bsu psyc 101 - chapter 6 lecture slides (memory)
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PSYC 101 - General Psychology lecture slides for the memory chapter. Bowie State University, Spring 2013TRANSCRIPT
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Back from the CIAA? Make up Exam 1 today or tomorrow only! Appointments must be scheduled in advance with Graduate Assistant, Ms.
Whitni Richardson in person(CLT 368) or via email: [email protected] Give documented excuses for attending CIAA directly to your instructor. Missed Lab last Friday? Students with an excused absence must make up quiz by this Thursday, 3/7. During any ULA office hours. No appointment necessary.Writing Assignment #2 (due by 10am this Fri, March 8th) Missed WA1? Complete it anyway; get feedback from ULAs to help you succeed on WA2. Must complete survey to access dropbox. Last call for feedback feedback from GAs/ULAs: 4pm this Wed 3/6Exam 2 (Chapters 5 & 6) Next week: Mon, March 11th through Thurs., March 14th
Check your BSU email or Bb Announcements for detailed instructions on scheduling your exam appt.
Appointments are on a first come basis. Note: Thursday appointments always fill up first.
Absolutely NO exceptions will be made for students that do not schedule or miss their appointments.
1
PSYC 101 Friendly Reminders
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Chapter 6Memory
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MemoryRemembering details or information over time
3 Processes1. Encoding2. Storage3. Retrieval
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Memory EncodingHow information enters storage
Some enters automaticallyOthers require effort
AttentionDeep processingElaborationMental imagery
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AttentionEncoding requires paying attention
Selective Attention Focusing on specific aspects of experience while ignoring others
Limitation of brain’s resources
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Attention
Divided Attention
Attending to several
things simultaneously
“Multi-tasking”
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Depth of Processing
Deeper processing = better memory
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ElaborationMaking different mental connections
Deep and elaborate processing is best
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Mental Imagery
Dual-Code HypothesisOur memory for pictures is better than memory for wordsPictures stored as image codes and verbal codes
Most powerful encoding tool
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Memory StorageWhere and how long information is . . .
held over timeplaced in our memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory Sensory memoryShort-term memoryLong-term memory
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Sensory MemoryHolds sensory details for an instantEchoic Memory
Auditory details Held for several seconds
Iconic MemoryVisual details Held for about ¼ second
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Short-Term Memory
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Short-Term MemoryInformation held up to 30 secondsLimited-capacity
Magic number = 7 ± 2 items
StrategiesChunking
Group large info into meaningful chunksRehearsal
Deliberate repetition
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Working MemoryTemporary storage while working on a
mental task1. Phonological Loop
Briefly stores sounds and speech
2. Visuospatial Working MemoryBriefly stores visual and spatial info
3. Central ExecutiveCombines both types
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Long-Term MemoryRelatively
permanent storage
Unlimited space
1.Explicit Memory2.Implicit Memory
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Long-Term Memory
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Explicit Memory(aka Declarative Memory)
Intentionally remembered informationPermastore content
1.Episodic Memory Autobiographical
1.Semantic Memory General information
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Implicit Memory(aka Nondeclarative Memory)
Effortless recall of info and experiences
1.Procedural Memory
2.Classical Conditioning
3.Priming
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Questions or Comments
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Missed Lab last Friday? Students with an excused absence must make up quiz by this
Thursday, 3/7. During any ULA office hours. No appointment necessary.
Writing Assignment #2 (due by 10am this Fri, March 8th) Missed WA1? Complete it anyway; get ULA’s feedback for success on
WA2. Must complete survey to access dropbox. Start early, get clarity and feedback from GAs/ULAs, turn it in early
Exam 2 (Chapters 5 & 6) Next week: Mon, March 11th through Thurs., March 14th
Check your BSU email or Bb Announcements for detailed instructions on scheduling your exam appt.Consider your other midterm exams and obligations before schedulingReminder: Thursday appointments always fill up first.Absolutely NO exceptions will be made for students that do not schedule or miss their appointments.
20
PSYC 101 Friendly Reminders
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Memory Organization
SchemaHelps organize and interpret new info
ScriptsThe past shapes our expectations
Mental organization improves memory
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Memory LocationLocated in several places throughout the brain
Neurons Specific sets Neurotransmitters involved
Simultaneous neurons strengthens memory
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Memory Brain Structures
Explicit Memorycerebral cortextemporal lobeslimbic system
Implicit Memorycerebellum
Frontal Lobe Left
Encoding Right
Retrieval
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Memory RetrievalTaking memory out of storage
Serial Position EffectTendency to remember beginning or end of listsPrimacy Effect
Better recall for items at beginning
Recency EffectBetter recall for items at end
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Memory RetrievalFactors that help retrieval
Retrieval CuesRetrieval Tasks
RecallRetrieve previously learned information
RecognitionIdentify or recognize familiar information
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Memory RetrievalEncoding Specificity Principle
Factors present during prompts your memory
Context-Dependent Memory Same context or scenario
State-Dependent Memory Same psychological state or mood
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Memory RetrievalPersonal memoriesAutobiographical memories
Special episodic memories of your life experiences
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Memory RetrievalEmotional MemoriesFlashbulb Memory
Vivid memory of emotionally significant events Personal not public events
Not = photographic memory
Memory for Traumatic Events Vivid, detailed and accurate
Both more accurate but subject to distortion
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Memory RetrievalRepressed Memories
Forgotten memories of a very traumatic Forgot that you forgot
May reflect motivated forgetting
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Eyewitness TestimonyRecalling what we saw/heard
Often involves emotional events
Errors due to: time distortion bias inaccuracy
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Why we ForgetEncoding Failure
Not‘forgotten’ ~ never encoded
Retrieval FailureStorage problem Brain conditionFades over time
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Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
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InterferenceOther information can block our
memoryProactive Interference
Previously learned info disrupts learning new information
Retroactive InterferenceLearning new info disrupts
retrieval of previous learning
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Interference
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ForgettingDecay
Memory trace fades over time
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon Can almost recall
but cannot fully access memory
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Prospective MemoryRemembering to do things in the future
timing (when) content (what)
1.Time-Based Prospective Memory
2.Event-Based Prospective Memory
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AmnesiaMemory loss
Anterograde Amnesia Cannot remember new information
Retrograde Amnesia Cannot remember past information
Can still form new memories
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Memory TipsFor studying
OrganizeEncodeRehearseRetrieve
For your life Stay active as you age
Physically and intellectually
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Questions or Comments