Kyoo Dong Song, Ph.D.Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering

Hanyang University, ERICA CampusAnsan, Korea

건축환경계획론

Building Environment Design

Chapter 1.

Heating, Cooling, and Lighting As Form-Givers in Architecture

Contents

1.1 Introduction1.2 Vernacular and Regional Architecture1.3 Formal Architecture1.4 The Architectural approach 1.5 Dynamic versus Static Buildings1.6 Passive Survivability1.7 Energy and Architecture1.8 Architecture and Heating, Cooling, and Lighting1.9 Conclusion

1.1 INTRODUCTION

• Architecture has been called journalism in stone, since it has always reflected the culture, climate, and resources of the time and place.

• Eventually, as new forces emerged, architecture moved to its next stage.

• What is the predominant influence on architecture today? The strong influence that is now shaping the future of architecture is sustainability.

• Sustainable architecture can be achieved by using “ the best of the old and the best of the new. ” By using modern science, technology, and ideas of aesthetics combined with traditional ideas that responded to human needs, regionalism, and climate, a new architecture is being created. Such architecture will be richer than contemporary architecture, which gives no clue to where a building is located.

• Sustainability covers many issues, but none is as important as energy.

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The results are environmental crises such as resource depletion, environmental pollution and GLOBAL WARMING.

• Energy used in buildings is mostly derived from fossil sources that produce the carbon dioxide (CO2) that is the main cause of global warming.

• We must replace these polluting sources with clean, renewable energy sources such as wind, solar energy, and biomass, or we must increase the efficiency of our building stock so that it uses less energy, or we must do both.

• Presently, there are architects around the world designing “zero-energy buildings.” Such buildings are designed to use as little energy as possible, with the small remaining load being met by renewable energy such as photovoltaics.

1.2 VERNACULAR AND REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE

• One of the main reasons for regional differences in architecture is the response to climate.

• Buildings in hot and humid climates, in hot and dry climates, and in cold climates are quite different from one another.

1) Polar climate

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of SolarArchitecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, pp.46-47.

2) Arctic climate, Tundra/Taiga

Siberian Nomads Mongolian Nomads (Yurt)

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, pp.48-49.

3) Mountains

House made of stone, Val Verzasca The Alps Warehouse

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, p.50.

4) Continental climate

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of SolarArchitecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, pp.52-53.

House made of wood, Canada, Siberia

Manchuria and northeast area of China

5) Marine climate

Roof designed to minimize wind resistanceCity of San Sebastian

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, pp.54-55.

6) Mediterranean climate

Courtyard

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, p.56.

Architecture to block the strong sunlight

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, p.57.

Buildings are closely clustered for the shade they offer one another and the public spaces between them.

7) Sub-tropical climate

Japanese House Chinese Round houseGehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, pp.58-59.

8) Tropical climate

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, p.60.

Sumatra house

9) Savana

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of SolarArchitecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, p.62.

10) Steppe

Pakistani House with wind scoop

Natural ventilation of Bagdad House by wind scoop and stack effect

11) Deserts

Adobe House in Morocco

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of SolarArchitecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, p.66.

Not only vernacular structures but also buildings designed by the most sophisticated architects responded to the needs for environmental control.

1) The Greek Porticos

• They are simply a feature to protect against the rain and sun.

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, p.93.

1.3 FORMAL ARCHITECTURE

2) The Roman Basilicas

• Consisted of large spaces with high ceilings that are very comfortable in hot climates during the summer.

• Clerestory windows were used to bring quality daylight into central spaces.

• Both the trussed roof and groin vaulted basilicas became prototypes for Christian churches

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, p.95.

3) The Christian Churches

• One of the Gothic builders’ main goals was to maximize the window area for a large hall.

• By means of an inspired structural system, they sent an abundance of daylight through stained glass to create a mystical mood.

Gehling, S. and S. Gehling. 1996. Sol Power - The Evolution of Solar Architecture, Prestel, Munich and New York, p.102, p.104

4) The Works of the 20th Century Masters:

• Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959): An American architect

Marin County Superior Court (1957)

3501 Civic Center Dr, San Rafael, CA 94903, U.S.A.

• The Marin County Court House emphasizes the importance of shading and daylighting.

• To give most office access to daylight, the building consists of linear elements separated by a glass-covered atrium.

• The outside windows are shaded from the direct sun by an arcade-like overhang.

Marin County courthouse incident, August 7, 1970

F.L. Wright used white surfaces to reflect daylight down to the lower level. The offices facing the atrium have all-glass walls.

Guggenheim Museum at New York, New York (1956 to 1959)

http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/FLW.html

Unitarian Meeting House at Madison, Wisconsin(1947 to 1951)

Frank Lloyd Wright

http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/FLW.html

Taliesin West at Scottsdale, Arizona (1937)Frank Lloyd Wright

http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/FLW.html

Centre Le Corbusier at Zurich, Switzerland (1963 to 1967)http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Le_Corbusier.html

• Le Corbusier (1887-1965): A French architect

The “Maison d’Homme” in Zurich, Switzerland, demonstrates the concept of the parasol roof. The building is now called Centre Le Corbusier

Villa Savoye at Poissy, France (1928 to 1929)Le Corbusier

http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Le_Corbusier.html

http://falcon.cc.ukans.edu/~moeck/courses/640/day1.html

http://www.demel.net/ronchampthumb.html

Notre-Dame-du-Haut at Ronchamp, France (1955)Le Corbusier

http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Le_Corbusier.html

• Riola Parish Church, Riola, Italy (1975-1978)

• Alvar Alto (1898 – 1976): a Finish architect and designer.

Mount Angel Library at Mount Angel, Oregon, 1970Alvar Aalto

http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Alvar_Aalto.html

Mount Angel Library at Mount Angel, Oregon (1970)Alvar Aalto

http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Alvar_Aalto.html

Academic Bookshop at Helsinki, Finland (1962 to 1969)Alvar Aalto

http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Alvar_Aalto.html

• The sustainable design of heating, cooling, and lighting buildings can be accomplished in three tiers.

1.4 THE ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH

1) The 1st tier: Architectural Design•To minimize heat loss in winter•To minimize heat gain in summer•To use light efficiently•Determines the size of heating, cooling and lighting loads•Making the right design choices in tier one can reduce the energy consumption of buildings as much as 60 percent.

2) The 2nd tier: Passive Technique•To use natural energies through such methods as passive heating, cooling and daylighting system

•The proper decisions at this point can reduce the energy consumption another 20 percent.

3) The 3rd tier: Mechanical Equipment•To handle the loads that remain from the combined effect of architectural design and passive technique.

•To design the mechanical equipment to be as efficient as possible.•This effort could reduce energy consumption another 8 percent.

• Contemporary buildings are essentially static with a few dynamic parts, such as the mechanical equipment, doors, and sometimes operable windows. On the other hand, smart, sustainable buildings adapt to their changing environments.

The residence that architect Richard Foster built for himself in Wilton, Connecticut, in 1967 is round and rotates 360° to take full advantage of the panoramic view and passive solar heating

Architect Rolf Disch of Freiburg, Germany, has designed his home to track the sun. The PV panels on the roof rotate separately to always collect the maximum solar radiation.

1.5 DYNAMIC VERSUS STATIC BUILDINGS

1.6 PASSIVE SURVIVABILITY• We should design buildings not only to sustain the planet but also to sustain us

during an emergency.

• For example, houses on stilts had a better chance to survive the storm–surge of Hurricane Katrina than the typical houses built close to the ground.

• Alex Wilson of the Environmental Building News suggests that building design should include a new mandate: passive survivability.

• Higher levels of insulation, passive solar, passive cooling, and daylighting increase the passive survivability of a building.

A house built on stilts

1.7 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

• Buildings now use about 40 percent of all the energy consumed in the most developed countries.

• Architects have both the responsibility and the opportunity to design in an energy-conserving manner.

1.8 ARCHITECTURE AND HEATING, COOLING, AND LIGHTING

• The following design considerations have an impact on both the appearance and the heating, cooling, and lighting of a building:

- form, orientation, compactness (surface-area-to-volume ratio)- size and location of windows- and the nature of the building materials.

• Thus, when architects start to design the appearance of a building, they simultaneously start the design of the heating, cooling, and lighting.

• Because of this inseparable relationship between architectural features and the heating, cooling, and lighting of buildings, we can say that the environmental controls are form-givers in architecture.

1.9 CONCLUSION

• The heating, cooling, and lighting of buildings are accomplished not just by mechanical equipment, but mostly by the design of the building itself.

• The design decisions that affect these environmental controls have, for the most part, a strong effect on the form and aesthetics of buildings.