Police General Da’i Bachtiar (Drs., SH., Tan Sri., AO)Presidium Chairman, Indonesia Crime Prevention FoundationSpecial Envoy to the President of the Republic of Indonesia for BIMP EAGAFormer Chief of Indonesian National Police

An OrationDelivered in a Ceremonial

Conferment of Professorship byEDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY

Perth, Western Australia

ENTITLED

“BUILDING A GLOBAL COOPERATIONIN A FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM”

____________________________________________________________

Police General Da’i Bachtiar

Perth, 16 November 2006

To my wifeMrs. Ida Yulianti Bachtiar

and our daughters and sonNina, Dini and Vividand our grandchildren

Dita, Dhika, Dilla, Fira,Fiqi, Velda and Vania

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to acknowledge that this paper ismade based upon the request and to fulfill my tasks in theoccasion of conferment of Adjunct Professorship awarded tome by Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia. Forthis, I should thank to my good friend Professor NaraSrinivasan who has given this opportunities.

I am indebted to my mentors, the Indonesian former PresidentHer Excellency Madam Megawati Soekarnoputri andIndonesia President His Excellency DR. Susilo BambangYudhoyono, colleagues, friends and family for making thispaper possible.

For sharing their knowledge, experience, time and support, Iam grateful to my colleagues, Commissioner Mick Keelty,APM., the Australian Federal Police Commissioner,Indonesian Coordinator Minister of Political and LawEnforcement Affairs and other police officers withinASEANAPOL and Interpol. I also wish to thank to my staffeither from Indonesia Crime Prevention Foundation or fromIndonesian National Police for their hard-work in helpingfinalizing this paper.

I am sure I have left someone out unintentionally. Whoeveryou may be, and all those whom I list above, we thank you.

To those of you in law enforcement at every level ofIndonesian National Police, Australian Federal Police,Interpol, ASEANAPOL who work daily to make ourcommunities safe from terrorism, we hope this paper providesyou some of the resources and information you have beenseeking.

Finally, I thank my family who have stood by me in bothgood and sad times. For their steadfast support and affection,I express my gratitude to my wife Mrs. Ida Yulianti Bachtiarand our daughters and son Nina, Dini and Vivid and ourgrandchildren Dita, Dhika, Dilla, Fira, Viqi, Velda and Vania.To them I dedicate this paper.

TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................2

2. TERRORISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME......................................................4

2.1. Trends in Terrorism .............................................................82.2. Terrorism in relation to Transnational Organized Crime ... 122.3. Modus Operandi of Terrorism ........................................... 172.4. Suicide Terrorism .............................................................. 20

3. OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISTATTACKS AROUND THE WORLD......................................21

4. CASES OF TERRORIST ATTACK IN INDONESIA ............. 244.1. Perpetrator’s Background .................................................. 26 Bali Blasts 12 October 2002 and 1 October 2005 .............. 29 Bomb Blast at JW Marriot Hotel on August 5th 2003 ......... 32 Bomb Blast in front of Australian Embassy on September 9th 2004 .............................................................. 344.2. Motives of Terrorism in Indonesia .................................... 374.3. Suicide Bombing and its Revelation in Indonesia ............. 404.4. The Discovery of JI Network in Indonesia ........................ 48

5. EFFORTS TO BUILD A GLOBAL COOPERATION............. 505.1. National Capacity Enhancement in Handling Terrorism ... 505.2. Regional and International Cooperation ............................ 53

6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 58

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................... 62

APPENDIX................................................................................... 64

Number of Terrorism & Suicide Terrorism Attacks

during 1987 - 2003 ............................................................ 64

The Major Bomb Blast incidents in Indonesia.................. 64

Data of Bomb Blasts in Indonesia .................................... 65

The Crime Scene After The Bomb Blast in Front of

Australia Embassy ........................................................... 65

JI’s Network and Al Qaeda ............................................... 66

Organisation Structure of JI .............................................. 66

ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in a Fight Against

Transnational Organized Crime, Bangkok ........................ 67

JCLEC Training Center ..................................................... 67

Dubai, Seminar Event ........................................................ 68

Hong Kong, Seminar Event ............................................... 68

Police General Da’i Bachtiar with Prime Minister of

New Zealand ..................................................................... 69

Ceremony of Submission of Medal of the Knight Order

from the Kingdom of Malaysia .......................................... 69

Ceremony of Submission of Medal “Bintang Jasa Utama”

by the Government of Indonesia ....................................... 70

Ceremony of Submission of Medal of Australian Order

by Australian Government ................................................. 70

Ceremony of Submission of Medal “Bintang Mahaputra

Adi Pradana” by the Government of Indonesia ................ 71

The President of USA congratulating General Da’i ........... 71

General Da’i and Deputy Prime Minister of China signing MOU ..................................................................... 72

General Dai with Chief of Japan National Police .............. 72 INP and AFP Signing MOU.............................................. 73 Bali, The 25th ASEANAPOL Conference ........................ 73 Mexico, Interpol 73rd General Assembly Meeting ............ 74 Chief of INP visiting AFP Headquarters, Canberra .......... 74

Jakarta, International Seminar in Fighting Terrorism ......... 75

Police General Da’i deliver Keynote Speaker on

International Seminar in Fighting Terrorism ...................... 75

PROFILE .................................................................................. 76

Police General Da’i Bachtiar and the Family ........................ 78

INDEX ....................................................................................... 79

1

AN ORATION

BY

POLICE GENERAL DA’I BACHTIARPRESIDIUM CHAIRMAN, INDONESIA CRIME PREVENTION

FOUNDATION

SPECIAL ENVOY TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF

INDONESIA FOR BIMP EAGA

FORMER CHIEF OF INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE

ENTITLED

BUILDING A GLOBAL COOPERATIONIN A FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM

Delivered in a Ceremonial Conferment of ProfessorshipAwarded by

Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia

VICE CHANCELLOR, EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY,

COMMISSIONER MICK KEELTY, AFP,

POLICE COMMISSIONER WESTERN AUSTRALIA,

PROF. JOHN WOOD, DEPUTY VICE CHANCELLOR,

DEANS OF ALL SCHOOLS OF EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY,

LECTURERS AND STAFF,

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS,

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,

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1. INTRODUCTION

It is, indeed, a great privilege for me to have been able to visit forthe second time to Edith Cowan University today and even morea pride and delightful to be part of and associated with ECU. Letme, first of all, extend my sincere gratitude and appreciation tohonorable Vice-Chancellor Professor Kerry Cox, Deputy Vice-Chancellor Professor John Wood, Deans, Lecturers and staff ofEdith Cowan University. I would also like to express, in thisprecious occasion, my deep appreciation and thanks to my goodfriend Professor Nara Srinivasan, Professor of Security and RisksECU, Eminent Experts, Distinguished Guests and Colleagues,Ladies and Gentlemen.

I am greatly honored and pleased to have the opportunity toaddress the ceremony today in which I have chosen a title:“Building a Global Cooperation in a Fight Against Terrorism”for the conferment of professorship to me by Edith CowanUniversity.

This oration is not, by any means, an academic overview of thesubject of terrorism as the way academician may look, butprobably more of a contribution to the academic field from areflection of my own experience as a leadership of IndonesianNational Police in dealing with the crime of terrorism. An area,in my view, academicians may overlook and I therefore proposethis area to be considered for the sake of mankind. Because, after

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all, whatever we do in this world if we could contribute to mankindfor the benefit of us all, that is the mission every one of us has tobear on our shoulder be it from academic field, practitioner etc.

Before embarking upon the subject, it may be worth elaborating,in my view, the security situation in which we are now facing inorder to bring into perspective the title of my oration orpresentation today. Let me commence by saying that with therapid development in the society, the on-going process ofglobalization, rapid spread of new culture, advancement ofinformation and telecommunication technology has resulted inrunning one’s life in a relatively much easier and faster way. Thishas resulted in geographical distance becoming much shorter thanever before. Territorial boundaries of states virtually becomeborderless. The same applies to crime. The advancement oftechnology in armament, for example, has lead to a new dimensionof crime, which has gone beyond the boundaries of sovereigntyof a state. By the United Nations (UN) this new form of crime iscalled “Transnational Organized Crime” including, of course,“Terrorism”.

Terrorism has become a global issue of the world today. Terrorismis a crime against humanity. Terrorism is also called extraordinarycrime because of the huge number of victim it takes. Terrorism isalso indiscriminate in terms of targeting its victims, young orold, rich or poor can be the victim of this terror attack.

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The title of my presentation, as I said earlier, is “Building AGlobal Cooperation In A Fight Against Terrorism” coveringfive core themes: Terrorism from Perspective of TransnationalCrime, Overview of Terrorist Attacks Around The World,Cases of Terrorist Attack in Indonesia,Efforts to Build aGlobal Cooperation Against Terrorism and Conclusion.

2. TERRORISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OFTRANSNATIONAL CRIME

The word “terror” is derived from the Latin word, which more orless means, “to shiver or vibrate”. To frighten, threaten, giveviolent shocks or kill with the intention to spread fear are alltactics that are inherent to the struggle of power, that laterinfluences the terror nuance. The following discussion shall bedevoted to identifying terrorism from transnational crimeperspective.

The term “terrorism” itself since the 1970s was directed to variousphenomenon, starting from fearsome threats, assassination ofgovernment and political figures, up to bomb blasts in publicareas.

Until today the world under UN has failed to come to an agreementabout what is an acceptable definition for terrorism. It is stillunder debate despite attempts made by many experts. The effort

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to approach terrorism from a definitional perspective has thusbecome a never-ending effort, let alone conform the definitionitself. For instance, United States, having declared “war againstterrorism”, has not given a clear definition on terrorism itself.The consequence of such declaration without having the termproperly defined have created undesirable treatment to certaingroups through discrimination, marginalization, and wrongarrests, all under the premise of protecting human rights.

So many definitions of terrorism have been attempted, forexample Hoffman 1998 in his book “Inside Terrorism” has listedfrequency of definitional elements from 109 definitions ofterrorism. But I am not going to dive into those diversities ofdefinition available. What I intend to inform all the audience isthe fact that for enforcing the law against the act of terror inIndonesia, the Indonesian has enacted a law on terror in its Actnumber 15 and 16, 2003 which goes as follows:

“Every person deliberately uses violence or threatensto use violence causing terror or wide fear againstperson or causing massive victims, by taking others’freedom or the loss of life, property of others, or causingdamage and destruction against vital and/ or strategicinstallations or environment or public facility orinternational facility, shall be penalized with a deathpenalty or life imprisonment or at least four yearsimprisonment and maximum 20 years imprisonment.”

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It may not sound as perfect from definitional perspective, yet itis vital that it exerts a sense of a point of departure and an elementof developmental definition. Suffices to say, such a definitionexists in our law as a vanguard of terror act attempted by anyindividual or group within our jurisdiction. So from lawenforcement perspective the law is vital to stop a would-becriminal from attempting to commit crime of terrorism whichused to be absent in Indonesia for several years. But from aperspective of motives of terrorist act are recognized as follows:

1. Publicizing a statement through acts of ruthlessness. Theybelieve that only through such acts of ruthlessness can fastand massive publication be made;

2. Act of vengeance towards groups considereddisadvantageous to them;

3. Serving as a catalyst for militarization or massmobilization;

4. Spreading hatred and inter-communal conflict;

5. Announcing a certain group as the enemy and should beheld responsible;

6. Victims are not the goal but a means to create “neural war”;

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7. Create mass panic, damage public trust towards thegovernment including security and law enforcementauthorities.

Whereas the justifications of terrorism taken on by terroristsincluding:

1. Justifying all means for the accomplishment oftranscendental goals;

2. Extreme violence considered to be therapeutic, full ofblessings and regenerative;

3. The executor places himself/herself as part of history,where the act is a consequential element of history underthe perspective of moral balance (a deserved treatment);

4. The act of terrorism perceived as a minor crime; manyamong them even take this act insignificant in comparisonto the enemy’s posing threat that suppresses themstructurally;

Having visited the term of terrorism from various perspectives:motive and its justification, let us now look at how terrorism hasdeveloped and its trend these days.

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2.1. Trends in Terrorism

As we have stated earlier that terrorism is a global crime. It hasbecome in many respects the predominant geopolitical theme.The affairs of the world are influenced in important areas by theterrorist agenda. The thinking of policy makers and law enforcersis shaped increasingly by the need to respond appropriately tothe threat of terrorism. Terrorism represents a challenge not justto the bases of civilized society, but also to the very foundationsof the world order. Terrorism activities threaten fundamentalnations’ law and order, human rights and it is the enemy ofmankind. Terrorism in one form or another has been around for along time, and there is no realistic prospect of its becoming extinctin the foreseeable future. All of those concerned with the effectivecombat of terrorism must be prepared for the long haul. Let it notbe thought that there are any simple solutions to terrorism.

Terrorism is fuelled by various factors. These include theopenness of free societies, the easy access to technologies bymeans of violence and a radical and global ideology of hatred.Conflict in some countries particularly in the Middle East haveinevitably formed a global issue and solidarity among terrorist.This global issue has become a unifying factor to establish a senseof togetherness based on religious brotherhood among thebelievers to resist.

Terrorism will remain a menace as long as there are people whoare driven by fanaticism, paranoia and extremism. So long as

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there exists in the world poverty, strife, injustice and oppression,conditions will exist which terrorists can turn to their advantage.There can be no doubt that the campaign against terrorism is onethat must be mounted at various levels, including political,economic, and humanitarian. The iron fist approach alone willnot succeed. It is to be remembered that the terrorist will oftenhave the advantage over the law enforcer in the sense that he/she is able to decide when and where he/she will strike, and howhard he/ she will strike. Law enforcement, on the other hand, hasto maintain constant vigilance. That is not easy at a time whencommercial airlines can be used as flying bombs, and whenterrorist strategy is planned by internet, mobile phone, satelliteand coded messages on websites.

The threats we face from terrorism are constantly changing in allsorts of ways. Just when progress is being made against a terroristgroup, splintering often occurs, and hardliners break away andform splinter groups committed to the campaign of violence. Itis feared that weapons of mass destruction previously controlledby governments can now be purchased on the black market. It issaid that not only the weapons but also the scientists with theknowledge of how to make them are available if the price is right.And finance may be the key. Terrorists, like more conventionalcriminals, need access to adequate funds in order to finance theiractivities. Weapons, communication systems and transport allcome at a price, as does training.

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Terrorism seeks power through violence, and money is a meansto achieve that terrorism needs access to international paymentsystems in order to finance and sustain its campaigns. Terrorists,like organized criminals, make active use of credit card fraudand cheque fraud. This is why vigorous identification checksregime must be exercised on potential customers by credit cardcompanies. The loopholes are in the area of money launderinglegislation that must be closed.

Terrorism as it was defined a systematic use of violence or thethreat of violence to achieve political, social or economic goals.Terrorism uses extreme physical violence to shock the targetedaudience. The psychological impact generated in the mind ofpeople as a natural corollary of that matters more to the terroriststhan the physical attack on the victims (Cline, Ray S, 1998).

Terrorism is as old as the civilization of mankind itself and hasexisted in all ages in some form or other which might be knownanarchists, revolutionaries, fundamentalist or dissidents againstthe established authority or even ruling tyrants having no toleranceor dissent. However, terrorism was not as widespreadphenomenon as it is today in contemporary political system ofthe world.

Terrorism has, in fact, become a global phenomenon withincreasing and rather well identifiable links between differentterrorist group and organization. They use each other’s areas for

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recruitment and training, exchange of illegal weapons, engage injoint planning and ventures and also provide administrative andother logistic support. The extent of global terrorism linkagesbetween terrorist groups in different country can be wellappreciated from the fact that a terrorist operation may be plannedin country “A” by a certain national, executed in “B” country byterrorist, recruited in “C” country, with the weapon acquired in“D” but manufactured in “E” country supplied by an “F” countrydiplomat financed by say “G” money. This may be one of theillustrations of global terrorism. There may be many moreindicating worldwide connection involving more than one states.This type of terrorist activities show a new dimension due tocircumstances characterized by the advancement of science,technology and diverse social, economic, political and historicalreasons conditioning it.

The development of computer science, satellite and mobile linkshave also affected the modernization of terrorist activities. Thisfurther facilitated by support of states/ governments unfavorableto each other. An element of international terrorism comes intothe picture when specific persons of the nation are designed astargets by the members of another group outside that nation. Itis, therefore, described as warfare without territory. It is warfarewithout neutrals and with few or no by standards. Another formof global terrorism is sponsored terrorism, which is operated fromsafe areas in another country, which are out of reach of the counterinsurgency forces of the targeted country.

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There cannot be any single cause of terrorism. Causes of terrorismmay range from socio-economic and political conditions totheories based on the personality and environment of the terrorist.Terrorism is motivated by a variety of inner drives ranging fromfinancial gains to revenge, from fundamentalism to deprivation,political frustration, regional disparities, marginalization of sub-national groups, extremism, despair, injustice, discrimination,resentment against the existing order, feeling of insignificance,intervention into personal freedom, weak government, separatismand oppression, inequality etc.

Terrorism is never simply the response to socio-economicconditions and determinants; it is always the product of a politicalplanning whether it is at the service of the state or against thestate. Terrorism always pursues political goals in the end.

How the relation between Terrorism and Transnational OrganizedCrime, let us explore further how they are both related.

2.2. Terrorism in relation to Transnational Organized Crime

Under this heading, I shall further discuss the term terrorism inrelation to Transnational Crimes or Transnational OrganizedCrime. From the lexicon “organized”, the word “organized”entails this type of crime has a very rigid structure or loosestructure (like a network system), yet showing hierarchical orhorizontal order which is based on the same ideology, goals, actsand even only just the same vision. This type of crime has become

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a common threat in many countries these days. These types ofcrime are also called Non-Traditional as opposed to the termTraditional or Conventional crime which refers to the kind ofordinary crime that occurs in any given society.

Transnational Crimes have been officially adopted in ASEANcountries consisting of eight types: Terrorism, Drug Trafficking,Trafficking in Person, Money Laundering, Sea Piracy, ArmsSmuggling, Economic Crime and Cyber Crime. Through anannual forum of called SOMTC (Senior Official Meeting onTransnational Crime), and AMMTC (ASEAN MinisterialMeeting on Transnational Crime) held once in two years. BothSOMTC and AMMTC have extended the participating countriesbeyond ASEAN like China, Japan, South Korea, Australia andIndia. Let us now elucidate the trends in the area of TransnationalCrime, in which Terrorism has been ranked in the priority list.

Transnational Crime or Transnational Organized Crime especiallyterrorism is the defining issue of the 21st century for all of thoseinvolved in the security and law enforcement and the prosecutionof crime. At all levels it threatens the rule of law, the properconduct of transactions and traditional notions of goodgovernance. Criminal networks have proliferated and the threatof terrorism has never been greater. Crime has ceased to be largelylocal in origin and effect, and has instead established itself on aninternational scale. If responses by law enforcement are limited,unimaginative or disjointed, things may be expected to go from

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bad to worse. International mechanisms are required as neverbefore to assist those concerned with upholding the law, and toenable them to strike decisively at the financing of crime and itsprofits.

All of those who enforce the law and prosecute criminals areaware of the nature and extent of transnational organized crime.Organized crime itself is not a new phenomenon, and may beseen as ‘a systematic and continuing conspiracy to commit seriousoffences’. What is new is the manner in which its organizers andcontrollers have diversified their activities and widened theirspheres of operation and influence. Activities are conducted atthe global level and without regard to national boundaries. Ourcommunities must react appropriately to the threat, and in a waywhich reflects the new reality.

The United Nations Convention against Transnational OrganizedCrime (Palermo Convention, 2000), provides a framework withinwhich States Parties assist one another in the investigation,prosecution and punishment of crimes committed by organizedcriminal groups where either the crimes themselves or the groupswhich perpetrate them have an element of transnationalinvolvement. An offence is defined as ‘transnational’ if it is:

1. Committed in a single State, but planned, prepared,directed or controlled in another State;

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2. Committed in one State but with an involvement of anorganized crime group whose activities cross nationalboundaries; or

3. Committed in a single State but with ‘substantial effect’ inanother State.

The Palermo Convention recognizes that the threat posed byorganized criminal groups operating at international level is vastand expanding. Types of criminality have been both diversifiedand refined. This is part of the process of globalization, and theorganized criminals which is not just transnational, but alsotranscontinental, and therein lies in the danger. They make fulluse of legitimate trade networks to move their cash andmerchandise around the world, and they are expert at concealingtheir activities. Full advantage is taken of the new technology,and the monitoring of their transactions is increasingly difficult.

Pirated or encrypted phones are used for communication, as arestolen phone cards which are replaced with regularity. At the sametime the spread of e-business and the ability to create ’virtualidentities’ to facilitate criminal activity and then to conceal it ischilling testament to new levels of sophistication. Advances incomputer and printer technology system have expanded andenhanced counterfeit documentation. Even the wide choice ofroutes provided by international air travel has enabled those whoare wanted by the authorities to keep the risks of apprehension toa minimum as they move from one place to another. Latest

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techniques are deployed by those who violate our laws and thechallenge facing law enforcers everywhere has never been greater.

The proceeds of crime the means by which new stages oforganized crime can be financed, illicit assets are used in someplaces to bribe officials and to impede the control of moneylaundering. The effective investigation of those who laundermoney on behalf of organized crime and the seizure of criminalassets must be priority for law makers and law enforcerseverywhere. If that is done a blow will have been struck directlyat the working capital of the organized criminal groups, and thiswill disrupt their capacity to invest in new enterprises and to paytheir employees.

Organized criminal networks will often seek to achieve theirobjectives through corruption. This is yet another outlet for theircash. Sometimes they regard corruption as a more successful wayof ensuring that people co-operate with them than violence orintimidation, and it will often be more durable. If corruption arisesat a high level, it may inhibit growth and damage economies. Insuch an environment priorities and choices are determined byconsiderations of personal gain rather than national advantage.The combat of corruption is, accordingly, yet another reason whythe profit must be taken out of crime.

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The United Nations Convention Against Corruption hasrecognized asset recovery as a ‘fundamental principle’ of theconvention. In the case of embezzlement of public funds, theconfiscated property would be returned to the State requesting it.As regard the proceeds of the offences covered by the Convention,the property would be returned upon proof of ownership by, orrecognition of the damage to, a requesting State. In all other cases,priority consideration would be given to the return of confiscatedproperty to the requesting State, to the return of such property tothe prior legitimate owners, or to the compensation of the victims.Effective asset recovery provisions will without doubt supportthe efforts of countries to redress the effects of corruption, whilesending a message to corrupt officials that they cannot concealtheir illicit assets with impunity.

Now let us move to the discussion of Modus Operandi ofTerrorism.

2.3. Modus Operandi of Terrorism

So far, some modus operandi of terrorism that have beenidentified are kidnapping, hostage taking and hijack, murder usingguns, bomb explosion, car bomb and the most sophisticated issuicide bombing attack, using vehicle, backpack a vest equippedwith gadgetry all over the body of the attacker.

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What we must be concerned more is the modus operandi whichhas not been identified. That is the task ahead that must beanticipated by anti-terror task force, which means thinkingthrough the mind of the terrorist, such as the police and lawenforcer thinking not only rationally but also irrationally. Anexample of that is the incident of 9/11, 2001. Several other modusoperandi can be classified into one of the modus operandi abovementioned.

The act of terrorism as a suicide bombing attack that has currentlybeen familiar in Indonesia holds a long history. Suicide attacksin order to achieve wider objectives used in the World War II,when Japan as one of the countries involved had a special forcecalled Kamikaze. In its history, the force’s doctrine was reallystringent for no tolerance for its failed mission. Its soldiers werewilling to sacrifice their lives if they have to for the success oftheir missions.

According to the terrorism history, the first and famous suicideattack was conducted in 1972 at Tel Aviv Airport (Lebanon). Theattack was conducted by the Red Army of Japan that was affiliatedwith the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).The next suicide attack using a car occurred in Beirut in December1981. This time, the attack was conducted by the Dawa Party.Two years later, in April the embassy of the United Stated inBeirut, Lebanon was attacked by the Hezbollah.

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Indeed, the world has been mostly attracted to suicide attack inthe history is the September Eleventh 2001, where the WorldTrade Center in New York was attacked. The whole world wasstunned by the impact of the attack. It caused extraordinarydamage and significant casualties. The perpetrators usedcommercial airplanes with full of passengers that had beenhijacked. Then, the planes were directed to hit the buildings. Sincethen, the United States has declared war against terrorism andfollowed by the Security Council of the United Nations passingsome resolutions related to the war against terrorism around theworld.

Modus operandi of terrorism in Indonesia is not only that ofsuicide bombing, but also car bomb using a remote control isalso recognized. The target has always been public facility. Othermodus operandi is that upon a bomb blast no one will ever claimthat they have committed such blast. Another feature is theselection of a place of worship in order to create a suspicionamong religious groups. Many bomb blasts have actually beenaiming at public officials but because of a tight security the targetwas then turned to public at public facilities.

Modus operandi of terrorism in Indonesia in which the blast isblown up immediately one after another which caused a dis-traction in the part of the police and others security apparatus.Another modus operandi is the fact that when a strike is madeno one claim being responsible.

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Having discussed the modus operandi of terrorism, let us furtherexplore what is actually inside suicide terrorism.

2.4. Suicide Terrorism

The suicide terrorism attacks the targeted use of self-destructinghumans against a perceived enemy for political ends haveincreased dramatically over the past few years. It seems that thisevent in the increase has a direct contribution from the warhappening in Iraq and the Israeli-Palestinian’s conflict. This risein suicide terrorist attacks is remarkable given that the totalnumber of terrorist incidents worldwide fell from its peak of 665in 1986 to 208 in 2003, whereas the incidence of suicide terroristbombing increased from an annual average 31 in 1980s to 98 in2003 (See in Appendix) (Department of State 2004).

There is growing evidence that war in Iraq may be furthercontributing to an acceleration of this trend. Professor RiazHassan from Yale University, USA analysis shows that in 2004and 2005 there were 291 suicide attacks. (But according to theAssociated Press there were 500 such attacks in this period). Thismeans that in 2004 and 2005 there were more suicide bombingsin Iraq than in the whole of the Middle East between 1981 and2003. There is also growing evidence that in Afghanistan, Talibaninsurgents are turning to suicide bombings in their attacks againstforeigners and NATO peacekeepers as well as Afghan governmentand civilian targets.

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According to some reports, Taliban leaders claim that they havemore than 200 potential suicide bombers. This is a shift awayfrom their traditional guerilla tactics and also a worrisomedevelopment because Afghans have traditionally condemned theuse of suicide bombers. This shift may indicate either a signal ofTaliban insurgents’ increasing desperation or a new strategy by aresilient group aimed at further unsettling the international aidand rebuilding efforts.

As far as suicide terrorism is concerned, one might haveoverlooked to what is inside the bombing cases in Indonesia.Out of the so many bomb blasts which have occured in Indonesiasince 1999, four of which had been suicide bombings: twice inBali, J.W. Marriot Hotel, Jakarta, and in front of AustralianEmbassy. For the purpose of looking into the issue of suicidebombing, we have put aside a discussion of the suicide bombingin Indonesia which can be seen in chapter five.

Now, it may be worth looking at overview of terrorist attacksaround the world.

3. OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ATTACKS AROUND THE WORLD

Terrorism has become part of the world’s problem. Countriesattacked are India, Pakistan, the United States, Canada, almost

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all the Latin American countries, Ireland, Britain, France,Germany, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, Saudi Arabia,Jordan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines,Sri Lanka, Nepal and many more including Japan has had a tasteof what it is like to be attacked by terrorist during the last twodecades. A large part of South Asia is also worst affected. Thefollowing discussion will be devoted to terrorist attacks whichhave been committed against many countries. The list is not byany means exhausted, but just to pick up a few which may beworth considering in connection with the title of this presentation.

On Saturday, 11 September 2001 the worst terrorist attack in theworld had occurred, killing approximately 3000 persons andhundreds more rescue personnel including fire fighters. The attackwas prepared for a four different targets: 2 planes were directedto the World Trade Center, 1 plane crashed in Pennsylvania and1 more plane was directed to the Pentagon, Washington. Al-Qaedabelieved to be responsible for the attack against US in US soil.

On Thursday, 11 March 2004, a terrorist attack again occurred inMadrid, Spain which has caused the death of 191 people andinjuring 1,800 more.

On 7 July 2005 London was struck by 4 terrorist attacks, three ofwhich were targeting London Underground Trains and one in abus. 52 people were dead because of the attack including the 4perpetrators and 700 others injured.

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In Japan, on March 1995, attack was made on the Tokyo subwaysystem with sarin nerve gas, perpetrated by an apolcalypticJapanese religious cult, killing a dozens persons and wounding3,796 others;

India faces terrorism in a similar scenario to other countries inthe region. According to an assessment made by independentIndian think tank, there are about 12,000 civilians were killed byterrorism groups in Jammu and Kashmir from 1988 to 2002. Theterrorist groups consist of separatist based terrorist, Sikh, ForeignTerrorist Organization Lashkar e-Tayyiba (FTO LT), Maoist,Jaish-e-Mohammad (JEM) etc.

Unlike other governments in the region, Pakistan government isunique in terms of facing terrorist threat. By Al Qaeda, Pakistangovernment has been declared as its enemy. 160 people werekilled in Sunni-Shia sectarian attacks. The war on internationalterrorism continues and the Pakistan government keeps pursuingAl Qaeda operatives in the long border between Pakistan andAfghanistan.

Sri Lanka’s threat of terrorism is manifested in the form ofinsurgency posed by Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

In Thailand the government’s encounter with terrorism comesfrom insurgent which originates from south of the country.

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The problem in facing terrorism in the Philippine cannot beseparated from the south part of the region which attempt to getindependence from the central government in Manila, as does JIgroup in Indonesia gaining support by local group.

Let us now look more thoroughly at the terrorist attacks whichhave been happening throughout Indonesia in last 6 years or so.

4. CASES OF TERRORIST ATTACK IN INDONESIA

Indonesia is, indeed, big in size, but it is even more so in termsof problems and challenges she has to face, as it is depicted inthe following discussion of terrorist attacks or bomb blasts since1999 until 2005. According to Police’s record there are aboutmore than 30 attacks in total in different places in Indonesia whichhave occurred during those periods, about 268 people died intotal and more than a thousand injured. This will be classifiedaccording to year of their occurrence.

In 1999, there were 4 bomb blast incidents in various places inIndonesia. In 2000, 12 terrorist incidents. In 2001, 5 terrorismcases. In 2002, 6 cases. In 2003, 5 cases. In 2004, 3 cases. In2005, 3 cases. (For more detail data about bomb blast seeAppendix)

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During those years no one was able or good enough to come upwith an analysis as to who was behind those numerous bombingincidents in Indonesia. The Indonesian National Police kept onworking the meticulous job from the crime scene, which laterproved to be effectively fruitful (refer to the discussion under theheading “The Discovery of JI Network in the Region” p. 46).Out of those so many bomb blast incidents since 1999, there havebeen four of those considered major in scale: twice has occurredin Bali, one at J.W. Marriot Hotel, Jakarta and one in front ofAustralian Embassy, Jakarta. Those four blasts have beensignificantly impacting Indonesia badly which has attractedinternational attention:

1. Bali bombing 1st it happened in Kuta, Bali on 12 October2002. It took more than 202 lives, mostly foreigners ofwhom Australian. More than 300 people injured.

2. Bali bombing 2nd it happened in Kuta Square and Jimbaran,Bali on 1st October 2005, killing 43 people including thesuicide bombers and injuring more than 100 people.

3. J.W. Marriot Hotel Bombing, it happened in front of thehotel in Jakarta on 5 August 2003, killing 12 peopleincluding the suicide bomber and injuring many otherpeople.

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4. Kuningan bomb blast, it happened in front of the AustralianEmbassy Building, on 9 September 2004. The effect ofthe bombing 10 people killed including the suicidebombers, injuring more than 100 people.

4.1. Perpetrators’ Background

Why terrorism suddenly becomes rampant in Indonesia. This isthe kind of question that needs answering by any of us living inthis region. Investigation conducted against suspects of thebombing cases revealed that some perpetrators from neighboringcountries are involved. The perpetrators mostly have a militarytraining background in Afghanistan to fight with the Talibanagainst Russian. These are the groups who have later spread overto South East Asian countries, and later hand in hand with otherradical groups amalgamated themselves and build their ownmilitary training ground in the region.

From the data of terrorist attack 1999 – 2002 (before Bali bombblast 1) so many perpetrators have been arrested and the caseshave been revealed, but from the result of investigation againstthe perpetrators we were unable to uncover the existence of JI’snetwork or other groups. It seems that all the apprehendedperpetrators simply doers or operatives - not the key players. Notuntil after the Bali bomb blast 1, then the network of JI (Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah) was uncovered.

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It was concluded that the perpetrators of the bombing cases duringthis time belong to groups like: Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah (JI);Indonesia Islamic State (N.I.I.); former Free Aceh Movement(GAM), which has a link with the south of Thailand; RadicalMuslim Groups and individual and other latent potential. A furtherresult of the INP’s investigation also unveiled that the perpetratorsof terrorism often use illegal routes through the border to movefrom countries to countries like Malaysia, south Thailand, southPhilippine, Indonesia etc.

This illegal route is later confirmed by Nasir Abas (2005) in hisbook “Membongkar Jamaah Islamiyah - Pengakuan MantanAnggota JI” (Uncovering Jamaah Islamiyah - A confession by amember of JI) p. 143.

All these groups have also deliberately used and taken advantageof the conflict between Muslim and Christian in Ambon, Maluku,and Poso, Central Sulawesi in 1999 and 2000, for example, astheir battle ground to assist Moslems in trouble and to exercisetheir military skills they once acquired in Afghanistan in usingmilitary strategies and tactics as well as weaponries.

Indonesia’s social characteristic as being highly cooperativeamong Moslem has been used or misused rather by would-beperpetrators to carry out their acts of terrorism against the West’sinterest in Indonesia.

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Other characteristics pertaining to terrorism perpetrator are thoseof economic reason like poverty and unemployment prevalent inthe society. Others like the opening up of a free society, easyaccess to technologies, fanaticism, extremism, separatism,misinterpretation of religious teaching through a specificindoctrination, high solidarity among its fellow, weak governmentetc. are those which influence small number of Muslim to jointhe radical groups.

As we have quoted from the confessions made by the convicts,for example Amrozi from Bali Bombing case who said: “I’m notscared at all to be arrested, even if I have to face death penalty,I’m prepared, as my struggle”. “Look at Muslims who have beenkilled, women and children in many places in the world”. “Lookat those ‘Bule’ (the white), tell them that I want to kill them”. AliGufron alias Mukhlas also from Bali Bombing case said: “Mymessage to the world that if there is injustice against Muslims inthis world, although I’m facing death penalty, a thousand morelike Ali Gufron will come into being’. Imam Samudra, also fromBali Bombing case, said: “Our communication with one anotherrun very well and because witnessing injustice and ruthlessnessof the West against Muslims through the media especially in theinternet which has caused us to fight back”. “We have beenfighting in Afghanistan and driving the Soviet Union out of thecountry”. “Our spirit of fighting has been demonstrated throughthe war in Afghanistan”.Heri Gulun, suicide bomber of the suicidebomber at Australian Embassy Bombing, wrote: “My way of

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struggle is in accordance with my religion, and that I see theleaders of my country is kafir”. (not the way of God).

And that brings me on to the next discussion of the four majorbomb blasts: twice in Bali, at J.W. Marriott Hotel, Jakarta and infront of Australian Embassy, Jakarta discussed in more detailmanner.

Bali Blasts on 12 October 2002 and 1 October 2005

Bali is, as you may be aware, famous with the name “Island ofgods” and has become tourist destination for both domestic andinternational. The fame of Bali is, for many years, also knownfor its secluded, safe and full of traditional and Hindu ceremonies.But, the seclusion was vanished on night of 12 October 2002.Those who stayed in Bali were in deep shock and really disbeliefby a series of bomb blasts in three different locations: Paddy’sPub, Sari Club and nearby USA Consulate in Renon. Peoplearound the crime scene were pervaded by a panic and horrifiedatmosphere. They could hear hysterical scream of the victims.Meanwhile, the police and local government officials were notready to handle the situation. The infrastructure and facilities ofthe hospital were also unfit to handle and accommodate theinjured and the dead victims. The coordination among the localgovernment agencies did not run as expected because they neverthought that such terrible incident would ever strike.

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Bali bombing had caused a huge amount of human casualties(202 people) and also a huge amount of material loss and propertydamage. Many citizens from many foreign countries have becomevictims especially Australian. The incident has attractedinternational attention. Those, whose citizens were mostly thevictim of this tragedy, offered not only condolence but alsodonation. Shortly, the fund was flowing to Bali with significantamount especially for the injured and killed victims that are outof capacity of the facility available.

In the investigation, Indonesian National Police was not withoutfacing obstacles particularly in the field of detecting explosives,identification of vehicles and victims that needed advancedtechnology, particularly in the areas of detecting explosives,identification of vehicles and victims. Faced with this bombingcase with huge number of victims, feeling of helplessness in thepart of the police was prevailing, and the idea of engagingcooperation with other countries’ law enforcement agency shouldbe part of the solution. During the process of investigation ofBali bombing, there was a transfer of technology, skills andknowledge between INP and other law enforcement agencies fromthe developed countries. The results, eventually, were fruitful.Especially between the INP and AFP have successfully broughtabout a scientific crime investigation and the result of which canbe accounted for scientifically and legally.

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Through the identification of the L300 and the body of the deadvictims had brought the investigators to identify and to arrestAmrozi as the suspect and also to identify those suspected ofconducting suicide bombings, Iqbal alias Arnasan. Through theidentification of the types of explosives, investigators coulddecide the type of the bomb, the car used and vest bomb. Basedon excellent cooperation and exchange of intelligence andinformation with other countries, the process of revealing thenetwork of Bali bombing case could be made faster than expected.

INP has succeeded in arresting 110 suspects alleged directly orindirectly involved in the bombing incident. They were united inan organization which they name Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah. Thisgroup was also suspected of engaging relationship with Al Qaedaled by Osama bin Laden especially on the program for militarytraining in Afghanistan and the funding of Bali bombing.

Most of the suspects involved in the Bali bombing have beentried in the court and some of whom have served severepunishment. Three of those: Mukhlas, Amrozi and Imam Samudrahave been handed down a death sentence.

INP, tirelessly, keeps running after other suspects believed to havebeen involved in the Bali bombing tragedy and searched for anyconnection as well as networks that may be developed on thebasis of what has been achieved from the arrested suspects, crimescene, witnesses, bystanders etc.

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Despite a tight security which has been exercised in Bali afterbombing incidence, on 1st October 2005, the world was shockedagain with yet another blast which attacked Bali for the secondtime. The Bali bombing this time occurred in Raja’s Bar KutaSquare, Kuta beach and in Nyoman Café, Jimbaran, Bali, usinga vest bomb killing 43 people including the suicide bombersthemselves and injuring more than 100 people.

Bomb Blast at JW Marriott Hotel on August 5th 2003

While a Special Task Force responsible for terrorism of the INPwas running after the suspects of Bali bombing who remained atlarge, chasing more suspects of another blast occurred atIndonesian Parliament Building, Soekarna Hatta InternationalAirport, and behind United Nations Building in Jakarta. On the5th of August 2003 Jakarta people were shocked again by yetanother terrible bomb blast at JW Marriot Hotel, South Jakarta.The incident caused 12 people killed including the suicide bomberand injured many more, and damaged the surrounding buildings,etc.

Having acquired the experience in dealing with first Balibombing, the Special Task Force of INP, soon was able to identifythe culprit based on the type of the bomb first blasted. Thesuccessful efforts and a relatively quick time in revealing thecase were due to information and support from the suspects ofBali Bombing. The perpetrators of JW Marriot and Bali bombingwere from the same root, which is the Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah.

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Using a method of scientific criminal investigation, the SpecialTask force of INP was able to identify the alleged suicide bomber,Asmar Latin Sani and to identify the type of the method ofbombing which is car bomb. The suspects involved in preparingand storing the material were also arrested. They were Rois Rusdi,Idris, Sardona Siliwangi, Toni Togar, etc.

Upon acquiring some experiences in handling various terror ofbombing cases, other law enforcement agencies from foreigncountries considered, by then, that INP has possessed a capacityand capability in coping with terrorism. In order to strengthenand to promote cooperation with other countries, the INP,therefore, is willing to give opportunity to other law enforcementagencies abroad especially those who have not had any experiencein handling bombing case to study from INP, starting from crimescene processing and management, identification of explosivesand dealing with victims.

Then, the INP’s Special Task Force focused on hunting downthose suspected of being involved in both JW Marriot bombingand Bali bombing, the late Dr Azahari, Noordin M. Top,Zulkarnain, Syahron and others.

The investigator found a seriously broken head of human, whichlater identified as “Asmar Latin Sani” – the suicide bomber.

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A staging house used for making the bomb and the car for carryingthe bomb was also identified. Then we were able to conclude thetype of car used for the bombing as well as the owner of the car.

Results from the arrested suspects, witnesses and bystanders, theface of the tenant and the buyer of the car were able to beestablished. This then lead us to be able to arrest the rest of theperpetrators. One perpetrator of the bombing was known as“Ismail”, related to “Noordin M. Top”.

Bomb Blast in front of Australian Embassy on September 9th

2004.

Not yet entirely completing the cases of previous bombings, onThursday, 9 September 2004, at 10.30 a.m. another bomb blastedat Kuningan area in front of Australian Embassy, Jakarta, causingtwelve persons died, 214 persons injured, 32 cars and somemotorcycles destroyed as well as 11 buildings damaged.

The modus operandi of the blast was suicide in nature by using aVan which blasted in front of Australian Embassy, Jakarta.

The result of CCTV recording from the building across the streetof Australian Embassy, and with the support of forensic expertswas able to identify the engine’s number of the vehicle used andidentified the type of car – Daihatsu Zebra, year make 1990bearing a plate number B 9065-NH, and further it was identified

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as the car that carried the bomb which later blasted in front ofAustralian Embassy building.

From the engine number it was then able to be established thefirst, second, third until sixth or the last ownership of the carbearing the name “Heri alias Rois”.

Further, investigation of the case revealed that it was apparentlydesigned by Noordin M. Top and the (late) Dr. Azahari. To realizetheir plan, they obtained the detonating cord and TNT from Usmanin Solo, Central Java, Noordin M. Top then, through his networkin Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah, over East Java and Central Java,recruited Deni, Jabir, Urwah, Ubaid, Ahmad Hasan and Ansyorialias Shogir to help them execute the blast in Jakarta.

Noordin M. Top has also recruited Iwan Darmawan alias Rois(alumni of Military Training Camp Udaibiyah, south Philippine)which also has a membership of N.I.I. (Indonesia Islamic State)whose base is in Banten, Western tip of Java. Having joined theteam, Iwan Darmawan recruited Saiful Bachri alias Ipul and HeriGulun from Sukabumi (West Java) to carry out the blast whowas the executor of the suicide bombing.

To put it briefly, in the morning of 9 September 2004, the (late)Dr. Azahari, Ahmad Hasan and Heri Gulun departed to AustralianEmbassy with a Van. Approaching the Embassy, Ahmad Hasangot off and rode a motorcycle borrowed from Iwan Darmawan’s

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friend. (late) Dr. Azahari and Heri Gulun then were driving theVan heading to the Embassy. At about 200 meters away from theEmbassy, (late) Dr. Azahari got off and gave away the steeringwheel to Heri Gulun. Right in front of Australian Embassy theVan then blasted.

The effect of the blast, 10 people died including the suicidebomber and 180 injured; buildings damaged, as well as cars andmotorcycles and others.

From a joint crime scene processing, we found many dismantledbody parts. Then compared with the DNA examination from thesuspected parents had brought about an identical result of theperpetrator having the name “Heri Gulun”.

Based on the result of investigation, it was then concluded thatthe bomb blast at Australian Embassy has connection with thekey suspect (late) “Dr. Azahari” and “Noordin M. Top” of Baliand J.W. Marriott bombings.

Chasing suspects who remained at large had never stopped. AllRegional Police Commands (Polda) throughout Indonesia hadbeen alerted to and leaflets bearing the faces of the suspect aswanted persons were sent out then disseminated to the public.It is now time for us to have a look at analysis of terrorism inIndonesia which shall bring us to what and why the acts ofterrorism occurs and its links with other entities as they havemanifested these days in Indonesia.

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4.2. Motives of Terrorism in Indonesia

This analysis will have a look at global, regional and local issues(within Indonesia) related to terrorism. According to theconfession made by the suspects the motive of terrorism isinspired by the global issue that there is injustice in the worldtoday, especially against Moslems by certain states. This globalissue causes the emergence of a global solidarity for buildingpower and influence. On the basis of this justification, theMoslems then assist each other. The way is through usingviolence, bombing, and other destructive means which isunacceptable, because it will not only destroy civilization butalso sacrificing innocent people. Indonesia as moderate Moslemcountry, indeed, condemns such terror acts.

Another confession made by Abas as written in his book (2005)“Membongkar Jamaah Islamiyah” (Uncovering JamaahIslamiyah), Moslems in south Philippine and south Thailand arepressurized by their government. With or without realizing theconsequences of such government’s action, it has caused solidarityto other Moslems at regional level.

Adding to the solidarity, at local level in Indonesia in 1998 wasthe start of a new era of “reformasi”. This is an indicator of theemergence of open society, which includes the return of AbuBakar Basyir from his exile abroad and perhaps his visit toAustralia at one time. The reformasi era was also time of manyethnic conflicts which once rocked Indonesia. This ethnic conflict

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was then turned into religious conflict such as in Ambon, Malukuand Poso, Central Sulawesi.

Still within the area of solidarity, as a supporting factor of such asolidarity is the fact that there is a latent potential within thesociety of Indonesia, especially among Moslems, because ournational struggle for independence was basically dominated bythe Moslems. Within those fighters for the independence,however, some used to have a desire to separate themselves fromIndonesia, like Indonesia Islamic State (N.I.I.) – an old idea coatedwith a new emerging spirit. Indeed, this supporting factor whichis latent potential across Indonesia is widely shared amongIndonesian Moslems. This kind of solidarity occurs both atregional and global level as above mentioned. Based on our Policeinvestigator’s probing the suspects from major bombings and JI’sdocument, their eventual goal is to establish an Indonesian IslamicState in the southern hemisphere.

This global solidarity shares some degree of resistance againstAmerican interest and their allies worldwide. As governmentofficial, our belief has always been that the act of terrorism for uswill, not only be a crime against humanity, but also threatens, ifnot jeopardizes, the basis of our fundamental political foundationand nation’s law and order.

The global network player as has been demonstrated by Hambaliwho is now detained in USA, and his brother who was

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apprehended by Pakistan authority in Pakistan. At regional levelplayer, it has been shown both by Fathur Rahman Al Gozi andNasir Abas from JI and all other JI’s activists.

The result of investigation against a bombing in front of AustralianEmbassy revealed that Noordin M. Top was successful inrecruiting a new recruit for the bomber or executer Heri Gulunand Saiful Bachri who is from that of N.I.I. organization based inBanten, western tip of Java.

So, terrorist groups gain support from domestic or local, regionaland international sources. This has been demonstrated by thegroup of the Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah which also exist its networkin other ASEAN countries. Furthermore, this terrorist groupalleged to have a link with Al Qaeda at individual levelrelationship. The group has taken advantage with the existenceof the separatist and insurgent in any given country in the region.The threat will not only aim at threatening one country but alsocan extend to others.

From the suspects and evidence obtained, here are the followingcommon features of those involved in suicide bombing:

1. The motivation of suicide bombers is to revenge on thedeath of civilians, women and children in Afghanistan, Iraqand Palestine.

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2. Their act of suicide bombing, as they perceive it, is justifiedby their religion.

3. They declare their commitment to their families, both inthe form of letters and electronic recording.

4. They set in their mind that all citizens of United States astarget, and citizens of its allies as enemies, and, when meteverywhere, may be killed and their possession be seized.

Let us now move on to the discussion of revelation of terroristattack which used suicide bombing that occurred in Indonesia.

4.3. Suicide Bombing and its Revelation in Indonesia

Bali bombing case in 2002 was able to be revealed and completedin a relatively short time, due to, I am certain, the correctprocessing of crime scene in the part of INP investigator andassociates until we concluded that it was a suicide bombing. Fromthe crime scene processing in Legian, Bali, the following factswere found:

1. The main ingredient used for the bombing was PotassiumChloride triggered by some high power explosives suchas TNT and RDX.

2. High explosives bomb in front of Sari Club which, fromthe blast, has created a crater of 12 meter square, and depth

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of 65 centimeters. All this bomb and its gadgetry andcircuits were brought using a Mitsubishi vehicle van typeL-300.

3. The bomb in Kuta Square and Jimbaran, Bali was carriedby a person using a vest containing bomb with its gadgetry.

4. Suicide bombers in Mitsubishi vehicle van were knownas coming from Malingping village in Banten, western tipof west Java which is more than 1000 kilometers awayfrom Bali, and they were then identified based on DNAtesting of the perpetrators’ parents.

As a result of police hard work through processing of the crimescene involving various experts, the owner of Mitsubishi Van L-300 could later be identified, despite the fact that ownership ofthe Van having been changed for six times. The last owner of thevan could eventually be apprehended - a man called Amrozi, froma remote village in Lamongan, East Java. From the interrogationof the suspect, the network of perpetrators, motivation, source offund and how the bombing in Bali was conducted could eventuallybe unveiled.

Because of Bali bombing experience in 2002, other suicidebombing cases using car as the bomb carrier, could be revealedquicker and the perpetrators were apprehended more immediately.The key factor to reveal those bombing cases is still theappropriate conduct of, again, processing of the crime scene.

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In the J.W. Marriot bomb blast case (2003) the suicide bomberwas completely destroyed or damaged, the same applies to thevehicle being used, including that of the serial code number ofthe engine which was totally damaged and unrecognizable. Butagain, the police have worked hard to conduct a crime sceneprocessing, and later discovered that the head of the suicidebomber was not totally damaged. Through a forensicreconstruction technique, the head of the suspect was able to bereconstructed, and could be well recognized by the familymembers.

The blast in front of the embassy of Australia (2004) was able tobe revealed through identification of the van used. This revelationbased on the evidence which has been recorded by CCTV,installed on the building next to, and opposite building of thesaid embassy.

After the terrorists found out that Indonesian police were alwayssuccessful in revealing suicide car bomb cases, in 2005, theterrorists, then, changed their tactics by using backpack as thecarrier of the bomb gadgetry and circuits. This was done so inorder that the police would not able to reveal the case, since therewas no vehicle or car to be identified. Once again, the policeworked hard to conduct crime scene processing on the three blastsites in Bali on October 1, 2005. Through correct crime scene

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processing, the three perpetrators and the bomb gadgetry couldbe revealed.

From each of the three crime scenes, pieces of items had beenrecovered are parts of head, arms and legs, as well as maimedtorsos. The police processing the crime scene immediately referredthe finding to the suicide Bali bombing case in Paddy’s Pub in2002, in which the suicide bomber left parts of body like theheads, arms and legs only. Subsequently, the police made anattempt to reconstruct the three heads as genuinely-looking aspossible. The result of the reconstruction was then brought to theplaces where the suspects of suicide bombers come from.

Once again, through meticulous crime scene processing involvingbomb experts from Indonesia, and other friendly countries, thebomb gadgetry and circuits could be identified, such as thecontainer of the bomb, batteries used, detonators, switch system,explosives and materials used. From the identification of bombgadgetry, it could be concluded that those bombs shared commonfeatures with the bombs found in other areas in Indonesia, whichbear similar characteristics of bombs made by (late) Dr. Azahari.Thus, the search of suspect was focused on Dr. Azahari’s group.

At last, through surveillance and analysis of intelligence data,the hiding place of (late) Dr. Azahari could be found, and in the

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police raid, (late) Dr. Azahari was shot dead before he was ableto activate his vest bomb attached to his body. From the revelationof (late) Dr. Azahari’s network, the identities of the three suicidebombers could be revealed through DNA examination of thefamily members.

The handling of bombing case has been discussed above, in whichthe processing is dependent upon the examination of crime scene,which could lead to the revelation of the identity of (suicide)bombers, and at the same time their network. After the networkwas revealed, analysis on communication of all their activitieswas conducted through investigation, surveillance, andundercover operation. In the end, some would-be suicide bomberswere captured including some evidence pertaining to their terroracts.

Not all would be suicide bombers are mentally prepared toconduct such a suicide attack, despite the bomb already beingcarried on their bodies. Cholily, a house mate of (late) Dr. Azahari,who became a courier for Noordin M. Top, could be captured,despite carrying the bombs on his backpack. When he wasapprehended by the police, he showed his backpack containingbombs, but when the police pointed their guns and threatened toshoot, Cholily immediately raised his hands indicating surrenderand was later managed to be apprehended by the police.

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This is different from the apprehending of (late) Dr. Azahari,who was an expert in bomb making. During police raid inNovember 2005, (late) Dr. Azahari had some exchanges of firewith the police and threw out eleven bombs. However, (late) Dr.Azahari, who had managed to wear the vest bomb died in theraid with two gun-shot wounds on his left chest. This conditionwas different from Arman, a room mate of (late) Dr. Azahari,who died by blowing up himself with vest bomb on his bodyduring the police raid.

Although Indonesia is considered successful in handling terrorismthrough law enforcement, there are some constraints in practice.The constraints among others are the capability of lawenforcement officers, the use of evidence, problems ofidentification and (in the past) the use of pre-paid cellular phonewith no registration of the identities of the user.

Law enforcement officers, investigator, prosecutor and judge, whohandle suicide bombing cases, are not specifically prepared forthis. The following is some facts pertaining to the handling ofterrorism cases:

The handling of terrorism cases with a modus operandi ofsuicide bombing employs a perspective of general crimeor business as usual;

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The handling of (unusual) secret organization and itsnetworks uses a perspective of (usual) formal organization;

The expertise on terrorist network is minimal in the lawenforcement part;

Willingness to see other terrorism cases and the terrorismdata base is absent; and

The handling of terrorism cases is assigned to anyinvestigators, prosecutors and judges as they are available.

Therefore, a terrorist defendant who has given testimonials forthe prosecution of another defendant could give differenttestimony on his own prosecution, and this is not known by thelaw enforcement officers handling the court proceedings.

Although there has been extension of evidence used in the counterterrorism law, the minimum use of evidence stipulated in thecriminal code may not be sufficient to disclose conspiracy thereinor intellectual actors or the mastermind among terrorismperpetrators.

In the investigation process conducted by the police, facts arefound that suspects use many aliases and possessed severalidentity cards, such as national identity cards, driving licenseand passport. The absence of single identity number system hashindered the effort of tracing terrorist actors and their networks,

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since it is easy to conduct transactions or activities using forgeddocuments.

The use of cellular phones by the terrorists, who have beenextremely careful in protecting their activities and their identitiesand their groups, has also hindered the police, because in thoseyears the system of pre-paid cellular cards in Indonesia had notobliged the users to give up their identities upon registration.This makes the investigation hindered, since the identities ofcellular phone owners known to be communicating amongterrorist networks used to be difficult, if not impossible, to detect.As said earlier, that was of course a history, the government hasnow been regulating that all cellular users have to be registeredtheir identity upon purchase a device.

Now, let us see how the police conduct the processing of scientificcrime scene using a scientific crime investigation. As we all knowthat the issue of terrorism is an extremely sensitive issue inIndonesia. That is the reason why, all investigations conductedby the police always observe the following rules:

1. The investigation should be technically proved;

2. The investigation should be accepted by law and justice;

3. The investigation should scientifically be accounted for;

4. The investigation should be acceptable by the public andnot against human right conventions.

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From investigation result, some facts are found that in certain

society there have been some would-be suicide bombers, bothdirectly recruited by Noordin M. Top group as well as thoseinfluenced by Osama bin Laden’s propaganda. This propagandacould be easily found, both in the form of books as well aselectronic data, easily accessed from the internet. This meansthat there may be would-be suicide bombers among us, but whatremains is that we just wait for the triggering factors.

Further, the suicide bombers have different logics from ordinarypeople, since death is not a daunting factor for them, but a purposerather. The faster they die, the better, since they would be freefrom all worldly concerns. Most importantly, they would get areward according to the religious belief they practice, and thus,severe punishment is not a deterrent factor.

A continuous commitment in the part of Indonesian NationalPolice to work from the crime scene, witness and other sourceshas eventually lead us to the discovery of JI network in Indonesiawhich shall be discussed under the following heading.

4.4. The Discovery of JI Network in Indonesia

Since the era of “reformasi” in Indonesia after the fall of PresidentSoeharto in 1989, there has been a systematic effort operating ina clandestine manner which has been going on for quite some

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time indiscernible under the eyes of the Government until thenetwork was discovered. The Indonesian National Police’s workin dealing with terror acts perpetrated by the terrorist has beenfruitful in uncovering the network of the used-to-be clandestineorganization operating within the society of Indonesia.

After the Bali bomb blast 2002, the INP had been bewildered forsuch a long time as to who and what motive behind so manybombing incidents in Indonesia. The bewilderment was eventuallyanswered upon the hard work of officers of the INP collaboratingwith other law enforcement officers from other countries. Suchbewilderment surrounding a series of bombing incident whichhad occurred for the last three years was finally unveiled. Incidentafter incident in the past was not standing alone. They areinterconnected. What is more revealing was the fact that wediscovered the network of the Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah operatingin the region who was responsible for the previous incidents ofbombings across Indonesia and in the region. This is a vital cluefor investigator to further find and link some connections thatare there for more arrests of suspects. This group was alsosuspected of engaging relationship with Al Qaeda led by Osamabin Laden especially on the program for military training inAfghanistan and in the south Philippine including the funding ofBali bombing on 12 October 2002.

It is worth noting that the score of successes of the INP has notstood alone but the assistance of other international lawenforcement agencies especially the Australian Federal Police

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has been so significant. The cooperation and collaboration is suchintensive that it has resulted in the unveiling of the terroristnetworks in the region.

Furthermore, intelligence analysis reveals that this JI has someconnection with Aceh Separatist Movement (GAM), IndonesianIslamic States (N.I.I.) based in West Java, other separatist elementsas well as other radical Islamic groups operating in Indonesia.Amidst the presence of the police in the conflict zone, these localpotential has manifested itself and taken advantage in the breakup of conflict in Ambon, Maluku and Poso, Central Sulawesiduring 1999-2000 between Muslim and Christian as a battleground to exercise their skills once they acquired from thosetraining places overseas.

5. EFFORTS TO BUILD A GLOBAL COOPERATION

To achieve a global cooperation against terrorism it has to beginfrom local or national capacity within the law enforcementagencies in any given state. We shall be exploring in this chapterhow local or national capacity rolls into regional and global inorder to build a global cooperation against terrorism.

5.1. National Capacity Enhancement in Handling Terrorism

Before we go beyond our own state, the issue of enhanced

cooperation among internal law enforcement agencies in the fightagainst terrorism must be emphasized. Needless to say that

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cooperation and collaboration is an absolute must among lawenforcement agencies within a given country, such as the policewith the attorney, judge as well as prison service. The cooperationbetween the police and the military and intelligence has to beestablished also, where necessary.

Firstly, in combatting terrorism, the security experts and public

prosecutor has a vital role to play. It is the security and prosecutorwho know how to advise the investigator, how to marshal theevidence, how to gather material from other places, how to presenta case, and how to confront challenges at court based on legal,constitutional and other grounds. Security and prosecutors indifferent places must be prepared to share their experiences andideas, and to pool the lessons they have learned from theirsuccesses as well as from their failures. Prosecutors and securityservices everywhere must consider how best they can hitorganized criminals in financial terms, always remembering thatwhereas captured personnel can be replaced with ease, lost profitsare gone forever. Security and prosecutors must develop:

Skill in the employment of new technology;

Creativity in the bringing of offenders to account;

Receptiveness to fresh techniques;

Capacity to think along global lines;

Means to promote better legal assistance;

Methodology to retrieve criminal assets;

Resolution in the prosecution of crime.

52

Secondly, legislation is the area in which emphasize must be put.Through working for several years, Indonesia is now having anAct of Anti-Terror as well as Act on Money Laundering which ispart and parcel of handling the act of terrorism within our ownjurisdiction and beyond.

Thirdly, in facing the people, our law enforcement agencies’efforts should be aimed at winning their heart and mind. Publicawareness on lethality of terrorism must be build especially amonginformal, religious leaders and NGO which should become, inturn, a deterrent factor to resist the offences. After all, it is thepublic which shall face the consequence of being at disadvantageor loss.

Fourthly, Working together hand in hand with intelligence officersas terrorist activities is very complicated and strictly coveredneeded intelligence skill and knowledge at any aspects, such asto build network and good contra-intelligence agents which canenter network cells from the terrorist group. To build stronginformation exchange system between intelligence officers in asynergy ways.

The last point, including the security guard which has significantstrength in terms of number, the police must have a close workingengagement with them. As for Indonesia, in our police law no 2,2002, it is stipulated that the police are to provide technicalassistance and supervision against the security guard.

53

The issue of terrorism is so intricate and complicated that itdemands both the involvement of various government agencies,NGO’s and others. It has then become important to have a bodywhich functions to integrate various efforts in the fight againstterrorism.

As long as the security guard is concerned which has significantstrength in terms of number, the police must have a close workingengagement with them. As for Indonesia, in our police law no. 2,2002, it is stipulated that the police are to provide technicalassistance and supervision against the security guard.

5.2. Regional and International Cooperation

For a long time terrorist has attracted the world attention. It was

triggered by the tragedy of 9/11 in the USA that States throughoutthe world begin to think the best way to cooperate with othercountries to fight terrorism. So indeed it is a good entry point,especially for Indonesia, to build cooperation between countriesbased on mutual need and benefit for the states.

Accordingly, the Security Council of the United Nations issuedtwo declarations (No.1368 dated 12 September 2001 and No.1373dated 28 September 2001). The resolutions emphasize on theimportance of cooperation among member countries of the UnitedNations to prevent and to fight terrorism. That is precisely whyUnited Nations Resolutions 1373 has at its core the need for the

54

suppression of terrorist financing. The disruption and seizure ofterrorist money is fundamental to any successful anti-terroriststrategy. Prior to that is Resolution 1269 (1999) affirming thatwar on international terrorism including the involving State is asignificant contribution to maintain international peace andsecurity; Resolution 1377 (2001) stressing the importance ofCounter Terrorism Committee (CTC) as to organize program oftechnical assistance, financial, legislation or other assistance tofacilitate the implementation of Security Council Resolution 1373(2001). Other Security Council Resolution is 1566 (2004)covering some measures to promote the role of UN in combatingterrorism.

ASEAN countries also responded the incidents by issuing anagreement on overcoming terrorism act in Brunei Darussalam inNovember 2001 namely ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action toCounter Terrorism. Many other agreements have been issuedamong ASEAN member countries in countering the crime ofterrorism.

The forms of senior official and ministerial cooperation in thearea of law enforcement that area available at ASEAN are SOMTC(Senior Official Meeting on Transnational Crime) and highergovernment officials AMMTC (ASEAN Ministerial Meeting onTransnational Crime), ASEANAPOL (Association of South EastAsian Nation Chiefs of Police), Asia Pacific forum, ICPO Interpoland others. Not to forget the bilateral level cooperation between

55

countries. Even AMMTC has developed its forum with otherpartners such as China, Japan and South Korea, Australia andNew Zealand.

Our views and expectations for the future has been always howthe existing forums are made effective so that we can implementall the way through operational level. As what has been achievedby Indonesia, in cooperation and collaboration with othercountries in dealing with Bali bombing cases, JW Marriott andin front of Australian Embassy, has demonstrated excellent results.

Through ASEANAPOL conference which is an annual forum,the membership of whom is all chiefs or commissioners of policein ASEAN countries with observers from Australia, New Zealand,Papua New Guinea as well as Timor Leste. The meeting of thisnature is significant indeed to boost our commitment to enhancecooperation and collaboration to combat transnational crimeswhich was rather different from that of SOMTC and AMMTCforum. In ASEANAPOL meeting issues of common securityconcerns are: Illicit Drug Trafficking; ASEANAPOL Database;Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters; CommercialCrime/ Bank Offences/ Credit Card Fraud; and Exchange ofPersonnel and Training Programs among ASEAN Police Forces.Every year this commitment is reviewed and progress ismonitored.

Beyond ASEANAPOL, with Australia the Indonesian National

56

Police has, in particular, established a cooperation andcollaboration mechanism with the Australian Federal Police,designed under an MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) tocombat terrorism. In it lays down guidelines necessary for ourofficers at grass root or field level officer to enable them tocollaborate in dealing with cases of terrorism affecting bothcountries. AFP and INP has signed MOU on February 2002 inPerth Western Australia and after a few month later has beenimplemented to uncover Bali bomb blast 2002 and other bombcases in Indonesia.

Perth, especially Joondalup is a historical place of a monumentalcooperation in fighting against terrorism.

The result of Ministerial Meeting on Combating Terrorism inAsia Pacific in Bali has been attended by Foreign Ministers andother government official who are responsible on counteringterrorism which is organized by Australia and Indonesia onFebruary 2004. The said meeting has given birth of two workinggroups. They are law enforcement practitioner and legalframework. From the two working groups it is formed a newentity called JCLEC (Jakarta Center for Law EnforcementCooperation) located in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Thesethree working group results coming out of the meeting havecontinued to evolve which serves a purpose for the harmony oflaws regarding a concerted effort in fighting terrorism in theregion.

57

The establishment of JCLEC is a phenomenal achievement thathas been initiated by Indonesia and Australia. This centre ofJCLEC is intended to cater for the need of law enforcementagencies in the area of dealing with terrorism and other relatedtraining and courses in the region of Asia Pacific and othercountries. Currently, the centre has been supported and assistedby European Union and other countries geared to a furtherenhancement of our law enforcement agency’s capacity.

In the next phase an effort to start connecting database systemamong member countries has been initiated which will furtherconnect with Interpol hub in Japan. This connection should enableus to monitor and work together to combat transnational crimesthreatening the security of our region.

All the above issues had been brought to the attention of theSecretary General of ICPO Interpol Mr. Noble at ASEANAPOLConference in May 2005 in Bali.

In addition, in the very near future there will be established apermanent secretariat of ASEANAPOL (office) that is likely tobe built in Jakarta.

As time progresses, upon completing my leadership role in theINP we keep moving on building measures and confidence withinour society especially on how to prevent the crime of terrorismand other transnational crimes from happening. This is the point

58

of our departure to build a mechanism whereby an entity likeIndonesia Crime Prevention Foundation (ICPF) recently built, isa case in point. This organization embraces more wide rangingissues of crime prevention including, of course, terrorism.Through this entity it will not only work locally and regionallybut also internationally, building networking in all possible waysto achieve a common goal to prevent transnational crimeespecially terrorism.

6. CONCLUSION

To conclude, the crime of terrorism exists not caused by a singlefactor only but normally it is deeply-rooted in the ideology, politic,economy, socio-cultural and history of a givien nation whereterrorism is there. The nations of the world must thereforecomprehend what is the ideological, political or economical etc.construction of a given nation which has root causes to terrorismin each single nation

There is global issue that has unified terrorist groups whereverthey may come from upon witnessing the world tragedies whichshows a discrimination and unfairness happening in worldespecially in the Middle East and Afghanistan. This conditionhas caused the rise of militant Muslims, thereby strenghtenedand unified the terrorist groups to resist. Especially for a countryor regional areas which has potential problem of national threatlike separatism, extremism, radicalism and conflict between

59

ethnics, which for some reasons, commit themselves to join inthe global issue.

Therefore, this is the role of world nations these days to alwaysavoid from making a new conflict which generates a new issueor solidarity and as a result making certain groups united.

Realizing that facing terrorism cannot be dealt with by a singlecountry alone, concerted efforts among countries are, therefore,required attacking from every front available. Law enforcementagencies national and international at both top level official andgrass-root especially are the front liner to deal with this type ofmenace. This may be harnessed through an education and trainingcooperation program that must be established among the agencies,like we have demonstrated by Australia and Indonesia. Alongwith that, there should be an exchange of expertise andinformation among law enforcement agencies on a continuousbasis. Exercises or real joint investigation are the next item inthe agenda that must be instilled among our officers who do thejob on the ground.

We, therefore, need to increase international communities’awareness of the potential terrorist threat that may look mundaneon the surface. Other vital item needs considering is to increasepublic awareness in order to prevent terrorism that might beinitiated or operated in our neighborhood.

As for now and in the near future we must build our capacity andcapability, not only being able to deal with terrorism upon its

60

occurrence, but curbing the act of terrorism and other transnationalcrimes from happening in the first place. This means we mustwin the heart and mind of our society especially through, as inour example, the police work practice. This is the task ahead thatwe must be able to achieve.

Overcoming terrorism will not be sufficient by exclusivelyconducting law enforcement activities. Greater role and farreaching hands of the states, government and people are necessaryto prevent such act, through the following means:

All nations must refrain from plunging into conflict which maybe used by terrorist groups as a global issue generating solidarityover the concern of the existence of discrimination and unfairness.

Avoid at all cost the use of armed intervention in any disputebetween states, because every strike of violence will result infurther violence.

A peaceful solution through dialogue is of vital measure to beconsidered, such as dialogue forum and others. Every nationsand states will always initiate such interfaith dialogue or othermeans in solving conflicts and anticipating potential ones.

Every nations and states will always initiate interfaith dialogueor other means in solving conflict and anticipating potential ones.

Religious preachers should give enlightenment by using religiousprinciples and teaching that could show the right understandingof religious beliefs so that the followers may returns to the right

61

track. The same applies to all the apprehended terrorists, especiallyfor those who have signed up to be suicide bombers, that theytoo, deserve similar kind of enlightenment.

Strategic and smart action through international cooperation bypublishing books, conducting public debates and disseminatingaudio visual recordings that are against terrorism and particularlysuicide bombing action should be conducted as frequent as itpossibly can.

Enhance practical security measures to improve intelligencecollection and targeting.

Include soft power strategies to overturn support for suicidalbombings and discredit the use of violence.

Integrate education, dialogue, and action within the securityframework.

Final point of this conclusion is that not to forget of course capacityand capability enhancement in each and every single agency fromintelligence to law enforcement, including the strike force andother related security apparatus operating in the country.

Eventually, that brings me to the end of my oration, ladies andgentlemen, and once again thank you very much for all yourattention and thanks again to the committee from Edith CowanUniversity for the excellent arrangement you have made for usduring our stay here in Australia. Thank you all.

62

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Abas, Nasir. 2005, Membongkar Jamaah Islamiyah,Pengakuan Mantan Anggota JI (To UncoverJamaah Islamiyah, Confession of a JI’smember). Publisher: Grafindo Khazanah Ilmu,Jakarta.

2. Abegebriel, A. Maftuh. 2005, Negara Tuhan (God’s State).Publisher: lnti Karya Grafika, Jogjakarta.

3. Bjorgo, Tore, 2005, Root Causes of Terrorism, Myths,reality and waysforward. Routledge Taylor &Francis Group, London and New York.

4. Gunaratna, R. 2002, Inside Al Qaeda Global Network ofTerror. C Hurst & Co (Publisher) Ltd, UK.

5. Hoffman, B. 1998, Inside Terrorism, Columbia UniversityPress, New York.

6. Ray, S. Cline. 1986, Terrorism as state-sponsored covertwarfare, Hero Books, Fairfax.

7. Ressa, A. M., 2003, Seeds of Terror, Free Press, A Divisionof Simon & Schuster, Inc. 1230 Av. of theAmericans, New York 10020.

8. Laqueur, Walter 1999, “The New Terrorism: Fanaticismand Arms of a Mass Destruction”

9. Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, Asset Recovery Agency(ARA), Great Britain.

10. International Seminar Materials 2006: BuildingInternational Cooperation Against Terrorism,held in Hotel Mulia, Jakarta.

11. Acts of the Republic of Indonesia Nr. 15 & 16, 2003, OnEradication of Terrorism. Publisher: CitraUmbara, Bandung.

63

12. The 9/11 Commission Report 2002, Final Report of theNational Commission on Terrorist Attacks uponthe United States. WW Norton and Copy Ltd.5005th Av. New York 10110.

13. United Nations, 2000, United Nations Convention againstTransnational Organized Crime.

64

APPENDIX

2. The Major Bomb Blast incidents in various places in Indonesia

C o m p a ris o n o f N u m b e rs o f T e rro r is m a n d S u ic id e T e rro r is m A tta c k s 1 9 8 7 -2 0 0 3

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0

8 0 0

1 9 8 7 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3

Y e a r

S u ic id e T e rro r is tA tta c ksT e rro r is m

4 MAJOR BOMBS BLAST IN INDONESIA

THE PAST 4 BOMBING CASES AFTER 9/11THE PAST 4 BOMBING CASES AFTER 9/11THE PAST 4 BOMBING CASES AFTER 9/11THE PAST 4 BOMBING CASES AFTER 9/11

DEATHS : 10

INJURED : 180

Page Page 11 of 27of 27

IN FRONT OF AUSTRALIAN

EMBASSY

1. Comparison of Number of Terrorism and Suicide Terrorism Attacksduring 1987 - 2003

Source: Department of State (2004); Pape (2005)

65

BOMB BLASTS IN INDONESIA AND THE VICTIMS

4 8 6 9

202

325

613

325

7 10

180

2043

166

020406080

100120140160180200220240260280300320340

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Bomb Blast Deaths Injured Page Page 11 of 27of 27

3. Data of Bomb Blasts in Indonesia 1999 - 2005

4. Police General Da’i Bachtiar Visiting the Crime Scene after the BombBlast in front of Australia Embassy

66

MUSTOFA Arrested, Juli 8, 2003 MUKHLAS

Arrested, Des,4 2002

HAMBALIArrested, Augst, 11 2003

GUN GUN Arrested, Sept, 1. 2003

OSAMA BIN LADEN

WAN MINbin WAN MAT

Dr. AZAHARI

J.W. MARRIOTT HOTELBOMB BLAST 5 Augst.2003

BALI BOMB BLAST12 OCT.2002

POSO

TAUFIQ RIFQIArrested, OCT.2, 2003

LILLIE

OMAR AL FARUQJail, June 5, 2002

NOORDIN M.TOP

?

(

IMAM SAMUDRA

JOHAN

AL GHUROBA

KHOLID SYEH MOHAMMED(9/11-WTC)

ABU BAKAR BAASYIR

ISMAIL

AMARMAJID

ZUBAIR

Arrested, Nov. 2000, FATHURRAHMAN AL GHOZI (died, Oct. 13,2003

KUNINGAN BOMB BLAST 9 Oct 2003

AGUS DWIKARNA Arrested, MARCH 13, 2002

5. JI Network in the Region & Al Qaeda Connection

6. A sample of Organisation Structure of Al Jama’ah Al Islamiyah

ABU BAKAR BA’ASYIR al. ABDUS SOMAD

HAMBALI

WAKALAH WAKALAH KL/SELANGORKL/SELANGOR

MARKAZMARKAZ

AUSTRALIA MALDIV

INDONESIA

ABD ROHIM AYUB

WAKALAH WAKALAH JOHORJOHOR

WAKALAH WAKALAH NEGERI 9NEGERI 9

QIRDAS QIRDAS QIRDAS QIRDAS QIRDAS QIRDAS

FIFI’’AH AH FIFI’’AH AH

MANTIQI MANTIQI ULA / IULA / I

MANTIQI MANTIQI SANI / IISANI / II

MANTIQI MANTIQI THALID / III THALID / III

MANTIQI MANTIQI UKHRO UKHRO

KHATIBAHKHATIBAH KHATIBAHKHATIBAH KHATIBAHKHATIBAH

DZULKARNAIN al. Uztad DAUD

ABU RUSYDAN al. THORIQUDIN

Amir

BP Markaziyah

MUSTOFA al. ABU THOLUT

ACHMAD ROICHANal. SAAD

WAKALAH WAKALAH SINGAPURA SINGAPURA

ABDUL HALIM MAS SLAMET binKASTARI

WAN MIN bin WAN MAT

ABU YUSUF

WAKALAH WAKALAH PERAKPERAK

SULAIMAN

ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF AL JAMA'AH AL ISLAMIYYAHORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF AL JAMA'AH AL ISLAMIYYAHPLH

Amir AL J AL IRegional ShuraKetua Askari

SINGAPURAMALAYSIA

MUKHLASApril 2001April 2001

ADUNGApril 2002April 2002

MINDANAOSABAH, KALTIMSULAWESI

MOHAMMAD NASIR bin ABAS al. KHAIRUDIN al SULAEMAN al. LEMAN al MAMAN al MALIK al. ABU HUSNA al. EDDY MULYONO

ABU IRSYAD al. SYAHRONI

Source: Indonesian National Police Head Quarter

Source: Indonesian National Police Head Quarter

67

7. Police General Da’i Bachtiar attending ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Fighting Transnasional Organized Crime (AMMTC) + 3 (Japan, China,

The Republic of Korea, 10 January 2004

8. Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, International TrainingCenter dedicated for fighting Transnational Crime especially Terrorism,initiated by Police General Da’i Bachtiar and Commissioner Mick Keelty,AFP.

68

9. Police General Da’i Bachtiar delivering his keynote address at TheInternational Airport, Port and Transport Security Conference in Dubai,UAE 3rd - 4th April 2006

10. Police General Da’i Bachtiar delivering his keynote address on TheInternational Aviation & Maritime Security Conference in Hong Kong,13-14 June 2006

70

13. Police General Da’i Bachtiar being awarded a Medal of Honor “BintangJasa Utama” from Megawati Soekarnoputri, the President of theRepublic of Indonesia.

14. Police General Da’i Bachtiar being awarded a Medal of Honor“Australian Order (AO) from the Prime Minister of AustraliaH.E. Mr. John Howard.

71

16. Police General Da’i Bachtiar being congratulated by the President ofUnited States of America George W. Bush for his achievement infighting terrorism.

15. Police General Da’i Bachtiar being awarded a Medal of Honor “BintangMahaputra Adi Pradana” from H.E. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, thePresident of the Republic of Indonesia.

74

21. Police General Da’i Bachtiar is delivering a speech during Interpol73rd General Assembly Meeting, Cancun, Mexico, 2004

22. Police General Da’i Bachtiar and Commissioner Mick Keelty, AFPin a press release in Canberra, March 2003

75

23. Police General Da’i Bachtiar and The President of The Republic ofIndonesia during the opening of International Seminar on Building In-ternational Cooperation Against Terrorism, Jakarta 27-28 Feb, 2006

24. Police General Da’i Bachtiar deliver Keynote Speaker on InternationalSeminar on Building International Cooperation Against Terrorism,Jakarta 27-28 Feb, 2006

76

Da’i Bachtiar Police General, Indonesian National Police

(Former Chief of INP) Chairman, Indonesia Crime Prevention

Foundation ( ICPF ) Special Envoy to the President of the

Republic of Indonesia for BIMP EAGA

Police General Da’i Bachtiar has more then 30 years of servicefor the Indonesian National Police (INP). He has hold severalkey positions before reaching to the top of leadership in the INP,among others: Head of Public Information Service, Chief ofNational Criminal Investigation, Chief of East Java RegionalPolice Command, Head of National Police Academy, ExecutiveDirector of National Narcotics Coordination Board and the topposition as the Chief of INP from 2001 - 2005. During his topleadership in the INP, Police General Da’i has built phenomenalproject so-called “JAKARTA CENTER FOR LAWENFORCEMENT COOPERATION” (JCLEC). This center isdedicated to cater for the need of law enforcement officers topractically study and learn the skills in the area of dealing withterrorism in the region. Police General Da’i is the one who directlyhas supervised the course of action for the rescue, recovery andinvestigation of Bali Bombing, J.W. Marriot and the one in frontof Australian Embassy.

Police General Da’i Bachtiar is currently assigned as a specialenvoy to President of the Republic of Indonesia for BIMP (BruneiDarussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine) in East Asean

PROFILE

77

Growth Area (EAGA), being responsible to enhance cooperationin the field of security, economic and human resourcedevelopment among members of East ASEAN countries.

Apart from that Police General Da’i is also Chairman of IndonesiaCrime Prevention Foundation, affiliated with ACPF in Japan,which has 80 branches all over Asia and the Pacific region. Thisfoundation is actively promoting crime prevention and counterterrorism.

Police General Da’i was educated at Police Academy, thenpursued his further study in the College of Police Science, BKAInvestigative Course in Wiesbaden, Germany, Police Staff andCommand Course in Bandung, Joint Armed Forces Course,Senior Police Officer Course in Paris and one time studied atUniversity of Bhayangkara, Indonesia. He lives in Jakarta andmarried with Ida Yulianti Bachtiar and has three children with 7grandchildren.

Police General Da’i has, several time, been invited as aninternational speakers on issues of terrorism and security relatedsubjects including at Interpol 73rd General Assembly Meeting,Cancun, Mexico 2005; International Airport, Port and TransportSecurity Conference, Dubai, UAE, in April 2006; Airport andMaritime Security APS Asia Expo, Hong Kong, in June 2006,ASEANAPOL Conference, Bali in May 2005, Keynote Speakerat an International Seminar titled “Building InternationalCooperation Against Terrorism “, Jakarta, February 2006.

78

During his time of service, he has attained some recognitionsincluding: Medal of “Bintang Mahaputera Adi Pradana (thehighest medal in Indonesia) conferred by the Government ofIndonesia; Medal of Australian Order (AO) from the governmentof Australia and the Knight Order (Tan Sri) from the RoyalKingdom of Malaysia plus other 14 medals granted by theGovernment of Indonesia.

Police General Da’i Bachtiar and family

79

Abas, Nasir, 27, 37, 39ACPF (Asia Crime PreventionFoundation), 77Act Indonesia No. 15 and No. 16, 5Afghanistan, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31,39, 49, 58AFP (Australian Federal Police), 30, 49,56Ahmad Hasan, 35Al-Gozi, Fathur Rahman, 39Ali gufron alias Mukhlas, 28, 31Al-Qaeda, 22, 23, 31, 39, 49, 66AMMTC, 55, 67Ambon, 27, 38, 50Amrozi, 28, 31, 41Ansyori alias Shogir, 35AO (Australian Order), 70, 78Arman, 45ASEAN, 54, 55, 76ASEANAPOL (Association of South EastAsian Nation Chiefs of Police), 54, 55,57, 77ASEAN Ministerial Meeting onTransnational Crime (AMMTC), 13, 54Asmar Latin Sani, 33Association of South East Asia Nation(ASEAN), 13, 39Azahari, Dr., 33, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45B 9065 NH, 34Bali, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 49, 55, 56, 57, 76, 77Bandung, 77Banten, 39, 41Basyir, Abu Bakar, 37Beirut, 18BIMP EAGA, 76Bintang Jasa Utama, 70Bintang Mahaputra Adi Pradana, 71, 78Brunei Darussalam, 54Bule, 28Cancun, 74, 77CCTV, 34, 42

INDEX

Cheque, 10Cholily, 44Daihatsu Zebra, 34Dawa Party, 18Deni, 35DNA, 36, 41, 44GAM (Free Aceh Movement), 27, 50Hambali, 38Heri alias Rois, 35, 36, 39Heri Gulun, 28, 35, 36Hezbollah, 18Hindu, 29ICPF (Indonesia Crime PreventionFoundation), 58, 76, 77ICPO Interpol, 54, 57Idris, 33Imam Samudra, 28, 31India, 21, 23Indonesia, 5, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27,36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52,53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 77, 78Indonesian Islamic State (NII), 50Indonesian National Police (INP), 25, 27,30, 31, 32, 33, 40, 48, 49, 55, 57, 76Incident of 9/11,2001, 18Iraq, 20, 39Iqbal alias Arnasan, 31Ismail, 34Israel, 20Iwan Darmawan alias Rois, 35Jabir, 35Jakarta, 21, 25, 32, 34, 35, 57, 77Jammu and Kashmir, 23Janish-e-Mohammad (JEM), 23Java, 35, 41, 50, 56JCLEC (Jakarta Center for LawEnforcement Cooperation), 56, 57, 67, 76JI (Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah), 25, 26, 27,31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, 48, 49, 50, 66Jimbaran, 25, 32, 41Joondalup, 56

80

J.W. Marriot, 21, 25, 29, 32, 33, 36, 42,55, 76Kafir, 29Kamikaze, 18Kuningan, 26, 34Kuta, 25, 32, 41L-300, 31Lamongan, 41Lashkar e-Tayyiba (FTO LT), 23Lebanon, 18Legian, 40Lexicon, 12Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE),23Malingping, 41Maluku, 27, 38, 50Manila, 24Maoist, 23Middle East, 8, 20NATO, 20NGO, 52, 53NII (Indonesia Islamic State), 27, 35, 38,39Noordin M. Top, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 44,48Nyoman Cafe, 32Osama bin Laden, 31, 48 , 49Paddy’s Pub, 29, 43Pakistan, 21, 23, 38Palermo Convention, 2000, 14, 15Palestine, 18, 20, 39Pennsylvania, 22Pentagon, 22Philippine, 49Polda, 36Popular Front for the Liberation ofPalestine (PFLP), 18Poso, 27, 38, 50Raja’s Bar Kuta Square, 32RDX, 40Red Army, 18Reformasi, 37, 48Renon, 29Riaz Hassan, 20Rois Rusdi, 33Saiful Bachri alias Ipul, 35, 39

Sardona Siliwangi, 33Sari Club, 29, 40Sarin, 23Security Council, 19Semarang, 56Shia, 23Soeharto, 48Soekarno Hatta International Airport, 32Solo, 35SOMTC (Senior Official Meeting onTransnational Crime), 13, 54, 55Sukabumi, 35Sulawesi, 27, 38, 50Sunni, 23Syahron, 33Taliban, 20, 21, 26Tan Sri, 69, 78Tel Aviv, 18Timor Leste, 55TNT, 35, 40Toni Togar, 33Trade Center, 19, 22Ubaid, 35Udaibiyah, 35United Nation (UN), 3, 4, 14, 17, 19, 54United States, 5, 18, 19, 21, 40Urwah, 35USA, 53Usman, 35Websites, 9Zulkarnain, 33