METALS &

METAL

BY-PRODUCTS

METALPresentation by:

ALVAREZ, EZEQUIELNAVERA, MARIA LOUELLA

PEDROSO, LIZETTEVILLANUEVA, FRITZ MICHEAL

STONE AGE

EXTRACTION OF METALS

METALS ARE OFTEN EXTACTED FROM THE EARTH BY MEANS OF MINING, RESULTING IN ORES

An ORE is a type of rock that contains MINERALS with important elements including metals. Once mined, metals must be extracted usually by chemical or electrolytic reduction.

PYROMETALLURGYuses high temperatures to convert ore into

raw materials

HYDROMETALLURGYemploys aqueous chemistry for the same

purpose.

PROPERTIES OF METAL1PHYSICAL

HARDNESSBRITTLENESS

MALLEABILITYDUCTILITY

ELASTICITYTOUGHNESS

FUSIBILITY CONDUCTIVITY

DENSITY

2MECHANICAL

STRONG&HARDLUSTOERHEAT CONDUCTORSELECTRIC CONDUCTORSDENSESONOROUS SOUNFHIGH MELTING POINTSHIGH BOILING POINTS

PROPERTIES OF METALS

(mechanical)

1. HARDNESS - ability of a metal to resist abrasion, penetration, cutting action, or permanent distortion. Hardness may be increased by working the metal and by heat treatment and cold working (in the case of steel and certain titanium and aluminum alloys)

2. BRITTLENESS- property of metal that allows little bending or deformation without shattering.

3. MALLEABILITY- ability of steel to be hammered, rolled or pressed into various shapes without cracking or breaking or other detrimental effects.

4. DUCTILITY- a property that permits the metal to be permanently drawn, bent or twisted without breaking it.

5. ELASTICITY-property that enables a metal to return to its original shape.

6. TOUGHNESS- when a metal can withstand tearing or shearing and may be stretched or otherwise deformed without b r e a k i n g .

7. FUSIBILITY- ability of a metal to become liquid by the application of heat.

8. CONDUCTIVITY- property that enables a metal to carry heat or electricity. Governs the amount of heat that will be required for proper fusion.

9. DENSITY- weight of a unit volume of a material.

PROPERTIES OF METALS

(physical)

1. STRONG & HARD2. LUSTER

- metals shine because of its properties which is metallic bonding.

3. HEAT CONDUCTORS- able to conduct heat and take it from a high temperature place to a lower temperature. Heat transfer occurs due to the combination of vibrations from molecules.

4. ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS- metals consists FREE electrons which makes is a good electrical conductor.

5. DENSE- tightly balance, packed crystals in the metal structure.

CLASSIFICATION OF METALS

FERROUS METALS

• contain IRON

• MAGNETIC• gives little

resistance to corrosion.

NON- FERROUS METALS

• Does not contain IRON

• not MAGNETIC• gives more

resistance to corrosion than ferrous metals.

FERROUS METALS IRON AND STEEL

IRON• It is the most abundant metal on Earth.• The Earth’s outer and inner core is mostly made up of

entirely pure Iron.• Present in rocky planets like Earth and Mars.• It is reactive to water and oxygen thus giving it its

distinct reddish color when exposed (result of oxidation).

• It is also present in some asteroids due to the impacts of the planets during the formation of the Solar System.

• It is probably the sixth most abundant element in the universe.

• It oxidizes easily therefore it is rarely found without having its reddish hue.

• It is also found inside the human body specifically blood.

• Iron comes in ores.• Ore- a mineral-rich rock that is mined for its minerals.• It is mined around the world due to its abundancy.

• To extract the iron from the Ore, smelting is used.

• Smelting is the process of breaking down the ore using heat and reducing agent to form the base metal. In ancient times, Charcoal was used as the reducing agent.

• It has been in use since ancient times, but preceding it were Copper and Bronze.

• Pure Iron is relatively soft, therefore it had to be strengthened to be of further use.

• Impurities such as Carbon, give pure iron the strength to be malleable enough to form basic tools.

Properties of Iron• Luster• Soft• Malleable• Ductile• Strong

Characteristics of Iron• Easily magnetized• Very reactive once exposed• A good conductor of heat and electricity.

• Pig Iron- it is the intermediate product of smelting Iron. It is the molten iron from the furnace.

• This is newly smelted iron therefore it has high carbon content at 3.5-4.5% of its composition is carbon

IRON ALLOYS• Wrought Iron- The after product of pig iron the basic

form of iron alloy with low carbon content.• It is the most common form of iron. It is tough,

ductile, malleable, corrosion-resistant and can easily be welded.

• Types of wrought iron-• Tough iron- for tools• Blend iron- from variety pig iron• Best iron- best quality iron• Marked Bar iron

• Cast Iron - It is another by-product of Pig Iron.• This time, it is heated until it is molten iron

then poured into a mold to solidify thereby already forming the desired shape needed while cooling.

Galvanized Iron • it is Iron with a zinc coating to prevent corrosion.• It is used for plumbing and/or hardware that have to

stay long periods of time under the elements. • It is applied by dipping the iron in a hot zinc solution, by

dipping it in electrically charged solution and by tumbling it in a hot drum that will stick the zinc to the metal.

STEEL• Is an alloy of Iron and Carbon.• It is a by-product of Iron smelting that has been

reproduced, reheated, and may have added elements such as copper, bronze or tin.

• It is known to be strong and very durable to work with.

• Steel has been around almost as long as Iron has although not as extensive until improved methods of producing steel were available.

• Earliest steel products were found in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) and are around 4000 years old.

• South Indian states exported wootz steel to the Mediterranean civilizations and also to the Chinese.

• The Romans also used steel for their weapons.

• Until the 17th century, steel was made in low quantities because of lack of improved machinery to help mass-produce it.

• The Pig Iron is returned to the furnace and by adding coke (fuel) or Charcoal, it enhances the iron and imbibes it with more strength and more durability.

• Steel today comprises almost everything we use for transport, communications, even services.

• Almost every major world power has its own steel production, but lately China has one the most advanced and productive steel industries in the world.

Properties of Steel• Luster• Conductivity• Malleable• Ductile• String• Durable

Characteristics of Steel• Its strength gives it advantage.• The speed to assemble steel into its desired

construction.

STEEL ALLOYSCarbon Steel• An unalloyed steel wherein Carbon, Manganese,

Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon are mixed in a controlled environment.

• Any increase in the carbon content increases strength but reduces the welding and ductile capabilities.

Stainless Steel• An alloy containing chromium, nickel, molybdenum,

manganese• Increased resistance to heat and corrosion• Does not rust, or stain as ordinary steel, but it can be

stained.

Tools Steel• They are alloys that far more suitable to be used as

tools.• They are harder, resistant to abrasion and

deformation, and they have cutting edge capabilities.

Weathering Steel• A very strong, low-alloy steel that has an oxide coating

when exposed to moisture and rain.

• Also known as Cor-Ten Steel

HSLA (High-strength Low-alloy) steel

• they have less carbon that increases their strength, ductility, and corrosion-resistance.

• An improved Carbon steel alloy.

NONFERROUS METALS

ALUMINIUM• The aluminium element was discovered 200 years ago.

After an initial period of technological development, aluminium alloys were used in many structural applications, including the civil engineering field. Aluminium is the second most widely specified metal in building after steel, and is used in all sectors from commercial building to domestic dwelling.

• This paper contains complete overview of use of aluminium in building construction. How it is beneficial in modern age building construction.

WHY USE ALUMINIUM?

• Aluminium is the second most widely specified metal in buildings after steel, and is used in all construction sectors, from commercial buildings to domestic dwellings.

• Aluminium is also used extensively in plant, ladders and scaffolding.The main market sectors are windows, roofing, cladding, curtain walling and structural glazing, prefabricated buildings, and architectural hardware.

ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

• Modern building and construction is more than merely erecting buildings as functionally as possible. In addition to functional and economic criteria, aesthetic and design considerations together with ecological demands placed on building projects play an equally important role. This means the materials used are of major significance.

• Possible applications range from façades and roof and wall manufacturers of Aluminium building products systems to interior decoration and the design of living are world leaders technologically – not least space, and include windows and doors, balconies because the companies have furthered the and conservatories development of modern windows and façades in the fields of surface treatment, thermal insulation and soundproofing, air conditioning and solar heating

PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM• Durability: Aluminium building products are made

from alloys, which are weather-proof, corrosion-resistant and immune to the harmful effects of UV rays, ensuring optimal performance over a very long serviceable lifetime.

• Design flexibility: The extrusion process offers an almost infinite range of forms and sections, allowing designers to integrate numerous functions into one profile. Rolled products may be manufactured flat, curved, shaped into cassettes, or sandwiched with other materials. In addition, aluminium can be sawed, drilled, riveted, screwed, bent, welded and soldered in the workshop or on the building site.

• Hundreds of surface finishes: Aluminium can be anodized or painted in any colour, to any optical effect, using any number of surface touches, in order to meet a designer’s decorative needs. Such processes also serve to enhance the material’s durability and corrosion resistance, as well as providing an easy-to-clean surface.

• High reflectivity: This characteristic feature makes aluminium a very efficient material for light management. Aluminium solar collectors can be installed to lower energy consumption for artificial lighting and heating in winter, while aluminium shading devices can be used to reduce the need for air conditioning in summer.

• Fire safety: Aluminium does not burn and is therefore classed as a non-combustible construction material. Aluminium alloys will nevertheless melt at around 650°C, but without releasing harmful gases. Industrial roofs and external walls are increasingly made of thin aluminium cladding panels, intended to melt during a major fire, allowing heat and smoke to escape and thereby minimizing damage.

ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM• Lightweight - Aluminium is one of the lightest available

commercial metals with a density approximately one third that of steel or copper.

• Excellent Corrosion Resistance - Aluminium has excellent resistance to corrosion due to the thin layer of aluminium oxide that forms on the surface of aluminium when it is exposed to air.

• Strong at Low Temperatures - Where as steel becomes brittle at low temperatures, aluminium increases in tensile strength and retains excellent toughness.

• Easy to Work - Aluminium can be easily fabricated into various forms such as foil, sheets, geometric shapes, rod, tube and wire.

• Easy Surface Treatment - For many applications, aluminium requires no protective or decorative coating; the surface supplied is entirely adequate without further finishing

DISADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM

• 1. Thermal insulation was almost definitely insufficient: aluminium being a good thermal conductor.

• 2. Poor water proofing due to the inadequately designed/executed joints between the roof aluminium sheets

• 3. General noise caused by rain or hail falling on aluminium roof and wall sheets.

TIN• A crystalline, silvery metallic element obtained

chiefly from cassiterite, and having two notable allotropic forms. Malleable white tin is the useful allotrope, but at temperatures below 13.2°C it slowly converts to the brittle gray allotrope. Tin is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion and is a part of numerous alloys, such as soft solder, pewter, type metal, and bronze.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TIN• Silvery-white metal- • Non-magnetic- • Fairly resistant to corrosion • Non-combustible • Lightweight • Durable• Soft• Ductile

• Malleable- • Expensive, but can last long time when properly

maintained- • Low maintenance material consisting primarily of

routine inspection and periodic painting.

HEALTH EFFECTS OF TIN• Tin is mainly applied in various organic substances.

The organic tin bonds are the most dangerous forms of tin for humans. Despite the dangers they are applied in a great number of industries, such as the paint industry and the plastic industry, and in agriculture through pesticides. The number of applications of organic tin substances is still increasing, despite the fact that we know the consequences of tin poisoning.

• The effects of organic tin substances can vary. They depend upon the kind of substance that is present and the organism that is exposed to it. Triethyltin is the most dangerous organic tin substance for humans. It has relatively short hydrogen bonds. When hydrogen bonds grow longer a tin substance will be less dangerous to human health. Humans can absorb tin bonds through food and breathing and through the skin.The uptake of tin bonds can cause acute effects as well as long-term effects...

Acute effects are:• - Eye and skin irritations• - Headaches• - Stomachaches• - Sickness and dizziness• - Severe sweating• - Breathlessness• - Urination problems

Long-term effects are:• Depressions• Liver damage• Malfunctioning of

immune systems• Chromosomal damage• Shortage of red blood

cells• Brain damage (causing

anger, sleeping disorders, forgetfulness and headaches)

LEAD• It is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be

one of the heavy metals. Lead has a bluish white color when freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is exposed to air and is a shiny chrome silver when melted into a liquid.

• Very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces.

• Used for roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels.

COPPER• Ductile, malleable and bright reddish brown color with

high thermal and electrical conductivity.

• Has high tensile strength • Available in a wide variety of shapes

• Used as electrical wiring, piping, flashing and roofing material.

• is a common type of flashing due to its strength, appearance, malleability and high resistance to the elements.

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DEFECTS IN METAL STRUCTURE

• Dislocations – undermines the integrity of the structure, occurs when metal ions in each layer are missing and cause the other layers to weaken. The less grain boundaries, the more likely dislocation in the structure of the metal is to occur, and this weakening of the metal itself creates movement and causes the metal to lose shape as well as weaken.

• Corrosion/Rusting – this means electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen.

DEFECTS IN METAL STRUCTURE

• Point Defects – point defects are a single atom defect found in the grains of the metal’s lattice structure. Point defects can and do affect the integrity of the metal, affecting the ability of the metal to resist corrosion and other environmental factors.

• Volume defects – while equally connected to the atomic structure of the metal, also occur during and after processing. This form of defect can be broken down into three major categories:

DEFECTS IN METAL STRUCTURE

1. Voids – result when there are holes in the materials.2. Cracks – that occur during the process of the metal.3. Inclusion of foreign particles – that become implanted

in the structure of the metal.

WHY USE METAL?Energy commercial efficiency, low maintenance and durability. Increasingly, however, metal’s other key attributes - its striking beauty, clean look, and versatility in both new and retrofit construction – are helping to firmly establish it as the material of choice for institutional and commercial building projects.