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BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024.

CENTRE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION

B.Sc. Physics – Course Structure

(For the candidates to be admitted from the year 2005-2006 onwards)

Marks

Seme

ster

Course Title Exam

Hours

Int. Extn.

Total

Language Course – I (LC) 3 25 75 100

English Language Course - I (ELC) 3 25 75 100

Core Course – I (CC) - Properties of Matter

and Acoustics

3 25 75 100

Core Course – II (CC) – Practical – I * - - -

First Allied Course –I (AC) 3 25 75 100

First Allied Course –II (AC) * - - -

I

General Interest Course (GIC) 3 25 75 100

Language Course – II (LC) 3 25 75 100

English Language Course – II (ELC) 3 25 75 100

Core Course – II (CC) – Practical – I 3 25 75 100

Core Course – III (CC) – Mechanics 3 25 75 100

First Allied Course – II (AC) 3 25 75 100

II

First Allied Course – III (AC) 3 25 75 100

Language Course – III (LC) 3 25 75 100

English Language Course - III

(ELC)

3 25 75 100

Core Course – IV (CC) – Thermal Physics 3 25 75 100

Core Course – V (CC) – Practical – II * - - -

Second Allied Course – I (AC) 3 25 75 100

III

Second Allied Course – II (AC) * - - -

Language Course –IV (LC) 3 25 75 100

English Language Course – IV (ELC) 3 25 75 100

Core Course – V (CC) – Practical – II 3 25 75 100

Core Course - VI (CC) – Optics 3 25 75 100

Core Course – VII (CC) – Electricity and

Magnetism

** - - -

Second Allied Course – II (AC) 3 25 75 100

IV

Second Allied Course - III (AC) 3 25 75 100

2

Core Course – VII (CC) – Electricity and

Magnetism

3 25 75 100

Core Course – VIII (CC) – Atomic Physics 3 25 75 100

Core Course – IX (CC) – Basic Electronics 3 25 75 100

Core Course – X (CC) – Practical – III * - - -

Elective Course – I (EC) - Energy Physics 3 25 75 100

Elective Course – II (EC) - Molecular

Biophysics

3 25 75 100

V

Elective Course – III (EC) - Spectroscopy

and Laser Physics

3 25 75 100

Core Course – X (CC) – Practical – III 3 25 75 100

Core Course – XI (CC) – Practical – IV 3 25 75 100

Core Course – XII (CC) – Computer

Programming – C Language

3 25 75 100

Core Course – XIII (CC) – Relativity and

Wave Mechanics

3 25 75 100

VI

Core Course – XIV (CC) – Solid State

Physics

3 25 75 100

Elective Course – IV (EC) - Integrated

Electronics

3 25 75 100

List of Allied Courses :

Group – I Group – II (Any one)

Mathematics (compulsory) 1. Chemistry

2. Computer Science

3. Geology

Note : Either group of Allied Course may be offered in the I year / II year.

* Examination at the end of even semester

** Examination at the end of fifth semester

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CC– I : PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND ACOUSTICS

UNIT –I : Elasticity :

Stress – strain diagram – Elastic Moduli, Work done per unit volume in

shearing strain – Relation between elastic constants – Poisson’s Ratio –

Expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms of elastic constants – Twisting couple

on a wire – Work done in twisting – Torsional pendulum – determination of

rigidity modulus of a wire.

UNIT – II : Bending of beams:

Expression for bending moment – Cantilever – Expression for depression –

Experiment to find Young’s modulus – Cantilever oscillation – Expression

for period – Uniform bending – Expression for elevation – Experiment to

find Young’s modulus using microscope – Non Uniform bending –

Expression for depression – Experiment to determine Young’s modulus

using mirror and telescope.

UNIT – IIIa : Surface tension:

Definition and dimensions of surface tension – Excess of pressure over

curved surfaces – Variation of surface tension with temperature – Jaegar’s

experiment.

UNIT – IIIb : Physics of Low Pressure:

Production and measurement of low pressure – Grades’ molecular pump –

Knudsen’s absolute gauge – Detection of leakage.

UNIT – IV : Viscosity :

Streamlined motion – Turbulent motion – Coefficient of viscosity and its

dimension – Rate of flow of liquid in a capillary tube – Poiseuilles’ formula

– Experiment to determine the coefficient of viscosity of liquid.

UNIT – V : Acoustics:

Fourier’s theorem – Application to saw tooth wave and square wave,

extension of range – Analysis into partial Fourier – Phonodeila. Music and

noise – Characteristics of musical sound, quality of tone, consonance and

dissonance – musical scale – tempered scale – decibel – noise pollution.

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Source in an enclosure – reverberation and time of reverberation – Sabine’s

formula – Erring Formula – Optimum reverberation – measurement of

reverberation time – absorption coefficient - acoustics design – Ultrasonics

– production , properties and applications.

Books for study and reference:

A. Properties of matter – Brijlal and Subramanian

B. Properties of matter – D.S.Mathur.

C. Properties of matter – Subramania Iyer and Jeyaraman.

D. Oscillations, waves and sound – L.P. Sharma, H.C.Saxena.

E. A text book of sound – R.L.Saigal.

F. A text book of sound – N.Subrahmanyam and Brijlal.

CC – II- Major Practical – I

1. Non-uniform bending – Pin and Micrscope.

2. Uniform bending – Optic lever.

3. Surface tension – Capillary rise.

4. Sonometer – Verification of laws – RD of solids – determination of

frequency and AC frequency.

5. Melde’s Experiment – Transverse and longitudinal.

6. Compound pendulum – g and k.

7. Cantilever depression – scale and telescope.

8. Specific heat capacity of a liquid – Newton’s law of cooling.

9. Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor – Lee’s disc.

10. Long focus convex lens – f, R, u.

11. Concave lens – r, R, u.

12. Newton’s Rings – ‘R’ determination, u of liquid.

13. Spectrometer – u of solid prism.

14. Air wedge – thickness of a wire, thickness of insulation.

15. P.O.Box – Temperature coefficient.

16. Potentiometer – Internal resistance.

CC – III - MECHANICS

UNIT – I : Dynamics Projectile, Impulse, Impact.

Projectile – range of horizontal and inclined plane – Impulse – Impact –

Impulsive force – Laws of impact – Impact of a smooth sphere on a smooth

horizontal plane – Direct and oblique impacts –Loss in kinetic energy –

Motion of two interacting bodies – reduced mass.

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UNIT – II : Dynamics of rigid bodies.

Kinetic energy of rotation – Theory of compound pendulum – Equivalent

simple pendulum – Reversibility of centres of oscillation and suspension –

Determination of g and radius of gyration of a bar pendulum – period of

oscillation of a Bifilar pendulum with and without parallel threads.

Centre of mass – Velocity and acceleration of centre of mass –

determination of motion of individual particle – system of variable mass –

equation for a Rocket – Conservation of linear and angular momentum.

UNIT – III

Gravitation and Centre of Gravity.

Gravitational potential and field due to spherical shell - Gravitational energy

– Boy’s method of determination of G – Centre of gravity of solid and

hollow tetrahedron. Solid and hollow hemisphere – Stability of equilibrium.

UNIT – IV: Centre of Pressure.

Vertical rectangular lamina – Vertical triangular lamina - Vertical circular

lamina – Atmospheric pressure its variation with altitude – Reasons for such

variation.

Hydrodynamics:

Equation of continuity of flow – Euler’s equation for unidirectional flow –

Torricelli’s theorem – Bernouli’s theorem and applications.

UNIT – V : Classical Mechanics.

Mechanics for a system of particles – constraints – Generalized co-ordinates

– transformation equations – configuration space – principle of virtual work

– D’Alembert’s Principle – Lagrange’s equations for systems containing

dissipative forces – Applications of Lagrange’s equations – Atwood’s

machine – Simple pendulum – Hamiltonian function – Hamilton’s equation

– Physical significance of Hamiltonian function – Application of

Harmilton’s equations – motion of a particle in central force field.

Books for Study:

1. Mechanics – Part – I & II Naryanamoorthy.

2. Classical Mechanics – H. Goldstein.

3. Statistical Mechanics – Sathyaprakash and C.Agarwal.

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Books for Reference:

1. Elementary Statistical Mechanics – Gupta Kumar.

2. Mechanics – D.S.Mathur.

3. Classical Mechanics – Gupta, Kumar and Sharma.

4. Feynman Lecture on Physics – Vol.I – R.P. Feynman.

CC – IV : THERMAL PHYSICS

UNIT – I : Thermodynamics:

Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities – Transport phenomenon –

viscosity – Thermal conductivity – Diffusion – Experimental confirmation

of the kinetic theory – Zeroth law of thermodynamics – First law of

thermodynamics –Heat engines – Reversible and irreversible process –

Carnot’s theorem – Second law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic scale of

temperature - entropy – change of entropy in reversible and irreversible

processes – Temp – entropy diagram (T.S.) – law of increase of entropy.

UNIT – II : Low Temperature:

Joule – Thomson’s effect - porous plug expt. – liquefaction of gases –

Adiabatic expansion process – adiabatic demagnetization – Accessories

employed in dealing with liquefied gases – Practical applications of low

temp – Refrigerating mechanism – Electrolux refrigerator – Frigidaire - Air

conditioning machines.

UNIT – III : Radiation:

Radiation – Stefan’s Law – Boltzmann law – Black body - Rayleigh

radiation – Rayleigh – Jean’s law – Planck’s law – Stefan fourth power law

– Pyrometry – Solar constant – Sources of solar energy – some everyday

applications.

UNIT – IV : Specific Heat:

Specific heat of solids – Dulong and petits’ law – Einstein’s theory of

specific heat – Debye’s theory - specific heat of gases – Variations of

specific heat of Diatomic gases – quantization of various contributions to

energy of a Diatomic molecules – Specific heat of diatomic gases –

(Quantum theory ).

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UNIT – V : Statistical Physics:

Quantum statistics of identical particles M.B. – B.E. – F.D. Statistics –

Applications – B.E. and F.D. gases as degenerate gases – Super conductivity

– Meissner effect – Type I & II super conductors.

Books for Reference:

1. Heat and Thermodynamics – J.B. Rajain and C.L.Arora.

2. Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics – Sharma and Sarkar.

3. Heat and Thermodynamics – Brijlal and Subramaniam.

4. Statistical Mechanics – Satya Prakash and C.Agarwal.

CC – V - Major Practical – II

1. Static Torsion – Determination of n.

2. Torsional pendulum – n and I.

3. Coefficient of viscosity – Graduated burette.

4. Stoke’s method – Viscosity of highly viscous liquid.

5. Characteristics of junction and Zener diodes.

6. Emissive power of a surface – Spherical calorimeter.

7. Joule’s calorimeter – Specific heat capacity of liquid (Barton’s

correction).

8. Carey Foster’s Bridge – R and P.

9. Potentiometer – Ammeter calibration.

10. Potentiometer – Temperature coefficient of R.

11. Potentiometer – Calibration of low range voltmeter.

12. Figure of merit Mirror Galvanometer.

13. Transistor Characteristics – CE – configuration.

14. Spectrometer – u of a liquid.

15. Spectrometer – I –d curve.

16. CRO – Study of wave forms – Lissajous figures – f determination.

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CC - VI : OPTICS

UNIT – I : Thick Lenses.

Thick lens – Principal foci and principal points – Thick lens formulae –

Power of a thick lens – Nodal points – Optical centre of a lens – Spherical

lens.

Lens aberrations:

Spherical aberration – Spherical aberration of a thin lens – Ray tracing –

Methods of reducing spherical aberration – Coma - Aplanatic surface –

Astigmatism – Curvature of the field - Meniscus lens – Distortion.

UNIT – II : Optical Instruments

Kellner’s eyepiece – Ramsden’s eyepiece – Huygen’s eyepiece.

Resolving power of optical instruments.

Resolving power – Rayleigh’s criterion of resolution. Resolving power of a

(1) Telescope (2) Microscope (3) Electron microscope (4) Prisms (5)

Grating – Dispersive power and resolving power of a grating – The echelon

grating.

UNIT – III : Interference :

Colours of thin films – Air wedge – Newton’s rings - Haidinger’s fringes –

Brewster’s fringes – Michelson Interferometer and its applications – Fabry

perot Interferometer – Lummer and Gehreke plate – Interference filter –

Stationary waves in light – colour photography (ideas only) – Holography

(ideas only).

UNIT – IV : Diffraction:

Fresnel’s diffraction – Diffraction at a (1) circular aperture (2) opaque

circular disc (3) Straight edge (4) narrow wire. Cornu’s spiral – Fresnel’s

Integrals – Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit - Double slit - Missing

orders in a Double slit, Diffraction pattern – Grating with theory – Oblique

incidence – Overlapping of spectral lines – Diffraction pattern – Grating

with theory – Oblique incidence - Overlapping of spectral lines – Concave

reflection grating with theory.

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UNIT –V : Polarization.

Nicol prism – Nicol prism as an analyzer and polarizer – Huygen’s

explanation of Double refraction in uniaxial crystals – Double Image

polarizing prisms – Elliptically and circularly polarized light – production

and detection – quarter wave plate and half wave plate – Babinets

compensator – optical activity – Fresnel’s explanation of optical activity –

Laurent’s Half shade polarimeter.

Books for Study:

1. Optics by Brijlal and Subramaniam.

2. Optics by Khanna and Gulati.

Books for Reference:

1. Optics –Jenkins and White, McGraw Hill.

2. Optics – Ajoy Chatak (TMH).

CC – VII : ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

UNIT – I : Electrostatics

Coulomb’s law – Electrical images – electric intensity and potential due to

an earthed conducting sphere applying the principle of electrical images –

Electrometers: Quadrant electrometer.

UNIT – II : Magnetic properties of materials.

Definition – IH and BH curves for a magnetic material (a) Magnetometer

method (b) Ballistic galvanometer method – Terrestrial magnetism –

magnetic elements – Dip circle – Kew magnetometer – causes of Earth’s

magnetic field.

UNIT – III : Chemical effects of electric current.

Faraday’s laws’ of electrolysis – Ionic velocities and mobilities –

Calculation and experimental determination of ionic mobilities – Transport

number.

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Thermo electricity – Peltier coefficient – Thomson coefficient – Application

of Thermodynamics to a Thermocouple and connected relations –

Thermoelectric diagrams – uses.

UNIT – IV : LCR Circuits.

Determination of self inductance by Rayleigh’s method – DC Circuits:

Growth and decay of current in a circuit containing resistance and

inductance – Growth and decay of charge in a circuit containing resistance

and capacitor – Application of electromagnetic induction – Fluxmeter.

UNIT – V :

A C Bridges : Owen’s bridge – Anderson’s bridge – Maxwell’s bridge –

Electromagnetic theory – Maxwell’s equations – derivation – propagation of

energy – Poynting vector.

Books for Study:

1. Electricity and Magnetism – Brijlal & Subramanyam.

2. A text book of Electricity and Magnetism – K.K.Tiwan.

Books for Reference:

1. Engineering Electromagnetism – William Hayt – TMH ed.

2. Introduction to Electromagnetic theory – D.Kraus – Wiley Eastern.

CC – VIII : ATOMIC PHYSICS.

UNIT – I : Positive ray analysis.

Properties – e/m of positive rays: Thomson’s Parabola method – Aston’s,

Bain’s bridge’s – Determination of Critical Potential – Franck and Hertz’s

experiment.

UNIT –II : Photo Electricity.

Photoelectric emission – laws – Lenard’s experiment – Richarson &

COMPTON experiment - Einstein’s Photoelectric equation – Experimental

verification of Einstein’s Photoelectric equation by Millikan’s experiment.

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UNIT – III : Vector atom model.

Various quantum numbers, L-S and j-j couplings – Pauli’s exclusion

principle – electronic configuration of elements and periodic classification –

magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin motion – Bohr

magneton – Stern and Gerlach experiment.

UNIT – IV : Fine Structure of Special Lines.

Special terms and notations – Selection rules – intensity rule and interval

rule – Fine Structure of sodium D lines – Alkali spectra – Fine structure in

Alkali spectra – Spectrum of Helium – Zeeman effect – Larmor’s theorem –

Debye’s quantum mechanical explanation of the normal Zeeman effect –

Anamolous Zeeman effect – theoretical explanation, Lande’s ‘g’ factor and

explanation of splitting of D1 and D2 lines of sodium.

UNIT – V : X- Rays.

X-Rays - Bragg’s Law – Bragg’s X-ray spectrometer – origin and analysis

of continuous X-ray spectrum and characteristic X-ray spectrum –

Moseley’s law and its importance – Compton effect –derivation of

expression for change in wavelength – its experimental verification.

Books for Study:

Modern Physics by R.Murugeshan.

Books for Reference:

Modern Physics – J.B. Rajam.

Atomic and Nuclear Physics – N.Subramaniam and Brijlal.

CC – IX : BASIC ELECTRONICS.

UNIT – I : Semiconductors.

Introduction – Pure semi conductor – Recombination of electrons and holes

– impurity semiconductor – Fermi level in semi conductors – Mechanism of

current conduction in semi conductors – Mobility current density and

conductivity – Diffusion – Hall effect – Junction Diodes – p-n Junction –

Biased p-n Junction – Volt ampere characteristics of a p-n Junction – Special

p-n Junction diodes.

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UNIT – II : Transistors.

Junction Transistors – Transistor construction – Mechanism of amplification

in a transistor –Modes of operation of a transistor – Alpha and Beta of a

transistor – Current expression – Transistor static characteristics in CB and

CE modes – Analysis of Transistor amplifiers – Transistor Biasing – Two

port representation of a Transistor – h-parameters – Determination of h-

parameters – AC equivalent circuit using h-parameters.

UNIT – III : Special Devices.

Special semi conductor Devices: Field effect transistor – Junction Field

effect transistor – Metal oxide semi conductor. FET – FET parameters –

Comparison between FET and Transistor – Photo transistor – SCR – UJT –

Application of SCR and UJT.

UNIT – IV : Amplifiers and Oscillators.

Voltage and Power Amplifiers: Classification of Amplifiers – R.C. coupled

Transistor Amplifier – Power Amplifiers – Class A power Amplifier – Push

pull, class B Power Amplifier – Gain of amplifier with feed back – Emiter

follower – Effects of negative feed back – Oscillators – Types of oscillators

– Concept of feed back oscillators – Hartley, Colpitts, phase shift and Wien

Bridge oscillators.

UNIT – V : Communications

Radio communication and Television : Modulation – Amplitude modulation

– Power in Air waves – Frequency modulation – Phase modulation –

Detection – Radio Transmitter – Satellite communication – Radio Receiver

– Elementary concepts of a television system – Image orthicon – Scanning –

Synchronisation – Receiver picture Tube – Television channel width –

colour television.

Text Book:

Foundations of Electronics : Chattopadhyay, D.,

Raxshit, P.C.

Sara, B and

Purkait

New Age International (P)

Limited.

Principles of Electronics V.K.Mehta.

A text book of applied Electronics R.S. Sedha.

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CC - X - Major Practical – III

SECTION – A - General

(Any 12 experiments only).

1. Koenig’s method – Uniform bending – Y.

2. Spectrometer i-i curve.

3. Spectrometer – small angle prism.

4. Spectrometer – Grating – Normal incidence.

5. Spectrometer – Grating minimum deviation and dispersive power.

6. Spectrometer – Cauchy’s constants.

7. Spectrometer – Fraunhofer lines.

8. Spectrometer – Hartmann’s Formula.

9. Field along the axis of a coil – determination of M.

10. M and H – Absolute determination using deflection and vibration

magnetometer.

11. Potentiometer – EMF of a thermocouple.

12. Potentiometer x of thermistor.

13. Potentiometer – High range voltmeter calibration.

14. Ballistic Galvanometer – Figure of merit.

15. B.G. – Absolute capacity of condenser.

16. B.G. – Absolute L.

17. B.G. – Absolute M.

18. Anderson’s bridge – AC self inductance of a coil.

Section – B – Using C Language

(Any 3 experiments only).

19. Arranging words in alphabetical order.

20. Picking the largest and smallest of a set of numbers.

21. Solving quadratic equations.

22. Multiplication of two square matrices.

23. Integration – Simpson’s rule/ Trapezoidal method.

24. Solving equation by Newton – Raphson’s method.

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CC XI - Major Practical – IV

Section – A – Electronics

(Any 12 experiments only).

1. Series and Parallel resonance circuits (CRO can be used).

2. Regulated power supply using Zener, Percentage of regulation.

3. Single stage – RC coupled amplifier – Transistor.

4. Emitter follower amplifier – Frequency response.

5. Hartley oscillator using transistor.

6. Colpitt’s oscillator.

7. Astable multivibrator.

8. Monostable multivibrator.

9. FET Characteristics.

10. FET amplifier.

11. Logic gates – AND, OR and NOT gates using discrete components –

Truth table.

12. Universal gates NAND/NOR and basic gates from Universal gates.

13. Adder and Subtractor – Half and Full.

14. BCD to 7 segment decoder – 7 segment LED display.

15. Op – Amp – Adder and Subtractor.

16. Op - Amp - Integrator and Differentiator.

17. Demorgan’s therem and Boolean algebra.

18. Flip Flop using gates.

Section – B - Microprocessor 8085.

(Any 3 experiments only).

19. 8-bit addition and 8-bit subtraction.

20. 8-bit multiplication and Division.

21. Conversion from decimal to hexadecimal system.

22. Conversion from hexadecimal to decimal system.

23. 16-bit addition.

********************

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CC - XII : COMPUTER PROGRAMMING – C LANGUAGE.

UNIT – I

Introduction: Importance of C – Basic structure of C Programs –

Programming Style.

Constants, Variables and Data Types: Character set, Keywords and

Identifiers – Constants – Variables – Data Types – Declarations of Variables

– Assigning values of variables.

Operators and Expressions: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment,

Increment and Decrement, Conditional, Bitwise, Comma Operators –

Arithmetic expressions – Procedure and Associativity.

UNIT – II

Input Output Operator: getchar, putchar, Formatted output (printf) and

Formatted input (scanf).

Control Structure : Decision making with if, - if.else –switch –go to – The

break and continue statements –while – do, while –for statements.

Arrays: One – dimensional and two-dimensional arrays, declaring arrays,

storing arrays in memory –initializing arrays.

UNIT – III

Functions: Basic functions – Return values and their types – calling

functions – function arguments – external variables and scope rules.

Structures and Union : Structures – Arrays of Structures – Arrays within

structures – structures and functions – Unions.

UNIT – IV

Pointers: Pointers and functions – arguments – Pointers and arrays – address

arithmetic – character pointers and functions – Pointer arrays – Point arrays

– Point on Pointers.

Preprocessor: Macro substitution –File inclusion – Complier control

directives – opening and closing a file – reading and writing data – error

handling – Random Access.

UNIT – V

Development of algorithm, flowchart and program for the following

problem.

1. Average of a set of numbers.

2. Conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius.

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3. Solving quadratic equation.

4. Finding the factorial using recursion.

5. To add/subtract/multiply two matrices.

6. To find the smallest and largest element in an array.

7. Sorting a set of numbers in ascending/descending order.

8. To arrange the names in alphabetical order.

9. Numerical integration by Trapezoidal/Simpson’s rule.

10. Determination of roots by Newton-Raphson method.

Books for Study:

1. Programming in ANSI C – E.Balagurusamy – Tata McGraw Hill.

2. Schaum’s Outline Series Theory and Problems of Programming with

C – Byron S.Gottifried, McGraw Hill, Internationals.

3. Programming with C – Venugopal, K.R. and Sudep R.P.Tata McGraw

Hill, 1998.

CC – XIII : RELATIVITY AND WAVE MECHANICS

The objective of the course is to provide the students the concept of

quantum, duality of microscopic particles, quantum description of sub

atomic particles. The impact of the theory of relativity in the understanding

of the microscope world will also be discussed.

UNIT – I : Relativity.

Galilean – Newtonian relativity, Galilean transformations – Michelson

Morley experiment and its importance – Einstein’s postulates – Lorentz

transformations and its interpretation – consequence of Lorentz

transformations – Space contraction, time dilation – application to meson

decay – relativistic addition of velocities.

UNIT – II : Duality.

Planck’s hypothesis, Planck’s theory & blackbody radiation – confirmation

of quantum of energy – Compton effect and Photoelectric effect – DeBrogile

waves – wave packet, phase and group velocities – Davisson – Germer

experiment - Gamma ray microscope – Uncertainty principle – wave

mechanics.

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UNIT – III : Schrodinger equation.

Time dependent and time independent Schrodinger equation – postulates,

observable and operators – probability density and current density, equation

of continuity – expectation values. Particle in an infinite one-dimensional

square well potential Step – barrier – tunnel effect – application to alpha

decay. One dimensional harmonic oscillator – Zero point energy – angular

momentum operator – commutational relation – rigid rotator and hydrogen

atom (out line of the steps only).

UNIT – IV : Nucleus.

Review of basic properties of nuclei – mass, radius, binding energy, nuclear

moments – isotopes – isobars – radioactivity. Cyclotron – Betatron – Linear

accelerator – Geiger Muller counter – Cloud chamber – Photographic

emulsions – Q value of nuclear reaction – discovery of neutron, positron –

cloud chamber photographs.

UNIT – V :

Liquid Drop Model – application to fission, fission fragments, neutrons in

fission process

- nuclear energy – thermonuclear reactor – neutron life cycle – atom bomb.

Shell Model – magic numbers – spin orbit coupling – application to islands

of isomerism and nuclear moments. Basic ideas of a nuclear reactor.

Bethe’s theory of fusion – solar energy – hydrogen bomb.

Basic classification of subatomic particles – photons, leptons – meson –

baryons.

Text:

1. Arthus Beiser, “Concept of Modern Physics: McGraw Hill Ed. V,

(1999).

2. R.Resnick, “Introduction to special theory of relativity” John Wiley,

(1968), New York.

3. D.C.Tayal, “Nuclear Physics” Himalayan Publication house, Bombay

(1980).

Reference:

1. F.K.Richmyer, E.H. Kennard & J.Cooper, “Introduction to modern

physics Ed. VI McGraw Hill (New York), 1969.

2. I.Kaplan, “Nuclear Physics, Addition Wesley, (1969).

3. M.R.Wehr, J.A.Richards Jr.T.W.Adwin, “Physics of the atom,”

Narosa publication house, New Delhi (1984).

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CC – XIV : SOLID STATE PHYSICS

UNIT – I

Crystal Lattice – Primitive and Unit Cell – Seven Classes of Crystals –

BRAVAIS Lattice –Miller Indices – Structure of Crystals – Simple Cubic,

Hexagonal Close packed structure, Face Centered Cubic Structure, Body

Centered Cubic Structure, Simple Cubic Structure, Sodium Chrloride

Structure, Zinc Blende Structure, Diamond Structure.

UNIT – II

Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals – Bragg’s Law in One Dimension –

Experimental Method in X-Ray Diffraction Laue Method, Rotating Crystal

Method – Powder Photograph Method – Von Laue’s equations.

Point Defects, Line Defects – Surface Defects – Volume Defects – Effects of

Crystal Imperfections.

UNIT – III

Different Types of Magnetic materials – Classical Theory of Diamagnetism

(Langevin’s Theory) - Langevin’s Theory of Paramagnetism – Weiss

Theory of Paramagnetism – Qualitative Explanation of Heisenberg’s

interpretation of Internal Field and Quantum Theory of Ferromagnetism.

UNIT – IV

Fundamental Definitions in Dielectrics – Different types of Electric

Polarization – Frequency and Temperature Effects on Polarization –

Dielectric Loss – Local Field on Internal Field – Clausius –Mosotti Relation

– Determination of Dielectric Constant.

UNIT – V

Type of Bonds in Crystals – Ionic, Valence, Metallic, Vanderwaal’s and

Hydrogen Bonding.

Qualitative Explanation for the Occurrence of Super Conductivity – General

Properties of Superconductors – Type of Superconductors – Application of

Superconductors.

Dielectric Breakdown – Properties of Different Types of Insulting Materials.

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Books for Study:

Material Science – M.Arumugam – Anuradha Publishers.

Reference:

Introduction to Solid State Physics – Kittel – Wiley and Sons

Material Science and Engineering – V. Raghavan – PHI

Introduction to Solids – Azaroff – TMH.

EC – I - ENERGY PHYSICS.

UNIT – I : Conventional Energy Sources.

World’s reserve of commercial energy sources and their availability –

various forms of energy – renewable and conventional energy systems –

comparison – coal, oil and natural gas – availability – statistical details –

applications – merits and demerits.

UNIT – II : Non – Conventional Energy Sources.

Renewable energy sources – solar energy – nature of solar radiation –

components –solar heaters – crop dryers – space cooling – solar cooling –

solar ponds, solar cookers – water desalination – photovoltaic generation

basics – merits and demerits of solar energy.

UNIT – III:

Biomass energy – classification – photosynthesis – biomass conversion

process – gobar gas plants – wood gasification – ethanol from wood –

advantages and disadvantages of biomass as energy source – geothermal

energy – wind energy – ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) – energy

from waves and tides (Basic ideas, nature, applications, merits and demerits

of these).

UNIT – IV : Energy Storage & Impacts of Non-Conventional Energy.

Conservation of energy – patterns of energy consumption in domestic,

Industrial, transportation and agricultural sectors - conservation principles in

these sectors – energy crisis and possible solutions – energy options for the

developing countries – energy storage and hydrogen as a fuel (basics) –

impacts due to non-conventional energy sources – global warming.

20

Text Books:

1. G.D.Rai “Solar energy utilization” Ed,V.1995.

2. S.P.Sukhatme, “Solar energy” Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Company, Ed., II 1997.

Reference:

1. G.D.Rai, “Non Conventional Energy Sources”, Ed. IV 1997.

2. S.Rao and Dr.B.B. Parulekar, “Energy Technology”, Ed. II, 1997.

3. A.K.Wahil, “Power Plant Techology”, 1993.

4. Godfrey Boyle, ‘Renewable Energy : Power for a sustainable Future”,

Alden Oess Limited – Oxford 1996.

5. Jyoti Parikh, “Energy models for 2000 and beyond”, 1997, TATA

McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

EC - II - MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS.

UNIT – I : CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE.

Structure and constitutents of animal cell-plant cell and bacterial cell – its

organelles – Molecular constituents of cell (elementary ideas) – Structures of

viruses – types.

Stereo Chemistry and Conformation – Asymmetric carbon – Isomerism –

Types – Constitution – Configuration and Conformation – Chirality – Fisher

convention – L and D system – R-S System – Torsion angle – newman

projection conformation of ethane and n-butane – Barrier to rotation.

UNIT – II : Structure and conformation of proteins.

Amino acids – Structure of Peptide bond – Rigid planar peptide bond –

Rigid planar peptide – Cis and Trans configuration – Torsion angles Phi and

Psi – Steric hindrance – hardsphere – approximation – contact criteria –

Ramachandran (diagram) map – Allowed conformations for a pair of linked

pepetide units – (map for glycine and alanine residues) – classification of

proteins – basedon functions – based on structure – globular – fibrous –

Levels of structural organization – Types of secondary structure – Helix - -

sheet – turns - super secondary and domain.

UNIT – III : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATE.

Classification – Simple Mono Saccharides – Glyceraldehyde – Fisher

projection formulae –L and D and R and S notation – other monosaccharides

21

– Pyranose form – Stereio isomerism of sugars – conformation of pyranoid

rings – Dissaccharides structure of Cellobiose Maltose – Lactose – Sucrose –

Types of linkages in polysaccharides – Ramachandran map for

Disaccharides – Polysaccharides – Classification – Structural Storage –

Function of cellulose – Amylose – Chitin – Glycogen – Complex

carbohydrate – Functions of glycoproteins – proteoglycans – structure of

peptidoglycon – Lectins.

UNIT – IV : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS.

Nucleosides and nucleotides – structure of oligonucleotides – base pairing

and base stacking – Structure of DNA – Watson and Cricket model –

Variations in DNA structure – Polymorphism – A, B and Z DNA – structure

of RNA and tRNA – Genetic code – Protein – Protein biosynthesis –

Reverse transcription – Basis ideas of Genetic engineering.

UNIT – V – ENZYMES, VITAMINS, HORMONES AND LIPIDS.

Enzymes – classification – Mechanism of enzyme action – Factors

influencing enzyme action – enzymes of clinical interest – (Amylase,

Lipase, Trypsin – Lysozyme).

Lipids: Classification of Fatty acids – Properties – complex lipids –

Triglycerides Phospholipids – Sphingolipids – Simple lipids – Terpnes.

Vitamins: Classification – Fat soluble vitamins – Vitamins A.D.E. and K –

Structure – Properties – functions – Water soluble Vitamins – Vitamin B

Complex thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2) – Niacin – Biotin – Folic acid –

Vitamin C – their functions.

Hormones: Properties – their chemistry an metabolic effects – Thyroxine –

Parathyroid hormone – Insulin and Glucagon – Sex hormones – Pituitary

hormones.

Elementary Programs for : (Fortran).

Internal Parameters – Bond Length – bond angle – torsion angle –

calculation – Fortran programs – coordinate generation – Fractional to

orthogonal – Given and U generation of coordinates – GNR MAP for

dipeptide – disaccharide – helical parameters - helix generation – Energy

calculation – Energy map for Ethane – dipeptide – disaccharide – Random

coil – end to end distance.

22

Books for Study and Reference:

1. A.L.Lehninger, D.L.Nelson and M.M.Cox, Principles of

Biochemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi. (1993).

2. L.Stryer, Biochemistry, W.H.Freeman and Co., Newyord (1997).

3. V.S.R. Rao, P.K.Qasba, P.V.Balaji and R.Chandrasekaran,

Conformation of Carbohydrates Harwood Academic Publishers,

(1998).

4. G.Schulz and R.H.Schirmer, Principles of Protein structure, Springer

– Verlag, (1984).

5. C.Branden and J.Tooze, Introduction to Protein Structure, Garland

Publishing, (1991).

6. W.Saenger, Principles of Nucleic acid Structure, Springer Verlag,

(1984).

7. J.F.Stoddart, Sterio Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Wiley Interscience

(1971).

8. N.Sharon, Complex Carbohydrates – their Chemistry, Biosynthesis

and Functions – Addision – Wesley – London (1975).

9. J.K. Kennedy and C.A.White, Bio active carbohydrates in Chemistry

Biochemistry and Biology – Ellis Harwood, New York (1983).

10. W.Hoppe, et al., Biophysics – Springer p Verlag (1989).

11. M.M.Woolfson – An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography,

Cambridge University Press, U.K., (1980).

12. Thomas E.Creighto, Proteins structure and molecular properties,

W.H.freeman and Company, New York (1993).

EC – III - SPECTROSCOPY AND LASER PHYSICS

UNIT – I : Microwave spectroscopy.

The rotation of molecules, its spectra, Diatomic molecules – rigid diatomic

molecule – intensities of spectral lines, effect of isotopic substitute, Non-

rigid rotator – its spectrum, Polyatomic molecules – linear, symmetric top,

asymmetric top molecules. Techniques and instrumentation, chemical

analysis by microwave spectroscopy.

UNIT – II : Infrared Spectroscopy.

Vibrating diatomic molecule – energy of diatomic molecule, harmonic and

anharmonic oscillator, vibrating rotator – co- vibrating rotator spectrum,

interaction of rotations and vibrations – vibrations of polyatomic molecules

– fundamental vibrations and their symmetry – overtones and combination

frequencies. Analysis by IR techniques. Techniques and instrumentation –

Outline, single and double beam arrangement.

23

UNIT – III : Raman spectroscopy.

Theory of Raman effect. Pure rotational Raman spectra – linear, symmetric

top, spherical top, asymmetric top molecules. Pure vibrational Raman

spectra – Raman activity of vibration rule of mutual exclusion, overtones

and combination vibrational spectra, nature of light polarized, vibration of

spherical top molecules and other type of molecules. Structural

determinations from Raman and IR spectroscopy, techniques and

instrumentation.

UNIT – IV : Electronic spectroscopy.

Born – Oppenheimer approximation vibrational coarse structure

(Progression), intensity of vibrational electronic spectra, (Franck –condon

principle), dissociation energy and dissociation products. Vibrational fine

structure (Rotation), fortart diagram, predissociation, diatomic molecular

electronic spectra.

UNIT – V : Laser Physics.

Population inversion, Laser pumping, resonators – vibrational modes of

resonators, number of modes per unit volume – open resonators, control

resonators, Q factor, losses in the cavity, threshold condition, quantum yield.

Ruby Laser – three level system, pumping power, spiking U3+

in CaF2 laser,

four level laser, Neodysmium –Nd: YAAAG.

Taser, Nd glass Taser HO3+ : YLF laser.

Books for Study:

1. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy C.N.Banwell, Tata McGraw

Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., 3rd Edition (1972).

2. Lasers and non linear optics, B.B. Laud Wiley Eastern Ltd., (1985).

CC - IV -- INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS.

UNIT – I : Operational Amplifiers.

Operational amplifier architecture – the gain stage and the differential stage,

output stages – offset voltage and currents – measurement of operational

amplifier parameters – frequency response and compensation – slew rate.

24

Inverting and non-inverting operational amplifier – Differential amplifier –

inverting and non inverting –summing – Integrator and differentiator – phase

locked loop – SCR – 555 timer.

UNIT – II : Binary Logic.

Introduction to various number systems (only brief summary).

Switching circuits and binary signals – Logic gates – Boolean functions –

complement of a function – minterms and maxterms – Synthesis of Boolean

function – other binary operators – Karnaugh map (upto 4 variables) –

Simplification of Boolean function – product of sums – Sum of products

simplification – Don’t care condition – various types of Flip-flops.

UNIT – III : Combinational and Sequential Logic.

Half adder, Full adder, subtractor – code conversion – comparators –

Decoders, Encoders – Multiplexer, Demultiplexer – Universal gates – Two

and three level implementation – sum of products – product of the sum –

(Clocked R S Flip – Flop – D Flip Flop – JK Flip-Flop – T Flip-Flop.

Triggering of Flip-Flops) – Analysis of clocked sequential circuits – State

diagram – Flip-Flop input functions – Shift Registers – Counters.

UNIT – IV : Semiconductor memories.

Basics –Memory addressing – ROM, PROM, EPROM, RAM – DRAMS –

MEMORY cells.

UNIT – V : Micro – Processor.

Organization of micro-computer – Organization of 8085 – Microprocessor

working – Tristate logic devices – Micro processor Programming Machine

Language – Assembly Language – Addressing modes – Instruction set –

Programming for

(i) 8 bit addition.

(ii) 8 bit subtraction.

(iii) the greatest number in an array of 8 bit unsigned numbers.

(iv) The smallest number in an array of 8 bit unsigned numbers –

Applications – Control system, CEG data acquisition

system, D/A conversion, A/D conversion and MODEM.

25

Suggested Books:

Micro Electronics – Jacob Millman and Arvin Gabriel (McGraw Hill).

Solid State Electronics – I. Agwarwal and Anit Agarwal (Pragati

Prakashan).

Digital Principle and applications – Malvino and leach (McGraw Hill).

Digital Electronics – Principles and practice – Avinashi Kappor and

I.K.Maheswari Macmillan.

Pulse and digital electronics – G.K.Mithal and A.K.Vanwasi (Khna

publishers).

Digital integrated electronics – Herbert Taub and Donald Schilling –

(McGraw Hill).

Microprocessor Architecture Programming and Application with

8085/8080A – Gaonkar.

Digital Logic and Computer Design – Morris and Mano.

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