SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture

BUILDING SERVICES FOR OLD FOLKS HOME

BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 60903)

PROJECT 02 CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM

Prepared by: Khor Hao Xiang (0318065)

Tan Jo Lynn (0318518) Teo Hong Wei (0322990) Tiong Jia Min (0323763) Yan Wai Chun (0319626) Yeoh Xiang An (0322691)

Tutor: Ar. Sateerah

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1.0 ABSTRACT 4

CHAPTER 2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5

CHAPTER 3.0 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING 6

CHAPTER 4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Section 4.1 Mechanical Ventilation System 8

Section 4.2 Air Conditioning System 12

Section 4.3 Fire Protection System 18

Section 4.4 Mechanical Transportation System 26

CHAPTER 5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

Section 5.1 Introduction 34

Section 5.2 Spot Ventilation - Exhaust Ventilation System 35

Section 5.3 Spot Ventilation - Balance Ventilation System 37

Section 5.4 Components 39

CHAPTER 6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Section 6.1 Introduction 45

Section 6.2 Ductless Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) System 46

Section 6.3 Split Air-Conditioning System 47

Section 6.4 Components 56

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CHAPTER 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Section 7.1 Introduction 62

Section 7.2 Passive Fire Protection System 62

Section 7.3 Active Fire Protection System 69

CHAPTER 8.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEM

Section 8.1 Proposal 1; Schindler 330A Low Rise Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator 84

Section 8.2 Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator Components 85

Section 8.3 Proposal 2; Dumbwaiter 89

CHAPTER 9.0 CONCLUSION 90

CHAPTER 10.0 REFERENCES 91

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1.0 ABSTRACT

The following proposals documented our research and application of services planned in the

chosen old folks home design. The service systems that has been include are mechanical ventilation

system, air conditioning system, fire protection system and mechanical transportation system.

Through the studies and research, we have gained understanding of the function, purpose and

operation of the service components which we will incorporate them in future projects.

The studies and applications of building services is recorded and translated via analysis with

explanation on how each of the selected system function. Each of the system would then be

compared with UBBL Law requirement in order to obtain clearer knowledge of the regulation

implemented on the different services.

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2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To begin with, we would like to express our greatest gratitude to Ar Sateerah, our beloved tutor on guiding us to have a better understanding towards the each systems, giving us

suggestions for system proposal and the correct way to apply the knowledge into the selected Elderly Centre design. Nonetheless, she have been a strong motivator on pushing us to explore

deeper into our research area which gives us the positive attitude to learn more on Building Services.

In conclusion, we are able to learn the importance on services in a building, how they

contributed to the building’s safety and comfort, while taking into considerations that are needed while designing a building, which will be crucial and beneficial for our career ahead.

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3.0 INTRODUCTION

The selected old folks home was done by one of our group member, Yan Wai Chun

(0319626). It is designed based on the concept of an elderly community centre. The given site is

located in Taman Kanagapuram, Petaling Jaya, an old residential area.

The building is arranged in a clustered form. It consists of two storeys, three main block and

13 rooms, surrounding an internal courtyard that function as a gardening area for the elderlies. It

was built-up in a total range of approximately 800 sqm. Other than functioning as a community

centre, it allows the elderlies to farm and plant for further trading purposes as well as to supply

goods to the existing cafe.

To ensure the safety and comfort of elderlies, the building is designed with completed

services of mechanical ventilation, air conditioning system, fire protection and mechanical

transportation system.

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OVERVIEW

Figure 3.1: Ground Floor Floor Plan and First Floor Floor Plan of the chosen Old Folks Home. Not to scale. Source: Yan Wai Chun

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CHAPTER 4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

4.1 Mechanical Ventilation System

Mechanical ventilation in a building is to promote fresh air into building and remove any latent heat

by means of mechanical devices to control the indoor air quality, odours, humidity and

contaminants accumulated inside a building. The main function of mechanical ventilation is to

expel stale air containing water vapour, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants and

replace by drawing in air from the outside, presumably contains less pollutants and water vapour

and also circulate the air throughout the building.

Mechanical ventilation is important as:

1. It controls indoor air humidity and ensure comfort.

2. It prevent heat concentration from machinery, lighting and people.

3. It preserves the oxygen content and removes carbon dioxide.

4. It prevent condensation.

5. It disperse the concentration of bacteria.

6. It helps in dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smoke, dust gases and body odours.

7. It provides constant fresh air.

8. It act as an alternative to natural ventilation.

There are three types of ventilation:

4.1.1 Supply Ventilation System

In supply ventilation system, outside air is provided by mechanical means in order to

maintain positive air pressure and then extracted naturally. This system is usually used in boiler

plants and factories.

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Figure 4.1.1.1

4.1.2 Balanced / Combined Ventilation System

In balanced / combined ventilation system, it consist of both supply and exhaust ventilation

system where a slight pressurisation of the air inside the building is achieved by using an extract fan

smaller than inlet fan to prevent dust, draughts and noise. This system is usually found in sports

centre, cinema or kitchen.

Figure 4.1.2.1

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4.1.3 Exhaust Ventilation System

In exhaust ventilation system, the fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side, and cause

the air inside the room to remove towards the fan and the air is displaced by fresh air from outside

the room. This system is usually used in kitchen, toilets or bathrooms.

Figure 4.1.3.1

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4.1.4 Comparisons of Supply, Balanced / Combined, and Exhaust Ventilation Systems

Ventilation System Advantages Disadvantages

Supply Ventilation System

1. Simple and not costly to install. 2. Allows better control of air entering the house. 3. Minimise outdoor pollutants in the internal living space as incoming air can be filtered.

1. Can cause moisture problem in the cold area.

2. Does not Remove moist from incoming air.

Balanced / Combined Ventilation System

1. No pressurisation in internal spaces.

2. Allows the use of filters to remove dust and water vapour from outside air.

3. Appropriate in all climates. 4. Quantity of stale air and

fresh air extracted are the same.

1. Expensive Installation as it requires two sets of ductworks and fans.

Exhaust Ventilation System

1. Appropriate in cold climates.

2. Prevent moisture into the internal spaces.

3. Simple and easy to install.

1. Can draw in pollutants into internal spaces.

2. Cause noises.

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4.2 Air Conditioning System

4.2.1 Window Air-Conditioning System

Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest type of air

conditioners. To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the wall, and there

should also be some open space behind the wall. Window air-conditioner units are a reliable and

simple-to-install solution to keep a room cool while avoiding the costly construction of a central air

system. Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these units can be easily removed for storage,

and you can use the windowsill for other purposes.

Figure 4.2.1.1 Air flow in Window Air Conditioner

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Figure 4.2.1.2 Window Air Conditioner Air Flow

Figure 4.2.1.3 Window Air Conditioner

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Figure 4.2.1.4 Window Air Conditioner view from the outside

These types of air conditioner are designed to be fitted in window sills. A single unit

of Window Air Conditioner houses all the necessary components, namely the compressor,

condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil enclosed in a single box.

Since a window air conditioner is a single unit, it takes less effort to install as well as for

maintenance. This is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms.

4.2.2 Centralised Air-Conditioning System

Figure 4.2.2.1 Definition of Centralised Air-Conditioning System

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Centralised Air-Conditioning System are used when large buildings, hotels, theatres,

airports, shopping malls, etc are to be air conditioned completely. If the whole building is to

be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that putting individual units in each of the rooms is

very expensive making this a better option. A central air conditioning system is comprised of

a huge compressor that has the capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning.

The window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small office

spaces. If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically viable to put window or

split air conditioner in each and every room. Further, theses mall units cannot satisfactorily

cool the large halls, auditoriums, receptions areas etc. Central air conditioner unit is an

energy moving or converted machines that are designed to cool or heat the entire house. It

does not create heat or cool. It just removes heat from one area, where it is undesirable, to an

area where it is less significant.

Central air conditions has a centralise duct system. It uses Ac refrigerant (we may

know it as Freon) as a substance to absorb the heat from indoor evaporator coils and rejects

that heat to outdoor condenser coils or vice verse.

Figure 4.2.2.2 Centralised Air Conditioner usually is placed on a roof or on the ground.

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Figure 4.2.2.3 The photo shows the air conditioner mounted to the ceiling.

Figure 4.2.2.4 The main unit is located outdoor.

4.2.3 Packaged Unit Air-Conditioning System

The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air conditioning

capacities up to 5 tons. The central air conditioning systems are used for where the cooling

loads extend beyond 20 tons. The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling

capacities in between these two extremes. The packaged air conditioners are available in the

fixed rated capacities of 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 tons. These units are used commonly in places

like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc.

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Figure 4.2.3.1 Flow Digram of Packaged Unit Air-Conditioning System.

Figure 4.2.3.2 The photo shows the air conditioner located on the ground.

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4.3 Fire Protection System

4.3.1 Introduction

Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of

potentially destructive fires. It involves the study of the behaviour, compartmentalisation,

suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the research and

development, production, testing and application of mitigating systems. In structures, be they land-

based, offshore or even ships, the owners and operators are responsible to maintain their facilities in

accordance with a design-basis that is rooted in laws, including the local building code and fire

code, which are enforced by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Buildings must be constructed in

accordance with the version of the building code that is in effect when an application for a building

permit is made. Building inspectors check on compliance of a building under construction with the

building code. Once construction is complete, a building must be maintained in accordance with the

current fire code, which is enforced by the fire prevention officers of a local fire department. In the

event of fire emergencies, Firefighters, fire investigators, and other fire prevention personnel called

to mitigate, investigate and learn from the damage of a fire. Lessons learned from fires are applied

to the authoring of both building codes and fire codes.

Fire Protection System is categorised into two classifications: Active Fire Protection System

and Passive fire Protection System. Active Fire Protection (AFP) is an integral part

of fire protection. AFP is characterised by items or systems, which require a certain amount of

motion and response in order to work, contrary to passive fire protection. Passive Fire Protection

(PFP) is an integral component of the three components of structural fire protection and fire safety

in a building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls,

floors, and doors. PFP systems must comply with the associated Listing and approval use and

compliance in order to provide the effectiveness expected by building codes.

4.3.2 Active Fire Protection System

There are different categories and types in active fire protection system, including Fire Sprinkler

System, Hose Reel System, Water Riser System, Fire Alarm System, Fire Suppression System, and

Fire Extinguisher System. Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !18

A. Fire Sprinkler System

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply

system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system,

onto which fire sprinklers are connected.

B. Hose Reel System

Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located

strategically in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire. The system is

manually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow into the hose

that is typically 30 meters away.

C. Water Riser System

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Water riser system includes dry riser system and wet riser system. Dry fire main water

supply pipe installed in a building for fire-fighting purposes, fitted with inlet connections at

fire service access level and landing valves at specified points, which is normally dry but is

capable of being charged with water usually by pumping from fire and rescue service

appliances. Wet fire main water supply pipe installed in a building for fire-fighting purposes

and permanently charged with water from a pressurised supply, and fitted with landing

valves at specified points.

D. Fire Alarm System

A fire alarm system is number of devices working together to detect and warn people

through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other

emergencies are present. Fire detection devices include Heat detector, smoke detector, and

manual pull stations. Fire Alarm System are completed by having Fire detectors, Fire Alarm

Control Panel and Fire Alarm Bell working together. There are two types of fire alarm

systems, which is one-stage alarm system and two-stage alarm system.

E. Fire Suppression System

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Fire suppression system is used to protect special hazard or sensitive areas, like bank and

computer rooms. Fire Suppression System includes Carbon dioxide systems, dry chemical

agents and application system, and Aragonite, which are environmental friendly clean

agents.

F. Fire Extinguisher System

A fire extinguisher, or extinguisher, is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or

control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-

control fire, such as one, which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user, or otherwise

requires the expertise of a fire department. There are different types of fire extinguisher for

different types of fire, including water, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide, and wet chemical

fire extinguisher.

4.3.3 Passive Fire Protection System

A. Emergency Exit Signage

Source: http://www.kumpulanprotection.com

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Emergency exit signage is a sign reading “Keluar” with an arrow indicating the nearest exit. It is

installed with emergency light within the sign to provide enough illumination for safe and efficient

evacuation of the premises.

B. Emergency Light

Source: http://alarmtradersdirect.co.uk

An emergency light includes a battery as a backup power source that is continuously charged.

Emergency lights can tell when the power has failed and immediately switch to using the back up

battery. Emergency lights are standard in new commercial and high occupancy residential buildings.

C. Emergency Evacuation Map

Source: https://www.precisionfloorplan.com

A emergency evacuation map shows the possible evacuation routes in the building. It is color-coded

and uses arrows to indicate the designated exit. It is a visual guide for the occupants to choose the

right path to safety.

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D. Fire Staircase

Source: http://www.storplan.co.uk/services

A fire staircase is an emergency exit, usually located at the back of the building separated by fire

resistant walls. It provides a method of escape in the event of fire or other emergency that makes the

stairwells inside a building inaccessible. There should be no inhibition objects along the stairwell.

E. Fire Rated Wall

Source: http://evstudio.com

A firewall is a resistant barrier used to preclude the spread of fire for a rated period of time.

Firewalls are built between or through buildings and structures. They are used to subdivide a

building into separate fire areas. It is typically made of drywall or gypsum board partitions with

wood or metal-framed studs.

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F. Fire Rated Door

Source: http://www.naffco.com

A fire door is a fire-resistance rating door. It is used as part of a passive fire protection system to

reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments to enable safe egress from a

building or structure. All fire door must be installed with appropriately fire resistant fittings, such as

the frame and door hardware, for it to fully comply with any fire regulations. Fire doors are built

along the escape routes and fire escape stairs corridors to ensure safety upon escaping.

G. Fire Rated Roller Shutter

Source: http://www.teckentrup.co.uk

Fire shutters are usually used as part of an overall fire strategy in a building used in conjunction

with other systems to control fire such as sprinklers. The role of the fire shutter is to

compartmentalise a building to prevent the fire from spreading rapidly, allowing safe evacuation.

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H. Compartmentation

Source: http://changmuns.blogspot.my

Compartmentation is the idea of dividing a structure into “fire compartments”, which may contain

single or multiple rooms for the purpose of limiting the spread of fire, smoke and gases. According

to UBBL, all fire risk area should be allocated evenly separately for the building to reduce fire

spreading from one point to another. UBBL stated that laundries, rooms with hazardous materials,

storage area, transformer rooms shall be separated from other area of occupancy, which are located

by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of FRP to be determined by local authority

based on the degree of hazard.

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4.4 Mechanical Transportation System

Mechanical Transportation System is an advance automatic vertical and horizontal

transportation tools to travel goods and humans between floors to get to the designated level with

ease.

In a building with more than four levels, mechanical transportation system should be

installed such as the elevator or escalator because these transportation systems saves time, energy

consumption of building while ensuring a smooth and ease congestion on circulation of human and

goods between transportation and transition between floors. The mechanical transportation system

is also a need for the elderlies or the disabled as they have impaired mobility to be able to travel

around in the building.

Zoning of the transportation system is required for high rise building to efficiently reduce

waiting time of users and travel distance after taking the transportation system to designated floor

area. As for mid-rise building, zoning is not required as the area of the building is not as big as high

rise building, therefore waiting time and travelling time are not as hectic which wouldn’t effect

internal building circulation. Other than zoning, efficiency of the transportation system also depends

on the speed and capacity of the transportation system, while different type of transportation system

has different function and must be considered carefully before selecting and installing the particular

transportation system to maximise usage and efficiency. Degree of noise and accuracy of floor

levelling will also affect the quality of ride in the transportation system.

As for this project, the mechanical transportation system applied in the Elderly Centre is

only the elevator, while there are other types of transportation system as well such as the escalator

and travelator.

Elevator:

A type of vertical transportation system that travels goods or people between floor levels of a

building.

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Escalator:

A moving staircase consisting of an endlessly circulating belt of steps driven by a motor, conveying

people between the floors of a public building.

Travelator:

A type of horizontal transportation system that travels goods or people on the same floor . This

system only applies on short to medium distance.

4.4.1 Elevator

An elevator is a vertical transportation system, which is an apparatus for raising and

lowering people or goods to different floors of the building. In commercial buildings, it is definite

to have vertical transportation requirements because the arrival and departure of the occupants are

usually concentrated within certain period of the day. In accordance to the By-Law 124 of UBBL

1984, an elevator shall be provided for non-residential building which exceeds 4 storeys above or

below main entrance. It is also essential in building less than 4 storeys if access for elderly or

disabled is required. There are a few factors affecting the installation of the elevators to achieve

highest usage efficiency, such as the position of the elevator, speed of the elevator as well as the

type of it. Most commonly, the elevator are to be positioned at location where it is providing the

easiest access for all building users with a maximum walking distance of 45m to the lift lobby. As

for the number of elevator is normally determined by the population of the building, type of

occupancy, numbers of floors and height as well as the initial and maintenance cost.

UBBL SECTION 124 – Lift

For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least

one lift shall be provided.

Elevators can be classified into 4 different hoists Mechanism:

Traction Elevator Hydraulic Elevator Climbing Elevator Pneumatic Elevator

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As for Traction Elevator, it is divided into another two divisions: Machine Room Traction

Elevator and Machine Room-less Elevator. While for Hydraulic Elevator is divided into three

divisions: Holed Hydraulic, Hole-less Hydraulic and Roped Hydraulic.

4.4.1.1 Traction elevators

Traction Elevators are the most common type of elevators. Elevator cars are pulled up by

means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley commonly called a sheave in the industry.

The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight so that the motor doesn’t have to move as

much weight.

Motor Room Traction Elevator: Geared Traction elevator

Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. As the name implies, the

electric motor in this design drives a worm-and-gear-type reduction unit, which turns the hoisting

sheave. While the lift rates are slower than in a typical gear less elevator, the gear reduction offers

the advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the sheave. These elevators typically

operate at speeds from 38 to 152 meters (125-500 ft) per minute and carry loads of up to 13,600

kilograms (30,000 lb). An electrically controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit

stops the elevator, holding the car at the desired floor level

Figure 4.4.1.1.1 Geared Traction Elevator

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Motor Room Traction Elevator: Gear-less Traction Elevator

Gear-less traction machines are low in speed (low-RPM), high-torque electric motors

powered by either AC or DC. The traction sheave is connected directly to the shaft of the traction

motor, and the motor rotation is transmitted directly to the traction sheave without any intermediate

gearing. Gear-less Traction Elevator can reach up to 20 m/s (4000 ft/min) in speed.

Figure 4.4.1.1.2 Gear-less Traction Elevator

Machine Room-less Traction Elevator

Machine room less elevators do not have a fixed machine room on the top of the hoist way,

instead the traction hoisting machine is installed either on the top side wall of the hoist way or on

the bottom of the hoist way. The motor is installed using a permanent magnet which "sticks" the

motor permanently and work with Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) drive. Some of the

hoisting machines are using gear-less synchronous motors instead conventional induction motors.

This design eliminates the need of a fixed machine room and thus saves much building's space.

Almost all the traction MRL elevators are gear-less traction.

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Figure 4.4.1.1.3

4.4.1.2 Hydraulic Elevators

Hydraulic elevators are elevators which are powered by a piston that travels inside a

cylinder. An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder to move the piston. The piston

smoothly lifts the elevator cab. Electrical valves control the release of the oil for a gentle descent.

Hydraulic elevators are used extensively in buildings up to five or six stories high. Sometimes, but

rarely, up to 8 stories high. These elevators, which can operate at speeds up to 61 meters (200 ft) per

minute, do not use the large overhead hoisting machinery the way geared and gear-less traction

systems do.

Holed Hydraulic Elevator

With holed hydraulic systems, the elevator car is mounted on a piston that travels inside a

cylinder. The cylinder extends into the ground to a depth equal to the height the elevator will raise.

As hydraulic fluid is pumped into the cylinder through a valve, the car rises. As the fluid returns to

the reservoir, the car descends.

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Figure 4.4.1.2.1 Holed Hydraulic Elevator

Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator

Hole-less hydraulic consists of pistons mounted inside the hoist way to raise and lower the

car. This is especially a solution for buildings built in bedrock, a high water table or unstable soil

conditions locations that can make digging the hole required for a conventional hydraulic elevator

impractical. Hole-less hydraulic systems use a direct-acting piston to raise the car.

Figure 4.4.1.2.2 Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator

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Roped Hydraulic Elevator

Roped hydraulic elevator extends the rise of the hole less elevator to 18 meters (60 ft.),

without the need for a below ground cylinder. Roped hydraulic elevator systems have the piston

attached to a sheave which has a rope passing through it. One end is attached to the car while the

other is secured at the bottom of the hoist way. Also, roped hydraulic systems require a governor

because the rope is holding the car up, as it still has a risk when the rope broke.

Figure 4.4.1.2.3 Roped Hydraulic Elevator

Climbing Elevator

A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be

done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers,

in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for

maintenance. It is used mostly in construction site.

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Figure 4.4.1.2.4 Climbing Elevator

Pneumatic Elevator

It is a self-supporting vacuum elevator; a light and resistant structure built with aluminium

and polycarbonate. By simple principles of physics; the difference in air pressure above and beneath

the vacuum elevator cab literally transports you by air. It is the vacuum pumps or turbines that pull

you up to the next Floor and the slow release of air pressure that floats you down. Pneumatic

Vacuum Elevators are easier to install, maintain, and operate than traditional elevators. They are

especially ideal for existing homes due to their compact design because excavating a pit and hoist

way is not required. Air pressure above and beneath the elevator cab are the key to transporting. The

reliability and safety of these vacuum elevators are unsurpassed due to the physics behind the

design; it is virtually impossible to get stuck between floors, or free-fall.

Figure 4.4.1.2.5 Pneumatic Elevator

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CHAPTER 5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

5.1 Introduction

The building chosen is a community centre of 2 floors, which consists of individual rooms

that are organised and clustered into 3 units to serve different purposes. Due to its spatial planning,

having separated room units, each of members has their own ventilation system installed. The

climate condition of the site caused the inlet and outlet of natural ventilation to be restricted.

Therefore, mechanical ventilation system has an important role in keeping the interior atmosphere

of the building comfortable for the user.

Types of mechanical ventilation system applied consists of below:

Exhaust Ventilation System

a. Exhaust air grille / fan

b. Elevator Shaft Exhaust Fan

Balanced Ventilation System

a. Supply and Exhaust Fan

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5.2 Spot Ventilation - Exhaust Ventilation System

5.2.1 Exhaust air grille / fan

In the building chosen, it is a community centre that host 10 room units. The spaces are

arranged in clustered form but due to the climatic condition and skyline of the site, amount and

sizes of openings and fenestrations to be located are limited and are not able to operate for long.

Prior to this issue, exhaust ventilation system is applied to the room units needed to provide and

ensure quality of internal air for the user. A more complex exhaust system is used in toilet in order

to remove stale air produced.

Location:

Figure 5.2.1.1 The figure above shows the floor plan drawings of the community centre. The

highlighted area in blue is where the system is applied.

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Utilities Room Exhaust System

The exhaust ventilation system here works by depressurising the spaces highlighted above. By

decreasing the internal air pressure until it is below the external pressure, extraction of internal air

from the space is done while allowing air infiltration through intentional vents and leaks in the

building shell.

As the air condition of the site is always hot and humid, the exhaust ventilation system aids to

remove the air out from the interior of respective spaces that are dependant on natural ventilation

for the inlet.

In the toilet, the atmosphere is generally more humid compare to other spaces due to the escape

of water vapour. Thus, the function of the ventilation system here is to eliminate the water vapour

and reduce the humidity. It is to prevent the condensation of bacteria for the safety of the user and

also to provide a pleasant environment in the space.

Whereas in spaces that are dependant on Air Conditioning System, the atmosphere is usually less

humid compare to the others. Hence, the purpose of the exhaust ventilation in this space is to

maintain the adequate humidity and the internal temperature. It is also to remove the heat generated

from the machinery out of the room through exhaust fan.

5.2.2 Elevator Shaft Exhaust Fan

In the community centre, an elevator is located to ease the accessibility of the user to the upper

floor. It connects the x to x. Due to the enclosed space form, hot and humid air are easily trapped in

the zone. Therefore, the task of the system here is to generate a wide or even circulation of air and

to ensure minimum accumulation of air in the space.

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Location:

Figure 5.2.2.1 The figure above shows the floor plan drawings of the community centre. The

highlighted area in green is where the system is applied.

5.3 Spot Ventilation - Balanced Ventilation System

5.3.1 Supply and Exhaust fan

In the building chosen, a kitchen is placed within the Café to serve the space due to the function

of it as a community centre. Due to the objective of a kitchen, less opening is provided to the space

to ensure its privacy. But as it acts as a room where user spend most time there and pollutants are

most often produced, balanced ventilation system is applied in the space to provide and ensure the

quality of air for the user.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !37

Location:

Figure 5.3.1.1 The figure above shows the floor plan drawings of the community centre. The

highlighted area in red is where the system is applied.

The ventilation system work by introducing and extracting approximately equal quantities of

external air and polluted internal air, respectively. It does not temper or remove moisture from the

air before it enters the interior of the space. Whereas, it eliminates dust and pollen from external air

before inserting it into the space.

In a kitchen, the space is consistently is hot and humid condition and pollutants are generated

due to the activities carried out and the machinery in the interior. Thus, the system is applied here to

remove stale air and heat generated to create an appropriate environment for the user. Two fans and

two duct systems is used where one is for the fresh air supply and another one is for the extraction

of stale air.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !38

5.4 Components

5.4.1 Fan

Fan serves the function of removing hot, humid polluted air. It is often used to introduce external

fresh air into the space to encourage ventilation and reduce the temperature of the space in the

building. It is one of the important components participate in a mechanical ventilation system in

order to complete the air circulation cycle of the ventilation system.

A. Exhaust Fan

Figure 5.4.1.1 The photo above shows an exhaust fan.

Source: http://www.anchor-world.com/panasonic/ventilation.html

It is installed in spaces where openings or fenestrations cannot be operated for long period of time.

It is tasked to remove hot or stale air and also to create an even air circulation.

Fan Diffuser Ductwork

Propeller Fan Door with Grille Air Outlet Galvanised Steel Duct

Single Grille Air Outlet

Ceiling Air Diffuser

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !39

B. Surface Mounted Fan

Figure 5.4.1.2 The photo above shows a surface mounted fan.

Source: http://www.homedepot.com/p/Hampton-Bay-140-CFM-Ceiling-Exhaust-Bath-Fan-

BPT18-54A-1/203043909

It is located in the toilet to remove water vapour, polluted air and odour generated. It is also to

ensure optimum humidity of space.

C. Elevator Blower Fan

Figure 5.4.1.3 The photo shows an elevator blower fan.

Source: http://grandfans.en.hisupplier.com/product-1492574-Elevator-Fan-manufacturer-in-

china.html

It regulates the air circulation in the elevator shaft and to eliminate hot air.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !40

5.4.2 Diffuser

A diffuser is a mechanical device that usually placed at the end of a ductwork system, where the

removed air is released. It is an outlet used for release of air from the connecting ductwork. They

come in different sizes and shapes, which serve different function depending on the purpose of the

space and the activities carried out by the user.

A. Door with Grille Air Outlet

Figure x: The photo shows an grille air outlet.

Source: http://simx.co.nz/categories/duct-and-grilles/grilles-and-diffusers

Figure x: The photo shows a door with installation of grille air outlet.

Source: http://www.stainoestaino.it/en/installation-of-a-ventilation-grille-on-a-master-door/

It is installed to prevent the accumulation of air in the storage room, thus to achieve optimum

temperature.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !41

B. Single Grille Air Outlet

Figure x: The photo shows a single grille air outlet.

Source: https://descair.ca/en/product-catalog/ventilation/grilles-et-registres/

It is installed on the façade of mechanical and electrical room to prevent internal heat gain.

C. Ceiling Air Diffuser

Figure x: The photo shows a ceiling air diffuser.

Source: http://www.hartandcooley.com/products/ars/aluminum-louvered-ceiling-diffuser-beveled-

margin

It works to supply chilled air into the meeting room.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !42

5.4.3 Diffuser

The ductwork system serves the purpose of channeling air into a room or eliminates air out

of the room. Its components some in different shape and size, which affects the sustainability as

well as the efficiency of the installed system. They are generally made of aluminium, copper and

galvanised materials. It is usually connected to the central supply fan or central exhaust fan of the

mechanical ventilation system.

A. Galvanised Steel Duct

Figure x: The photo shows a galvanised steel round duct elbow.

Source: https://www.lowes.com/pl/3-Pelletvent-Imperial/4294859866?page=5

It channels the stale air, grease and heat from the kitchen to external spaces.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !43

5.4.4 Matrix Diagram

UBBL Section 41 Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning

1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation is intended, the relevant building bylaws relating to

natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the

local authority.

2. The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By- Laws shall apply to the buildings which are

mechanically ventilated or air- conditioned.

3. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or

corridors is provided for a maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Thirds

Schedule to these By Laws, the provisions of these By Laws relating to the natural ventilation

and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !44

CHAPTER 6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

6.1 Introduction

Elderly Care Centre is separated into three compartment, it consists of 2 storeys of

retails, office suites, café, meditation room and etc. The building is air conditioned by Multi

Split Air-Conditioning System. Multi-splits are multiple split ACs connected to one outdoor

unit. The indoor units can be used individually or at the same time as needed if this is

supported. If both the units are used then the capacity of the ACs will be divided. The fan

and condenser of the outdoor unit will be controlled based on the signals from indoor units.

Split air conditioners are used for small rooms and halls, usually in places where window air

conditioners cannot be installed.

Reasons that Elderly Care Centre chose this system are because multi split air

conditioners are more efficient than room air conditioners. In addition, they saves

installation space, can be used individually or simultaneously, and convenient to operate. To

save energy and running costs, reduce split air conditioner's energy use, to avoid pollution to

the air, so that’s its environment friendly and compact design. Enables indoor units of

different styles and capacities in one system for customised solutions unique to each

residential setting.

A major advantage of a multi-split air conditioning system over a split air

conditioner is the option to add up to four indoor air outlet units to a single outdoor

compressor. With a split air conditioning unit, the system is comprised of one compressor

and one air outlet unit.

With a multi-split system, there is no need for ductwork. It is a complete system

designed specifically for individual interior areas. This is a significant advantage over other

systems since you do not have to factor in the cost for ductwork materials and installation.

Unlike a conventional system that works off one thermostat to control temperatures, a multi-

split system provides individual control of each room’s temperatures. This gives an

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !45

opportunity to regulate the temperature in each room according to personal preference,

providing additional money saving advantage as can heat or cool only those rooms are using

versus the entire house.

Multi-split systems are designed with interior compatibility in mind. The air outlet

that disperses the air is relatively small, aesthetically pleasing to the eye, and can be easily

installed flush against a wall, can mix and match the different style air outlets.

Multi-split systems are flexible and easy to install, requiring less labour than

traditional systems. They are also cost effective when compared to central air systems

although they are typically more expensive than a window or through-the-wall air

conditioner.

6.2 Ductless Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) System

The split air conditioning system adopted in Elderly Care Centre is designed to

operate by HVAC. Multi split-system air-conditioners have numerous potential applications

in residential, commercial, and institutional buildings. The most common applications are in

multifamily housing or as retrofit add-ons to houses with "non-ducted" heating systems,

such as hydronic, radiant panels, and space.

Like central systems, multi splits have two main components: an outdoor

compressor/condenser, and an indoor air-handling unit. A conduit, which houses the power

cable, refrigerant tubing, suction tubing, and a condensate drain, links the outdoor and

indoor units.This is to allow the building owners have more control over the heating or

cooling units.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !46

A Ductless Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) System are also often

easier to install than other types of space conditioning systems. Since multi splits have no

ducts, they avoid the energy losses associated with ductwork of central forced air systems.

Duct losses can account for more than 30% of energy consumption for space conditioning,

especially if the ducts are in an unconditioned space such as an attic.

The HVAC system is adopted because efficient operation of building system, and

reduction in energy consumption and operating costs, and improve life cycle of utilities as

compared to traditional air conditioning system. Compared with other add-on systems, multi

splits offer more flexibility in interior design options. Many also offer a remote control to

make it easier to turn the system on and off when it's positioned high on a wall or suspended

from a ceiling. Split-systems can also help to keep centre safer, because there is only a small

hole in the wall. Through-the-wall and window mounted room air-conditioners can provide

an easy entrance for intruders. Thus, It is suitable for the Elderly Care Centre.

Figure 6.2.1 Ductless Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning System

6.3 Split Air-Conditioning System

The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The

outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and

expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !47

fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room. Further, the

present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the room. The split air

conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

Figure 6.3.1 Schematic Diagram of Split Air-Conditioning System

Figure 6.3.2 Parts of Split Air Conditioning System

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !48

These are kits of 2 units, one internal and another external. The indoor unit installed

inside a room intakes warm air and throws in cold air. The outdoor unit on the other hand is

installed out of the house. It contains the compressor and is linked to the internal unit via

drain pipes and electric cables. This external unit throws out the warm air.

Split air conditioners are used for small rooms and halls, usually in places where

window air conditioners cannot be installed. However, these days many people prefer split

air conditioner units even for places where window air conditioners can be fitted. The split

air conditioner takes up a very small space of your room, looks aesthetically cool and makes

very little noise. It has a coil and fan inside the room and the nosier components ( the

compressor, fan and condenser) are on the outside.

Split air conditioners are slightly more expansive to buy and install, but they are

much quitter on the inside, more versatile than conventional types, and if you need air

conditioning in more than one room, some models have an outside unit that can supply two

or more fan/coils units on the inside.

6.3.1 Advantages of Split Air-Conditioning System

- Internal unit takes up less space for installation.

- Usually more silent than window ACs.

- Minimally affect your home décor.

- Can be installed in room with no windows.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !49

Figure 6.3.1.1 Split Air-Conditioner General Installation

There are two main parts of the split air conditioner. These are:

Figure 6.3.1.2 Outdoor Unit

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !50

A. Outdoor Unit

This unit houses important components of the air conditioner like the compressor, condenser

coil and also the expansion coil or capillary tubing. This unit is installed outside the room or office

space which is to be cooled. The compressor is the maximum noise making part of the air

conditioner, and since in the split air conditioner, it is located outside the room, the major source of

noise is eliminated. In the outdoor unit there is a fan that blows air over the condenser thus cooling

the compressed Freon gas in it. This gas passes through the expansion coil and gets converted into

low pressure, low temperature partial gas and partial liquid Freon fluid.

Figure 6.3.1.3 Indoor Unit

B. Indoor Unit

It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room or the office. This is a

beautiful looking tall unit usually white in colour, though these days a number of stylish models of

the indoor unit are being launched. The indoor unit houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a

long blower and the filter. After passing from the expansion coil, the chilled Freon fluid enters the

cooling coil. The blower sucks the hot, humid and filtered air from the room and it blows it over the

cooling coil. As the air passes over cooling coil its temperature reduces drastically and also loses the

excess moisture. The cool and dry air enters the room and maintains comfortable conditions of

around 25-27 degree Celsius as per the requirements.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !51

6.3.2 Difference between Split and Multi Split Air Conditioning System

Figure 6.3.2.1 Split Air-Conditioning System

Split

• Connects one indoor unit to an outdoor unit.

• Installs simply and unobtrusively to buildings with no need for ductwork.

• Delivers a sophisticated air conditioning solution to single zone interior spaces at an

affordable price.

• Provides a simple solution for one-room additions.

Figure 6.3.2.2 Multi Split Air-Conditioning System

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !52

Multi-split

• Connects up to five indoor units to a single outdoor unit.

• Installs a complete air conditioning system to multiple zone interior spaces with no need

for ductwork.

• Provides individual control of room temperature settings.

• Enables indoor units of different styles and capacities in one system for customised

solutions unique to each residential setting.

6.3.3 Type of Split Air-Conditioning System

1. Wall mounted

2. Floor mounted / Tower Air-Conditioner

3. Ceiling mounted / Cassette Air-Conditioner

4. Multi Split Air-Conditioner System

Figure 6.3.3.1

Wall mounted

Wall mounted split ACs unit is placed in the room and duct cannot be concealed.

It is generally for small rooms which can be cooled uniformly easily. These are also known

as floor-standing air conditioners. Tower air conditioners usually have high cooling capacity

and suitable for very large rooms. These are useful in rooms where you cannot mount the

AC in your wall.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !53

Figure 6.3.3.2

Ceiling mounted / Cassette Air-Conditioner

These space-saving ACs are shaped like cassettes and are designed to be installed on

ceilings. The panel of these air conditioners is designed to blend with all kinds of home

décor. They are stylish, and are known to deliver fantastic performances. Most cassette type

air conditioners require no ducting.

Figure 6.3.3.3

Multi Split Air-Conditioning System

Multi-splits are multiple split ACs connected to one outdoor unit. The indoor units can be

used individually or at the same time as needed if this is supported. If both the units are used

then the capacity of the ACs will be divided. The fan and condenser of the outdoor unit will

be controlled based on the signals from indoor units.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !54

6.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Multi Split Air-Conditioning System

Advantages

- Saves installation space

- Can be used individually or simultaneously

- Independent control

- Compact Design

- Good EER

- Saves on running costs

- Convenient and economical

Disadvantages

- Expensive compared to a single unit split AC

- Limited range of capacities and models

- More prone to leakage as number of indoor units increases

6.3.5 Refrigeration Cycle

Figure 6.3.5.1 Schematic Diagram shows the Refrigerant Cycle.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !55

Principle of Refrigeration

- The liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas

- Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.

For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used

repeatedly. For this reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation,

expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from

one area, to cool this area, and to expel this heat in another area.

The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then

moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas. The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the

gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air.

The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the

flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.The low-pressure liquid

then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a

liquid to a gas.

As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is

repeated.

6.4 COMPONENTS

Figure 6.4.1 Schematic Diagram shows the Refrigerant Cycle

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !56

Figure 6.4.2 Parts of the Air-Conditioner

Figure 6.4.3 Compressor

A. Compressor

- This component is the heart of the system.

- Pumps refrigerant and oil throughout system.

- Separates the high pressure side of the system from the low pressure side.

- If compressor fails, no cooling is possible.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !57

Figure 6.4.4 Condenser coil

B. Condenser Oil

- Condenser coil is what gets rid of the heat in the system.

- Can be water or air cooled, however most are air cooled in retail application.

- Located outdoors (air cooled).

- Fins on coil are subject to corrosion in salt water environment.

- Special coatings can be applied.

- Fins are subject to damage from hail.

- Traps dirt and requires periodic cleanings.

Figure 6.4.5 Evaporator Coil

C. Evaporator Coil

- Provides cold air to the space.

- Located after the system air filters.

- Return air is blown over the coil and chilled. Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !58

- Removes moisture from air (condensate).

- Traps dirt that gets past air filters, reducing cooling capacity (95% is bacterial).

- Requires periodic chemical cleaning.

Figure 6.4.6 Condenser Fan Motor

D. Condenser Fan Motor

- Evaporator fan motor

- Located behind condenser coil.

- Draws ambient air across condenser coil.

- System may have up to 4 or more motors based on system capacity.

- Motors are direct drive with fan blades attached.

- Requires little if any maintenance (sealed bearings).

Figure 6.4.7 Thermostatic Expansion Valve

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !59

E. Thermostatic Expansion Valve

- Located at the evaporator coil.

- Provides the correct amount of refrigerant to the evaporator coil for proper cooling.

- Separates the high pressure side of the system from the low pressure side.

- Failure could cause compressor failure and loss of system cooling capacity.

- Frequently overlooked in diagnosing system problems.

- Requires manual setting of superheat for proper operation.

Figure 6.4.8 Evaporator Blower Assembly

F. Evaporator Blower Assembly consists of :

- Blower motor

- Pulleys and fan belts

- Bearings

- Fan shaft

- Fan wheels

- Housings

- Can be located indoors or outdoors

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !60

UBBL requirements or related regulations

41. Mechanicals ventilation and air-conditioning.

(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building

by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the

discretion of the local authority.

(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to

the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating

the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing,

not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the

enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are

mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or

corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule

to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting

shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !61

CHAPTER 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

7.1 Introduction

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,

releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fires start when a flammable or a combustible

material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of an oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another

oxygen-rich compound (though non-oxygen oxidisers exist), is exposed to a source of heat or

ambient temperature above the flash point for the fuel/oxidiser mix, and is able to sustain a rate of

rapid oxidation that produces a chain reaction.

7.1.1 Fire Protection System Overview

Elderly Centre is sitting in a bungalow lot in a housing area. The cafeteria and kitchen of the elderly

centre poses the highest risk for fire, so more attention is given on the particular clustered building,

with appliance of a better fire protection system.

7.2 Passive Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that remains dormant, or

inert, during normal conditions but becomes active in a fire situation. Passive Fire Protection

System is the use of fire barrier systems that are integrated into the structure of a building, which is

designed to contain fires or slow their spread. The purpose of PFP is to contain the spread of fire for

sufficient time to permit:

i) The safe evacuation of all occupants of the premises and

ii) The arrival of the fire brigade.

The person responsible for fire safety also has a duty of care towards any members of the

emergency services, e.g. fire fighters, who may have to enter the premises during the course of a

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !62

fire; in slowing the spread of flames, smoke and hot gases, PFP also serves to ensure the building

remains as safe as possible for entry in this situation.

7.1.1 Emergency Exit Signage

Figure 7.1.1.1 Emergency exit sign above escape door

The emergency exit signage is found above the fire rated door at the back of each emergency exits.

The sign directs occupants to a shortcut or an alley, where fireman can access for search and rescue.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 172: Emergency Exit Signs

(1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be

obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

(2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every

location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

(3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150

millimetres high with principle strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering

shall be in red against a black background.

(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts

each.

7.1.2 Emergency Light

Emergency light functions automatically during power failure due to fire, it is fitted with

charged battery to illuminate along exit access pathways leading to exits, exit stairs, aisles, Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !63

corridors, ramps, and at the exit discharge pathways that lead to a public way. The level of

illumination and quality and consistency of emergency illumination are important for the building

occupants’ safety during fire escape.

Figure x: Emergency Lights illuminating along the pathway

7.1.3 Fire Evacuation Route

One of the most crucial aspects in passive fire protection is the design of the building. Fire

staircases should be located at the back of a building. In case of fire, occupants can choose the

fastest and safest exit to the main road. The fire engines and fire personnel are also able to access

through the back alley.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !64

The exits are all directed to the back alley or the corridor in front, which is open space. The

passage way is protected from fire and smoke. The width of the escape path is not reduced to

prevent clogging of human traffic during escape.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 169: Exit route.

No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from safety exit to final exit.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 178: Exits for Institutional and other places of assembly

In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space,

together with staircases, corridors and passage leading to such exits shall be located, separated or

protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from the fire

originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

7.1.4 Fire Staircase

Fire Staircases are vertical escape component of evacuation route, easily accessible from the

inside and outside of the building. It is designed for emergency escapes while also allowing firemen

to enter the building in an event of fire; it is often wide enough to allow for safe and quick escape.

In the case of this building, 2 fire staircases are provided; one at the front building dining area and

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !65

another one at the back building. This allows the users to escape quickly and safely during the case

of emergency.

Figure 7.1.4.1 Ground floor and First floor plan fire escape staircases.

The design of the fire escape staircases is to be well ventilated and illuminated by natural

lighting during the day to save energy cost. The front staircases should be covered with anti-slip

ceramic tiles while the back staircase are cement rendered and are rarely used by the occupants but

both of the staircases plays an important role in the event of fire.

According to UBBL Section 165: Exits to be accessible at all times.

(1) Excepts as permitted by-law 167 not less than TWO separate exits shall be provided from each

storey together with such additional exits may be necessary.

According to UBBL Section 168: Staircase.

(1) Except as provided for in by-laws 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at

least two separate staircases.

(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for

escapes purpose the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one

floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these

Bylaws. Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !66

(3) The required width of staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be

permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres

(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at

landings.

(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point

encroach on the required width of the staircase of landing.

Figure 7.1.4.2 Fire escape staircase.

7.1.5 Fire Door

Fire resistant doors are used to separate compartments in building to stop the spreading of

fire. It suppresses the fire by restricting the flow of oxygen and spread of flames. In the case of this

building design, the doors are placed at the entrance of the fire staircase, protecting the evacuating

occupants during emergency.

Figure 7.1.5.1 Location of Fire Resistant Door at emergency exits

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !67

Figure 7.1.5.2 Fire Resistant Door

According to UBBL Section 164:

(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closed of the hydraulically spring operated type

in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weigh type in case of sliding door.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 162: Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls.

(1) Fire doors of appropriate FRP shall be provided.

(2) Openings in Compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door

having FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to

these Bylaws.

(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP not less than

half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these Bylaws but in

no case less than half hour.

(4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire

doors having FRP of half-hour.

(5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to

meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS

467:1951.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !68

7.3 Active Fire Protection System

Active fire protection (AFP) is an integral part of fire protection. AFP is characterised by

items and/or systems, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work,

contrary to passive fire protection. Active systems are components of installed fire protection that

actively participate by functioning in a mechanical way at the time of an emergency. The AFP

system is further divided into different categories, which is fire detection system, fire alarm system,

fire suppression system and sprinkler system.

In the following diagram show the progress of how active fire protection systems are proceeded in

the elderly centre.

Figure 7.3.1

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !69

In the following matrix table shows the location of each active fire protection systems proposed in

the elderly centre.

7.3.1 Smoke Detector

Figure 7.3.1.1 Smoke Detector

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !70

Figure 7.3.1.2 Smoke Detector details

A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. The fire

alarm control panel will be automatically triggered when detectors sensed smoke in the particular

room or area. There are two types of smoke detector, which is Ionisation Detector and Photoelectric

Detector.

Ionisation smoke detector uses a radioisotope, typically americium-241, to ionise air; a

difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated. Ionisation detectors are more

sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than optical detectors, while optical detectors are more

sensitive to fires in the early smouldering stage.

UBBL 1984 SECTION 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies

1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

2. Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light

beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty

seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

Analysis

For our elderly centre, Ionisation Detector is chosen to be used for whole building as it

responds faster in the flaming stage of a fire than the Photoelectric Detector. The elderly centre is

also a smoke-free zone which reduces the possibility of a false alarm by using smoke detector rather

than the heat detector.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !71

7.3.2 Triggers

Figure 7.3.2.1 Break glass alarm trigger

Manual fire alarm activation, or trigger, requires human intervention, as distinct from

automatic fire alarm activation such as that provided through the use of heat detectors and smoke

detectors. There are two types of triggers which is Break glass alarm trigger and Manual pull

station. The user activates the alarm by breaking the protective glass and press the button inside it,

which sends an alarm signal to the fire alarm control panel and alarms will be ringed to warn the

nearby people.

Analysis

Break glass alarm triggers are proposed into the building as they are easy to be seen and

triggered. They are placed near an exit and easy to operate, so as people are exiting during a fire

event, they can enact the trigger and warn the rest of the building.

Figure 7.3.2.2 Location of triggers in Elderly Center

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !72

7.3.3 Fire Alarm Bell

Figure 7.3.3.1 Fire Alarm Bell

An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an repetitive loud ringing sound to alert

the occupants in the building of an emergency. The alarm bell functions by means of

an electromagnet. When an electric current is applied, it produces a repetitive buzzing or clanging

sound.

UBBL 1984 SECTION 237: Fire Alarms.

1. Fire Alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

2. All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding

9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two stage alarm

system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of

the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

3. Provision shall be made for general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

Analysis

Two stage alarm system is proposed into the elderly centre as a general alarm would cause

undue distress to the occupants. The evacuation of the occupants is difficult and could be physically

and psychologically harmful. Therefor, two-stage alarm systems are used to reduce the possibility

of false alarm.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !73

7.3.4 Fire Alarm Control Panel

Figure 7.3.4.1 Fire Alarm Control Panel

Figure 7.3.4.2 Fire Alarm System

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !74

The Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP), or Fire Alarm Control Unit (FACU), is the

controlling component of a Fire Alarm System. The panel receives information from environmental

sensors designed to detect changes associated with fire, monitors their operational integrity and

provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare

the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence.

Figure 7.3.4.3 Proposed location of Fire Alarm Control Panel and Fire Alarm Bells

Figure 7.3.4.4 Fire hydrant

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !75

Figure 7.3.4.5 Location of site and Fire Hydrant

A fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure, and a connection point by which

firefighters can tap into a water supply. The user attaches a hose to the fire hydrant, then opens

a valve on the hydrant to provide a powerful flow of water, on the order of 350 kPa (50 lbf/in²) (this

pressure varies according to region and depends on various factors including the size and location

of the attached water main). This user can attach this hose to a fire engine, which can use a

powerful pump to boost the water pressure and possibly split it into multiple streams.

UBBL 1984 SECTION 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire.

1. Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire

alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in

the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

2. Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres

from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

3. Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire

Appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

Analysis

The distance between the water hydrant and the site is within 6 meters, allowing fireman to

access the water hydrant easily and utilise it efficiently. Since there is a water hydrant nearby, only

an additional water tank is needed for the Sprinkler system.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !76

7.3.5 Water Tank

Figure 7.3.5.1 Fire Storage Tank

The water tank stores the water for all the existing sprinklers in the building. The water level

in the water tank must be ensured that there is enough capacity of water inside for emergency usage.

During a fire emergency, when the sprinklers are triggered, water will be transferred from the water

tank to the pumps and the pumps will pressurise the water to all the sprinklers.

UBBL 1984 SECTION 247: Water Storage.

1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be

provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located

at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connection

accessible to fire appliances.

3. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need

for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !77

7.3.6 Pump Controlling System

Figure 7.3.6.1 Fire Sprinkler Pumps

Fire Sprinkler Pumps includes Duty Pump, Standby Pump and Jockey Pump. Sprinkler

Pump draws water from the storage tank to feed the sprinkler network. Two sets of pump are

required, which is one duty and standby pump. Stand by pump shall be powered from emergency

generator or diesel engine driven in case the power is cut off during a fire emergency.

Jockey Pump

A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system to maintain pressure in

the sprinkler pipes, and also to prevent the larger duty pumps to cut-in intermittently.. This is to

ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is activated, there will be a pressure drop, which will be sensed by the

fire pumps automatic controller, which will cause the fire pump to start.

Duty Pump

Pressurise the water in the system in order to maintain the system in running order when the

pressure pipe goes down. However, in case of a fault where duty pump fails to work , the Standby

pump will be activated automatically.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !78

Standby Pump

Same function as the duty pump, standby pump will act as backup when duty pump stop

working. Standby pump shall be powered from emergency generator or diesel engine driven in case

the power is cut off during a fire emergency.

Control Valve

Controls the flow of water from the pumps.

7.3.7 Fire Sprinkler

Figure 7.3.7.1 Recessed Pendant Sprinkler

Figure 7.3.7.2 Fire Sprinkler System

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !79

A fire sprinkler or sprinkler head is the component of a fire sprinkler system that discharges

water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has

been exceeded. The water is supplied by the water tank and transferred by water pump and pipes.

Recessed Pendant Sprinkler shoots water downwards from the ceiling and shoots out water

in a circle motion. These types of sprinklers are much more common and are used in almost any

type of rooms that are accessible. Since the Recessed Pendant Sprinkler is built on the ceiling, the

pipes that connects every sprinklers will be hidden in the ceiling to avoid unattractive appearance.

Spacing Arrangement of sprinklers in elderly centre:

Cafeteria - Ordinary hazard (max 4.0m)

UBBL 1984 CLAUSE 228

1. Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall

be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.

2. All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide

immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

Analysis

By applying sprinkler system into the elderly centre, we are able to achieve the advantages of:

1. Immediate identification and control of a developing fire - Sprinkler respond all times, include

periods low occupancy.

2. Immediate alert - In conjunction with the building fire alarm system, automatic sprinkler system

will notify occupants and emergency response personnel of the developing fire.

3. Reduced heat and smoke damage - Significantly less heat and smoke will be generated when

the fire is extinguished at an early stage.

4. Enhanced life safety - Occupants will be subject to less danger when fire growth is checked.

5. Design flexibility - Fire and smoke barrier placement becomes less restrictive since early fire

control minimises demand on these systems.

6. Decreased insurance expenditure - Sprinkler controlled fires are less damaging than fires in

non-sprinklered buildings. Insurance underwriters will usually offer reduced premiums in

sprinkler protected properties which can save a large amount of capital.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !80

Figure 7.3.7.3 Proposed location of water tank and pump controlling system, sprinkler

system - Cafeteria

7.3.8 Fire Extinguisher

Figure 7.3.8.1 Types of Fire Extinguisher

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !81

Figure 7.3.8.2 Dry powder Fire Extinguisher

A fire extinguisher, or extinguisher, is an active fire protection device used to

extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on

an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no

escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire

department.

Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher is proposed into the elderly centre as it is a multi-

purpose fire extinguisher and can be used on Classes A, B & C fires. They can also be used

on electrical fires but leave a residue that may be harmful to sensitive electronics.

UBBL 1984 CLAUSE 227

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice

and shall be cited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and

similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

Analysis

Dry powder fire extinguisher is proposed into the elderly centre as it can extinguish the

most classes of fires, and the elderly centre has very few sensitive electronics which dry

powder may cause damage on them.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !82

Figure 7.3.8.3 Proposed location of Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !83

CHAPTER 8.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEM

8.1 Proposal 1: Schindler 330A low rise Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator

In this Elderly Centre, Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator is used for the vertical transportation of people

from ground floor and exit from the first floor family room.

The Schindler 330A low-rise Hydraulic Elevator system is used because of it numerous

advantages and suitability. For instance, the hole-less elevator design features a telescopic jack

which simplifies the building interface, which unsurpassed selection of design and control

features. While it is installed above ground it reduces potential underground leakage into the

subsurface. Other than that, the Hydraulic working fluid is readily recyclable. Nonetheless, it is a

low cost and eco-friendly elevator system; therefore it is the most suitable elevator system to be

installed in this Elderly Centre as the centre is located in between residential housing area as it is a

low rise building with limited space, and the motor room less hydraulic elevator design reduce the

need of extra space for the motor room in the building. Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !84

8.2 Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator Components

A. Elevator Car

Elevator Car is the vehicle that travels between the different elevators stops carrying

passengers and goods, it is usually a heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of metal and wood

panels. For this elderly centre, the Open Through Cabin Car is used for its opposing entrance of

the elevator from ground floor and first floor.

Figure 8.2.1

UBBL 1984 – Clause 153 [ ACT 133 ] – Fourteenth Edition May 2006

( 1 ) Smoke detector must be present at all lift lobbies

( 2 ) A lift that does not open into a smoke lobby shall not use opening devices controlled by light or

photo – detectors unless a force close feature is installed which after 30 seconds of any interruption

of the beam, causes the door to close within a preset time.

B. Car Operating Panel

Car operating panel COP is a panel mounted in the car containing the car operating controls,

such as call register buttons, door open and close, alarm emergency stop and whatever other

buttons or key switches are required for operation.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !85

Figure 8.2.2

C. Emergency Trap Door Assembly

Emergency trap door can be easily opened from inside the car by using triangular key and

from outside the car without a key by turning the link to pull locking arms. Electrical safety

switches that are fixed to the side frame of trap door causes the lift to stop if the locking

ceases to be effective; restoring the lift to service shall only be possible after deliberate

relocking.

Figure 8.2.3

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !86

D. Hoistway

Hoistway is the space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or

more elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts. It includes the pit and terminates at the

underside of the overhead machinery space floor or grating or at the underside of the roof

where the hoistway does not penetrate the roof.

Figure 8.2.4

E. Piston

Hydraulic elevators are lifted by hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a

cylinder. Therefore steel piston is seen in the elevator shaft.

Figure 8.2.5

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !87

F. Buffers in the Pit

A Buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal

limit and to soften the force with which the elevator runs into the pit during an emergency.

They may be of polyurethane or oil type in respect of the rated speed. For the hydraulic

elevator, a Spring Buffer is used as these devices are used to cushion the elevator and are

most always located in the elevator pit.

Figure 8.2.6

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !88

8.3 Proposal 2: Dumbwaiter

The dumbwaiter is a small elevator for carrying things, especially food and dishes, between

the floors of a building. Due to the Elderly Centre being designed to have two floors of café, a

dumbwaiter elevator system is especially handy for food service businesses. Food needs to be

meticulously prepared and delivered quickly, so the dumbwaiter is one of hardest working

appliances in a commercial kitchen. By installing and operating a dumbwaiter, restaurants and other

commercial kitchens save time and money, reducing needed staff and transporting food quickly

via the dumbwaiter's pulley system. Dumbwaiters also improve safety in a restaurant, enabling

employees to avoid narrow staircases and cramped kitchens where accidents can occur. Lastly,

Dumbwaiters also provide a hygienic way to transport food. They are manufactured with sanitary

stainless steel or enamel finishes and work well in a hygienic kitchen environment.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !89

CHAPTER 9.0 CONCLUSION

Every systems and components must be chosen wisely before conducting or apply it

onto the centre. In this case, undoubtedly, the systems and components must satisfy the

environments and the elderly as this is an elderly community centre. Thus, quality of the

surrounding environment and the quality of user’s life can be assured.

For instance, the mechanical ventilation systems chosen to apply onto the elderly

community centre are appropriate to the conditions and spaces as to generate maximum efficiency

of their functions. Fresh air is one of the critical aspect to be concerned, to ensure the health of the

users and the environment, so, the applied ventilation systems in different locations play an

important role in harmonising this relationship.

Besides, air-conditioning system is applied on certain locations that are necessary in

consideration of the suitability and the environment factors. System using for air-conditioning is

concerned of its advantages compared to others. As there is a limitation on the dimension of site,

units with smaller scale and without plant room are suitable to function efficiently.

In fire protection system, in addition, this public elderly community centre, must be

appointed with care and organised. Routes, equipment, signs and etc. must be chosen and planned

in such secure way to have a clear direction and instruction to ensure users safety when there is an

emergency.

Lastly, in mechanical transportation system, applying on the location where elderly or

users with any disability can access to upper public floor with comfort. System chosen must be

concerned the needs of users and the environment especially in this community centre. Besides, the

design for door openings are in consideration of space saving and the anthropometry of users to

ensure their comfort.

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !90

CHAPTER 10.0 REFERENCES

Balanced Ventilation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2016, from /react-text http://

www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/green-basics/balanced-ventilation

Types of Ventilation Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved October 28, 2016, from /react-text http://

www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust.html

Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved November

10, 2016, from /react-text https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/

Mechanical_ventilation_of_buildings

Twin City fans & blowers. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2016, from /react-text http://

www.tcf.com/industries-applications/applications/Elevator-Shaft-Exhaust

Active / passive fire protection. (n.d.). Retrieved from /react-text http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/

sragtech/techmeasfire.htm

How sprinklers work - Fire Sprinker Initiative. (n.d.). Retrieved from /react-text http://

www.firesprinklerinitiative.org/advocacy-tools/fact-sheets/how-sprinklers-work.aspx

What Are Different Types of Fire Detection Equipment. (n.d.). Retrieved from /react-text http://

www.lumarfireprotection.com/what-are-different-types-of-fire-detection-equipment/

Fire Suppression Systems. (2016). Retrieved from /react-text http://www.conceptfire-uk.com/

Security, P. F. (n.d.). Wet/Dry Riser Systems. Retrieved from /react-text https://www.protec.co.uk/

product-page/sprinklers-and-water-mist/product/product/wet-dry-riser-systems/

Types of Ventilation Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2016, from /react-text http://

www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust.html

Building Services (BLD 60903): August 2016 Page !91