building codes - knoxville area association of … · origin of building codes 229. ... uniform...
TRANSCRIPT
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BUILDING CODESPresented by
CORUM ENGINEERING
I. The Basics of Foundations
A. Footer Designs
B. Foundation Walls
1. Non-Backfilled Walls
2. Backfilled Walls (Retaining Walls)
C. Slabs vs. Crawl Spaces
II. The Basics of Framing
A. Floor Framing
B. Wall Framing
C. Ceiling Framing
D. Roof Framing
III. Structural Issues and Examples®
AGENDA
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Origin of Building Codes
229. If a builder build a house for some one,
and does not construct it properly, and the
house which he built fall in and kill its owner,
then that builder shall be put to death.
Hammurabi's Code of Laws (1790 BC)By the sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi
CODES Available
International Residential Code
(IRC 2006 Edition)
Standard Building Code
(SBC 1999 Edition)
Council of American Building Officials
(CABO 1995 Edition)
Uniform Building Code
(UBC 1997 Edition)®
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Elements of a Building
Footer Designs
Spread Footing
Square
Rectangular
Continuous
Pile Supported
Monolithic System
®
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Typical Footing
®
TABLE R401.4.1 - PRESUMPTIVE LOAD–
BEARING VALUES OF FOUNDATION
MATERIALS
Sand, silty sand, clayey sand, silty gravel
and clayey gravel
(SW, SP, SM, SC, GM and GC) = 2,000psf
R405 (IRC) Foundation Drainage: Drains shall be provided around all
concrete and masonry foundations that retain earth and enclose habitable
or usable space located below grade.
Footer Drainage
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Typical Footing Diagrams
R403.1 General - Footings shall be supported
on undisturbed natural soils or engineered fill.
R403.1.4 Minimum depth - All exterior footings
shall be placed at least 12 inches (305 mm)
below the undisturbed ground surface.
R405.2.2 Moisture barrier. A 6-mil-thick (0.15
mm) polyethylene moisture barrier shall be
applied over the porous layer with the basement
floor constructed over the polyethylene.
R404.1.6 Height above finished grade.
Concrete and masonry foundation walls shall
extend above the finished grade adjacent to the
foundation at all points a minimum of 4 inches
(102 mm) where masonry veneer is used and a
minimum of 6 inches (152 mm) elsewhere.
Monolithic Slab with Footings
FIGURE R403.1(1) (IRC)
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TABLE R403.1 Minimum Footing Width
LOAD-BEARING VALUE OF SOIL (psf)
1,500 2,000 3,0004,000
Conventional light–frame construction
1-story 12 12 12 12
2-story 15 12 12 12
3-story 23 17 12 12
4-inch brick veneer over light frame or
8-inch hollow concrete masonry
1-story 12 12 12 12
2-story 21 16 12 12
3-story 32 24 16 12
8-inch solid or fully grouted masonry
1-story 16 12 12 12
2-story 29 21 14 12
3-story 42 32 21 16
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa.
Graded Site Drainage
R401.3 Drainage. Surface drainage shall be diverted to a storm sewer
conveyance or other approved point of collection so as to not create a hazard.
Lots shall be graded to drain surface water away from foundation walls. The
grade shall fall a minimum of 6 inches (152 mm) within the first 10 feet...
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Example of Graded Site
The Foundation
Slab-on-Grade
Full Basement
Crawl Space
Post or Pier
There are Four Common Types
®
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Slab On GradeR506.1 (IRC) General. Concrete slab-
on-ground floors shall be a minimum 3.5
inches (89 mm) thick
R506.2.2 (IRC) Base. A 4-inch-thick
(102 mm) base course consisting of
clean graded sand, gravel, crushed
stone.
R506.2.3 Vapor retarder. A 6 mil
(0.006 inch; 152 µm) polyethylene or
approved vapor retarder with joints
lapped not less than 6 inches (152 mm)
shall be placed between the concrete
floor slab and the base course or the
prepared subgrade where no base
course exists.
Example of Slab on Grade
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Basement Walls
TABLE R404.1.1(1)
PLAIN MASONRY FOUNDATION WALLS
MAXIMUM WALL
HEIGHT
(feet)
MAXIMUM
UNBALANCED
BACKFILL
HEIGHTc(feet)
PLAIN MASONRYaMINIMUM NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS
(inches)
Soil classesb
GW, GP, SW
and SP
GM, GC, SM,
SM-SC and ML
SC, MH, ML-CL
and inorganic CL
5 4
5
6 soliddor 8
6 soliddor 8
6 soliddor 8
8
6 soliddor 8
10
6
4
5
6
6 soliddor 8
6 soliddor 8
8
6 soliddor 8
8
10
6 soliddor 8
10
12
7
4
5
6
7
6 soliddor 8
6 soliddor 8
10
12
8
10
12
10 solidd
8
10
10 solidd
12 solidd
8
4
5
6
7
8
6 soliddor 8
6 soliddor 8
10
12
10 solidd
6 soliddor 8
10
12
12 solidd
12 solidd
8
12
12 solidd
Footnote e
Footnote e
9
4
5
6
7
8
9
6 soliddor 8
8
10
12
12 solidd
Footnote e
6 soliddor 8
10
12
12 solidd
Footnote e
Footnote e
8
12
12 solidd
Footnote e
Footnote e
Footnote e
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TABLE R404.1.1(2)
8-INCH MASONRY FOUNDATION WALLS WITH REINFORCING
WALL HEIGHT
HEIGHT OF
UNBALANCED
BACKFILLe
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENTb,c
Soil classes and lateral soil loadd(psf per foot below grade)
GW, GP, SW and SP soils
30
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML
soils
45
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL
soils
60
6 feet 8 inches
4 feet (or less)
5 feet
6 feet 8 inches
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
7 feet 4 inches
4 feet (or less)
5 feet
6 feet
7 feet 4 inches
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 40″ o.c.
8 feet
4 feet (or less)
5 feet
6 feet
7 feet
8 feet
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 40″ o.c.
#6 at 32″ o.c.
8 feet 8 inches
4 feet (or less)
5 feet
6 feet
7 feet
8 feet 8 inches
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 32″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 40″ o.c.
#6 at 24″ o.c.
9 feet 4 inches
4 feet (or less)
5 feet
6 feet
7 feet
8 feet
9 feet 4 inches
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 40″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 40″ o.c.
#6 at 24″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 40″ o.c.
#6 at 24″ o.c.
#6 at 16″ o.c.
10 feet
4 feet (or less)
5 feet
6 feet
7 feet
8 feet
9 feet
10 feet
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 40″ o.c.
#6 at 32″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 32″ o.c.
#6 at 24″ o.c.
#6 at 16″ o.c.
#4 at 48″ o.c.
#5 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 48″ o.c.
#6 at 32″ o.c.
#6 at 24″ o.c.
#6 at 16″ o.c.
#6 at 16″ o.c.
Cracked Basement Wall
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Repairs for
Bowed Walls
Cracked Basement Wall
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Cracked Basement Wall
Cracked Basement Wall
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Cracked Basement Wall
Cracked Basement Wall
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Carbon Fiber Strips
Tie-Back System
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Example of Retaining Wall
Garage Wall Crack
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Crawl SpaceR408.1 (IRC) Ventilation The minimum
net area of ventilation openings shall not be less
than 1 square foot (0.0929 m2) for each 150
square feet (14 m2) of under-floor space area.
R408.4 (IRC) Access. An access crawl hole
18 “ by 24” shall be provided to the under-floor
space.
R408.5 (IRC) Removal of debris. The
under-floor grade shall be cleaned of all
vegetation and organic material. All wood forms
used for placing concrete shall be removed
before a building is occupied or used for any
purpose. All construction materials shall be
removed before a building is occupied or used
for any purpose.
R406.3.2 Below-grade moisture barrier. A 6-mil-thick
(0.15 mm) polyethylene film shall be applied over
the below-grade portion of exterior foundation
walls prior to backfilling. Joints in the
polyethylene film shall be lapped 6 inches
(152 mm) and sealed with adhesive.
Pier ConstructionR606.6 Piers. The unsupported height of masonry piers shall
not exceed ten times their least dimension. When structural
clay tile or hollow concrete masonry units are used for isolated
piers to support beams and girders, the cellular spaces shall be
filled solidly with concrete or Type M or S mortar, except that
unfilled hollow piers may be used if their unsupported height is
not more than four times their least dimension. Where hollow
masonry units are solidly filled with concrete or Type M, S or N
mortar, the allowable compressive stress shall be permitted to
be increased as provided in Table R606.5.
R606.6.1 Pier cap. Hollow piers shall be
capped with 4 inches (102 mm) of solid
masonry or concrete or shall have cavities of
the top course filled with concrete or grout or
other approved methods.
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Lot Grade Elevation
R404.1.6 Height above
finished grade
Example of Grade Elevation
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Damproofing
R406.1 Concrete and masonry foundation dampproofing. Except
where required by Section R406.2 to be waterproofed, foundation
walls that retain earth and enclose interior spaces and floors below
grade shall be dampproofed from the top of the footing to the
finished grade. Masonry walls shall have not less than 3/8inch (9.5
mm) portland cement parging applied to the exterior of the wall.
The parging shall be dampproofed in accordance with one of the
following:
1. Bituminous coating.
2. 3 pounds per square yard (1.63 kg/m 2) of acrylic modified cement.
3. 1/8-inch (3.2 mm) coat of surface-bonding cement complying with
ASTM C 887.
4. Any material permitted for waterproofing in Section R406.2.
5. Other approved methods or materials.
Example of Dampproofing
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Waterproofing
R406.2 Concrete and masonry foundation waterproofing. In areas
where a high water table or other severe soil-water conditions are
known to exist, exterior foundation walls that retain earth and
enclose interior spaces and floors below grade shall be
waterproofed from the top of the footing to the finished grade.
Walls shall be waterproofed in accordance with one of the
following:
1. 2-ply hot-mopped felts.
2. 55 pound (25 kg) roll roofing.
3. 6-mil (0.15 mm) polyvinyl chloride.
4. 6-mil (0.15 mm) polyethylene.
5. 40-mil (1 mm) polymer-modified asphalt.
6. 60-mil (1.5 mm) flexible polymer cement.
7.1/8inch (3 mm) cement-based, fiber-reinforced, waterproof coating.
8. 60-mil (0.22 mm) solvent-free liquid-applied synthetic rubber.
Example of Waterproofing
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Basics of Framing
Platform
Post & Beam
Balloon
Log
Framing Types
®
Framing Systems
Studs
Joists
Rafters
Posts/Columns
Girders
Sill and Sillplate
There are Six Primary Components
®
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Floor FramingR403.1.6 Foundation anchorage. Sills on concrete
or masonry foundations shall not be less than 2”
thickness and anchored thereto by minimum ½” dia.
bolts spaced not more than 6’ o.c. and embedded a
min. 7” into the concrete or masonry.
Beams and Girders. Where 2 or more pieces of 2”
lumber are nailed together to provide girders, the
wide faces shall be vertical and the end joints shall
occur over supports……
Exception: girder span over 3 or more may
stagger ends ¼ the distances from intermediate
supports.
R502.6 Bearing. The ends of each joist, beam or
girder shall have not less than 1.5 inches (38 mm) of
bearing on wood or metal and not less than 3 inches
(76 mm) on masonry or concrete except where
supported on a 1-inch-by-4-inch (25.4 mm by 102
mm) ribbon strip and nailed to the adjacent stud or by
the use of approved joist hangers.
R502.6.2 Joist framing. Joists framing into the
side of a wood girder shall be supported by
approved framing anchors or on ledger strips not
less than nominal 2 inches by 2 inches (51 mm by
51 mm).
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Floor Girder Spans
IRC Table R502.5(2)
Floor Joist Spans & Notching
IRC Table 502.3.a(2) & 502.8.1
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Overlap Floor Blocking
R502.6.1 (IRC) Floor systems
Floor Cantilever
Ratio of back span to cantilever span shall be at least 3:1. (TABLE R502.3.3(1))
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Notching & Boring
FIGURE R502.8 (IRC)
CUTTING, NOTCHING
AND DRILLING
Wood I-Joist
25
Deck Ledger & Flashing
Wall Framing
26
Wall
Typical
Studs Sizing & Spacing
27
Notching & Boring Studs
Header Spans for Ext. Bearing Walls
Table
R502.5(1)&(2)
(IRC)
28
Masonry Veneer
Fireblock Openings
29
Ceiling Framing
Ceiling Joist Span
30
Roof Framing
Roof Framing System
31
Roof FramingCollar beams of 1”x6” boards
shall be installed in the upper
third of the roof height to
every third pair of rafters.
FIGURE R502.8 CUTTING,
NOTCHING AND DRILLING
Notches on the ends of the
joist shall not exceed one-
fourth the depth…….
Where rafters meet to form a
ridge, they shall be placed
directly opposite each other
and nailed to a ridge board
not less than 1” thick, and not
less in depth than the cut end
of the rafter.
Roof Rafter Spans
Table 802.5.1(2) (IRC)
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Attic Ventilation
806.2 (IRC) ………The ratio of total net free ventilating area to the area of the
ceiling shall be not less than 1/150.
Roof Crickets
R1003.20 (IRC)
Chimney
crickets
33
Roof Sheathing
Issues & Examples
34
Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
35
Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Issues & Examples
Issues & Examples
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Conclusion
Buildings and Code Enforcements
vary with region.
Always be aware of your codes in
your area. THANK YOU!!