or replacement of product exclusive of labor or cost of labor. NO OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED SHALL APPLY INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESSFOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. SIKA SHALL NOT BE LIABLE UNDER ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. SIKA SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE USE OF THIS PRODUCT IN AMANNER TO INFRINGE ON ANY PATENT OR ANY OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS HELD BY OTHERS.

building restoration - sika · 2020-04-30 · survey and diagnosis ... s concrete structures may be...

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