b.sc. agri i bo a unit 2 balance sheet, physiography, soil group
TRANSCRIPT
Course: B.Sc. Agriculture
Subject: Basic of Agriculture
Unit :2
Balance sheet, Physiography and Soil group
Balance Sheet
• Systematic listing of everything owned and
owed by a business/individual
• Gives statement of owner equity (finance) at a
point in time
• Typically for end of accounting period, such as
end of year for taxes
• Balance sheets often used/needed for loan
applications
Balance Sheet
• Balance sheet: Everything must balance
• Asset: anything owned
• Liability: debt or financial obligation owed
• The Basic Accounting Identity must hold
Assets = Liabilities + Owner Equity
Owner Equity = Assets – Liabilities
• Equity is what’s left, the residual
Uses of Balance Sheet
• Measures financial position of firm, focusingon long and short run measures
• Solvency: measures relative relationshipsamong assets, liabilities and equity to assess“health” of firm (financial ratios)
• Liquidity: measures ability to meet currentfinancial obligations as they come due withoutdisrupting normal business—ability togenerate cash on short-term
Diversity in physiography
Agriculture is closely dependent on the
endowment of natural resources and environmental
conditions of soil and climate. India is a land of many
climates and varieties of soils, affording scope for
much diversity in agriculture. It is therefore meaningful
to understand the physiographic and agro climatic
conditions of India and the various other factors that
largely determine the cropping patterns in different
regions of the country.
Physiography
The classification of the country based on the
physiography is one attempt that will help us to understand the
division based on the physical characteristics. Physio-graphically,
India may be divided into seven well defined regions. These are:
I. The Northern Mountains, comprising the mighty Himalayan
ranges;
II. The Great Plains, traversed by the Indus and Ganga Brahmaputra
river systems. As much as one third of this lies in the arid zone of
western Rajasthan. The remaining area is mostly fertile plains;
III. The Central Highlands, consisting of a wide belt of hills
running east-west starting from Aravalli ranges in the west and
terminating in a steep escarpment in the east. The area lies between
the Great Plains and the Deccan Plateau;
IV. The Peninsular Plateaus comprising the Western Ghats, Eastern
Ghats, North Deccan Plateau, South Deccan Plateau and Eastern
Plateau;
V. The East Coast, a belt of land of about 100-130 km wide,
bordering the Bay of Bengal land lying to the east of the Eastern
Ghats;
VI. The West Coast, a narrow belt of land of about 10-25 km wide,
bordering the Arabian Sea and lying to the west of the Western
Ghats, and
VII. The islands, comprising the coral islands of Lakshadeep in
Arabian Sea and Andaman and Nicobar Islands of the Bay of
Bengal.
Soil Groups in India
1. Red soils:
Derived from crystalline, metamorphic rocks, which
consist of granites, gneisses and schist’s, red or reddish brown, either in
situ or from the decomposed rock materials washed down to lower level
by rain, light textured with porous and friable structure. They have
neutral to acid reaction and are deficient in N, humus, P2O5 and lime.
Cover large parts of TN, Karnataka, N-E AP, eastern part of MP to Chota
Nagpur and Orissa, noticed in Up, Bihar, WB and Rajasthan.
2. Laterites and laterite soils:
Formed in situ condition under conditions of high rainfall
with alternating wet and dry periods, to reddish yellow, low in N, P, K,
lime and magnesia. Formed due to the process of laterization in which
silica is removed while Fe and Al remain behind in the upper layers.
Soils are common on the low hills in eastern AP, K, Kerala, eastern MP,
Orissa, Assam and Ratnagiri district of MS.
3. Black soils:
Highly clayey, 35 to 60% even up to 80% in valleys or
depressions dark colored, from deep cracks during dry seasons,
characterized by swelling and low permeability, neutral to slightly
alkaline, High CEC, high content of K, exchangeable Ca and Mg
poor in org. matter, N, P. The clay is mainly montmorillonite type,
hence soft on wetting and contract on drying. These are called as
regures or black cotton soils which are divided into: Very deep
(More than 90 cm depth), Deep (45 – 90 cm), moderately deep
(22.5 to 45 cm), Shallow (7.5 to 22.5 cm) and very shallow (below
7.5 cm depth). Black colour is not due to org. matter but due to
presence of titaniferrous magnetite compounds and/or clay
complexes. Major areas of black soils are in MS, MP and parts of
AP, Gujarat and TN.
4. Alluvial soils:Develop from water deposited sediments. Do not show any
prominent profile development. Varies in nature and properties which depends
on sediments from which they develop the percent material in the respective
catchments area and the place of deposition in valleys. Mostly poor drained,
grayish colour, acidic but develop into saline and alkali soils in dry regions.
Occur in all states along rivers, for example, Indo-gangeric plains,
Brahmaputra valley, Coastal areas of Gujarat, Ms, K, Kerala, TN, AP, Orissa,
WB and Goa. Sub-divided into: Old, Recent, Coastal and Deltaic alluviums.
5. Desert soils:Formed in arid regions, as a result of physical weathering,
sandy. Both wind and water erosion is severe in such soils, well supplied with
soluble salts. Low in N and org. matter has a high pH.
Soils form a major part of Rajasthan, Southern part of Haryana and Punjab,
northern part of Gujarat and receive 50 cm to less than 10 cm rainfall with high
evaporation.
6. Saline and alkaline soils:
Soils show white crustation of salts of Ca, Mg and Na
on the surface, poor drained and infertile. Occur in semi-arid areas
of Bihar, UP, Punjab, Rajasthan Coastal and Deccan Canal Tract of
MS.
7. Peaty and marshy soils:
Soils are black, clayey, highly acidic (pH3.5) and contain
10 to 40% org. matter, poorly drained, high ground water table.
Found in Kerala, Coastal tracts of Orissa, Sunder ban area of WB,
SE and Coast of TN and in parts of Bihar and UP.
Marine agriculture uses techniques of artificial
cultivation, such as growing, managing, and harvesting, and applies
them to marine plants and animals. The products are then used for
human consumption.
Marine agriculture is also known as mariculture or
aquaculture, although aquaculture is a more general term referring to
both freshwater and marine farming of organisms. The world’s oceans
cover approximately three-fourths of the globe, including vast regions
of unexplored life and landforms
Marine Agriculture
1.
Seaweeds are edible, especially the red and brown algae. The three most
common types of seaweeds are known by their Japanese names: nori (Porphyra), a
red seaweed high in vitamin C and digestible protein; kombu (Laminaria); and
wakame (Undaria), high in calcium.
They are eaten raw, cooked, or dried and have several vitamins and
minerals as well as protein. Seaweeds are low in fats, and 35 to 50 percent of the
dry weight of red seaweeds is protein.
Seaweeds can be used to add taste and variety to foods. They are used as
a hot vegetable, boiled and formed into cakes and fried, in salads, and in preparing
desserts, breads, soups, casseroles, sandwiches, teas, and candy.
Sea weed
2.
seaweed is used in wound dressings in hospitals and as a
source of iodine, A, B, D, and E vitamins, calcium, magnesium,
potassium, sodium, sulfur, and trace antioxidants. The seaweed extract
agar is used in laxatives and as a medium to grow bacteria and molds.
Marine plants are used for a variety of other purposes.
Seaweed is used as a component of many fertilizers, as a food additive in
animal feed, and to reduce soil acidity.
weed is used as an ingredient in cosmetics as well as to
nourish, revitalize, condition, and improve the skin, hair, and body. It is
used in cleansers, toners, moisturizers, scrubs, body lotions, and hair and
bath products.
The Significance of Water Quality in Livestock
Water is an essential nutrient which is involved in all
basic physiological functions of the body. However, it is important to note
that water, relative to other nutrients, is consumed in considerably larger
quantities. Therefore, water availability and quality are extremely
important for animal health and productivity.
Limiting water availability to livestock will depress
production rapidly and severely, and poor quality drinking water is often a
factor limiting intake. Considering that water is consumed in large
quantities, if water is poor quality, there is an increased risk that water
contaminants could reach a level that may be harmful. The water
requirement and intake in livestock may vary depending on species and
breeds of livestock, animal status, production mode, environment or
climate in which livestock are raised. All these variables are directly or
indirectly relevant to several aspects of water metabolism and physiology.
In this context, it is necessary to understand water quality issues from the
perspective of water intake physiology.
livestock farming, raising of animals for use or for pleasure.
The discussion of livestock includes both beef and
dairy cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, mules, asses, buffalo, and
camels; the raising of birds commercially for meat or eggs (i.e.,
chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and squabs) is
treated separately.
Why are livestock important?
• livestock convert low quality biomass into high quality food
• demand for food of animal origin is constantly and sharply
increasing
• animal power is still widely needed for crop production
• animal products contribute more than 50% of agricultural
GDP in most countries
Importance of water to livestock
• 90 % of all molecules in the body are water
• approximately 70 % of animal body weight is water, it varies by
species and body part
• maintaining water balance is critical for survival, it is closely
linked to digestion and thermoregulation
The overall demand for water in livestock
production is influenced by several factors such as type of animal, its
activity, feed intake and diet, quality of available water, temperature
of water and temperature of the ambient environment .
Conditions that will influence the water
requirement of livestock is the physiological condition of the animal
and the availability of water. Cattle with constant availability to water
compared with cattle only allowed water access twice a day will
produce more milk and more butterfat.
The diet has an impact on drinking water
consumption of poultry. An increased level of fat, protein, salt,
potassium and high level of crude fiber in the diet will increase the
drinking water consumption
Water and Livestock
Importance of water to livestock:
(1)Drinking water
(2)Water in feed
(3)Water for processing
Image References1 & 2. http://lifeofplant.blogspot.in/2011/12/marine-agriculture.html
Books / Resources1. Agri info.in
2. ICAR e-courses
3. http://www.allbankingsolutions.com/banking-tutor/balance-sheet.shtml
4. http://lifeofplant.blogspot.in/2011/12/marine-agriculture.html
5. http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Livestock_Water_Quality_Guide