broadband lte sae update
TRANSCRIPT
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Nokia Siemens Networks expects five
billion people to be connected to theweb and a 100-fold traffic increase in
the networks by 2015. Wireless access
to the Internet will be in step with
wireline access. Access via mobile
phone supporting enhanced data
applications will complement notebook
based usage. Wireless networks will be
used to extend broadband penetration
beyond the reach of wireline networks.
More and more user communities will
enjoy multimedia services, driving total
bandwidth demand. This affords
mobile network operators a businessopportunity they can capitalize on by
improving their networks performance
and efficiency.
With a view to taking the next step up
the evolutionary ladder beyond HSPA,3GPP Rel8 has standardized a
technology called Long Term Evolution/
System Architecture Evolution (LTE/
SAE). It is designed to
Makethemostofscarcespectrum
resources: Deployable in paired and
unpaired spectrum allocations with
bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz
to 20 MHz, LTE/SAE offers up to
fourtimesthespectralefciency
of HSDPA Release 6
Affordusersanexperienceonpar with todays best residential
broadband access: LTE/SAE
delivers peak user data rates
ranging up to 173 Mbps and
reduces latency to as low as 10 ms
Leverageatall-IPnetwork
architecture and a new air interface
tosignicantlycutper-Mbytecosts,
with later product innovations
improving performance even further:
For instance a 4x4 Multiple Input/
Multiple Output (MIMO) scheme
will boost downlink data rates upto 326 Mbps
Nokia Siemens Networks takes a cost-
effective approach to introducing LTE/
SAE, enabling GSM-/WCDMA-, CDMA-,
and greenfield network operators to
grow their business and margins in
the fast-approaching era of ubiquitous
mobile broadband.
Executive Summary
Contents
02 Executive Summary
03 Background
04 Market drivers and expectations
05 User benefits
06 Operator expectations
08 System approach
09 Standardization of the LTE air
interface and enhanced packet
system
10 Optimizing total value ofownership with Nokia Siemens
Networks LTE/SAE
14 Conclusions
15 Abbreviations
15 References
2 Network Evolution LTE/SAE
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The Internet has changed many
peoples lives in the last decade.Services delivered across the web
now supplant many offline processes.
The Internet has become a major
delivery platform for text, music, video,
and other multimedia content. All this
has spurred broadbands growth. With
broadband adoption outpacing cellular
voice, Nokia Siemens Networks predicts
that five billion people will enjoy Internet
access by 2015 and traffic in the
networks will increase 100-fold.
Whats more, mobile broadband is
tracing mobile telephonys trajectory,
becoming a widespread service to be
enjoyed by the user anywhere, anytime.
More and more people are embracing
mobile broadband and enjoying data-
heavy video and other multimedia
content. This coincidental development
presents a promising business
opportunity for network operators,
who responded by launching HSDPA
and flat rates in 2006, attracting many
business users. And while this user
segment may be small compared to
the huge consumer market, overall
mobile data traffic grew up to 400%
within 6 months after service
introduction in many networks.
Mobile broadband users will expect
services, data rates, VoIP and multimediacapabilities similar to those enjoyed
by fixed broadband users today, at
affordable prices. This is why NGMN
Ltd., a group of globally active mobile
operators determined to match DSL
offerings performance and cost, has
raised the bar for the next generation
of mobile networks (NGMN) and
described their requirements in a
white paper [1]. Seeking to satisfy
these demands, Nokia Siemens
Networks and its parent companies
participated in the Long Term Evolution
(LTE) and System Architecture Evolution
(SAE) studies conducted by the Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
LTE/SAE aims to improve performance
and cost-efficiency with a more efficient
air interface, more flexible use of radio
spectrum, and flat, packet based
network architecture. The ultimate
goal is to enable wireless broadband
communication commensurate with
DSL in fixed networks.
The study phase of 3GPP work on
LTE and SAE ended in mid-2006,
transitioning to the specification phase
for the new radio access system (LTE)
and the enhanced packet-based core
network (SAE).
3GPP plans to complete the first set
of specifications by the end of 2008,
enabling friendly user trials in 2009
and the first commercial network
rollouts at the beginning of 2010.
Background
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While many consumers have no
particular interest in technology, they
do expect unimpeded access to theInternet and personalized services,
at anytime and in any place.
Todays residential broadband access
shapes consumers expectations of
Internet access and their perceptions
of network performance.
This perceived network performance,
in turn, is formed by a blend of the
peak user data rate, average user
throughput, cell throughput, signaling
delays, and user data latency. Oneof the keys to differentiating mobile
products is boosting perceived mobile
broadband performance.
User benefitsAdvances in technology
Optimizing digital signal processing
algorithms and advances in antenna
technologies will push the air interfaces
spectral efficiency ever closer to its
theoretical limits.
Improved IP transport (pervasive
Gbit Ethernet) and QoS assurance
technologies boost packet-centric
networks data and voice performance,
efficiency and carrier-grade reliability.
Together with advances in IP
integration in network equipment and
implementation of spectrally efficient
VoIP techniques, this all will soon make
the all-IP vision a reality. LTE/SAE
enables operators to implement all
services on a single IP-centric, purely
packet based network. This will makeIP applications as genuinely mobile
as voice is in todays mobile networks.
These advances, alongside a simplified
architecture, will also reduce
operational expenditures and,
consequently the networks lifecycle
costs.
Figure 3 compares LTE/SAEs peak
data rates, average cell throughput,
VoIP capacity and latency with earlierWCDMA/HSPA releases. On the
physical layer, LTE/SAE with 2x2
MIMO delivers peak downlink data
rates ranging up to about 173 Mbps,
and even 326 Mpbs with 4x4 MIMO.
Coexistence, interoperability, roaming,
and handover between LTE/SAE and
existing 2G/3G networks and services
are inherent design goals, so full mobility
support is given from day one.
min. max.
U
Downlink
Uplink
Maximum peak data rate *
Average cell throughput
(marco cell, 2x20MHz or equivalent) *
Latency (Roundtrip delay) **
LTE
HSPAevo
(Rel 8)
GSM/EDGE
0
HSPA Rel6
20 40 60 80 100 120 160 200 ms
HSPA R6 HSPAevo
(2x2 MIMO
+ 64QAM)
LTE
(4x4 MIMO/
64 QAM)
LTE
(2x2 MIMO/
16 QAM)
HSPA R6
4 carriers,
each 2x5MHz
2x5MHz
2x5MHz
2x20MHz
2x20MHz
4 carriers,
each 2x5MHz
1 carrier,
2x20MHz
1 carrier,
2x20MHz
LTE
(4x4/1x4
MIMO)
HSPAevo
Rel8
LTE
(2x2/1x2
(MIMO)
0
40
50
20
10
30
Mbps/cell
60
70
0
100
300
350
200
50
150
250
Mbps
DSL (~ 20 - 50 ms, depending on operator)
180140
** Server near RAN
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
VoIP capacity *
HSPA R6
0
20
60
70
80
40
10
30
50
Calls/MHz/Cell
LTE FDD
* LTE values according to Nokia and Nokia Siemens Networks
simulations for NGMN performance evaluation report V1.3
(marco cell, full buffer, 500m ISD, pedestrian speed)
Figure 3: Comparison of throughput (maximum, typical) and latency: LTE shows excellent performance
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Service provisioning
Recent surveys indicate that user
expectations are difficult to predict
over the long-term. In reality, analysts
expect services to become a short-term
business offering. This means operators
need to consider:
Themeanstocreatehighly
personalized services, and deliver
every type of service, including
end-user self-provisioning
Individualsupportforeverytypeof
access based on a common servicecontrol and provisioning platform
Animproveduserexperience
for every service offering and
diversiedofferings,including
exibleservicebundlingacross
all breeds of access
Simpleandtransparentbilling
procedures which foster
subscriber loyalty
Asset reuse
When introducing new network
technologies, operators expect that their
existing investment will be protected
and that deployed infrastructure can be
re-used to the greatest possible extend.
The main focus is thereby directed to
topics representing a major part of
operators total cost of ownership,
such as:
DeploymentofLTEonexisting
sites and sharing of common
infrastructure (e.g. antenna masts;site infrastructure like power supply,
air conditioning, and security
equipment; feeder cables and even
antennas)
Sharingofbackhaulingequipment
between LTE/SAE and existing
network technologies provided
at the same site
Commonnetworkmanagement
platforms
Dependingontheimplementation
of existing network elements, the
upgradability of their HW platforms toLTE/SAE or even a sharing of parts
of the network element HW platform
with existing 2G/3G technologies
offers opportunities for CAPEX and
OPEX savings.
Size of the ecosystem
Mobile systems based on 3GPP
standards represent with a market
share of more than 85% by far the
greatest ecosystem in the mobileindustry, which provides enormous
cost advantages to operators and
end users:
Ahugevarietyofdifferentterminals,
starting from simple and cheap
voice only terminals up to real
multimedia terminals
Costbenetsforterminalsand
network infrastructure products due
to the huge quantity of produced
products and the amount of different
vendors offering such products.
Operators expect that this huge
ecosystem can be leveraged forLTE/SAE as most terminals will
be UMTS/LTE or GSM/UMTS/LTE
multimode terminals offering cost
advantages from the common terminal
platform and production quantities.
Interworking with and
migration from non-3GPP
radio access systems
Optimal interworking with existing
GSM/WCDMA networks, includingservice continuity when roaming
between LTE/SAE and such networks,
is a natural expectation of operators
and inherent design goal for the LTE/
SAE standard. However, operators of
non-3GPP radio access systems, like
CDMA, also expect an easy evolution
of their networks to LTE/SAE, in order
to benefit from the scale of the 3GPP
ecosystem representing more than
85% market share in the mobile industry.
3GPP acknowledged this need by
specifying an improved interworkingbetween LTE/SAE and non-3GPP radio
access systems. In particular the
standard supports seamless mobility
and handover between LTE and
CDMA2000.
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Standardization of theLTE air interface andenhanced packet system
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership
program) is standardizing the LTE/SAE
system for their Release 8.
Their RAN working groups started LTE/SAE standardization in December 2004
with a feasibility study for an evolved
UTRAN and the System Architecture
Evolution (SAE) for the all IP based,
flat core network architecture. This
was transformed into the Work Item
phase in June 2006. In December
2007 all LTE functional specifications
(stage 2) were finished. SAE functional
specifications reached major milestones,
both for interworking to 3GPP and
CDMA networks.
Now 3GPP working groups are working
hard on finishing all protocol (stage 3)
and performance specifications.
It is expected that all LTE/SAEspecifications will be finished by
end of 2008, the specification of the
physical layer of the air interface
(forming the basis of the chip design)
for the FDD mode of operation by
mid-2008 already.
NACK
Rx Buffer
ACK
Combined
decoding
2
1
2
Hybrid ARQ
1
64 QAM
Modulation
Short TTI =1 ms
Transmission time interval
DL: OFDMA UL: SC-FDMA
scalable Fast Link Adaptation
MIMO
Channel RXTX
RXTX
Available bandwidth
...
Frequency
OFDMsymbols
Sub-carriers
...
Guard
intervals
TimeAdvanced Scheduling
Time & Frequency
(Frequency Selective Scheduling)
Figure 6: The beauties of LTE
Channel only changes amplitude and phase of sub-carriers
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Optimizing total value ofownership with NokiaSiemens Networks LTE/SAE
LTE/SAE will provide a mobile multimedia
network that delivers broadband wireless
services with fixed-line quality and the
cost efficiency of IP technologies. Nokia
Siemens Networks leverages leading
architectural and systems expertise to
allow operators to seamlessly evolve
their networks to LTE/SAE.
Nokia Siemens Networks has ample
experience in implementing andupgrading complex system architectures.
The company is committed to enabling
smooth migration, and is preparing its
products to accommodate LTE/SAE
technology. The track record of Nokia
Siemens Networks in efficient system
migration includes:
EasyintroductionofEDGE
without system downtime
HSPA(HSDPAandHSUPA),where
a software download upgrades the
entire installed base Combined2G/3Gnetworksenabling
smooth migration from 2G to 3G and
ensuringcost-efcientoperations
TheSGSNandGGSNforthepacket
core, which today can handle both
2Gand3Gtrafc
For many years, Nokia Siemens
Networks and its parent companies
have driven radio access and network
technology innovation by:
Participatingininternational
research programs
Pursuingmanyjointresearch
activities in these areas with diverse
industry and academic partners
Driving3GPPseffortstostandardize LTE/SAE
The worlds first live demonstrations of
the LTE air interfaces capabilities at
the 3G World Congress in Hong Kong
in December 2006 and 3GSM World
Congress in Barcelona in February
2007 underscore Nokia Siemens
Networks leadership in LTE/SAE.
In this demonstration (refer to figure 7)
a High Definition Television (HDTV)
video was sent with a peak data rate of
160 Mbps over an air interface based onthe preliminary LTE specifications and
handed over in real time to an HSPDA
air interface.
Video applicationIMS client
Multimode UE
MIMO
Access
IPv6
luB
IPv6
eNode B
HSPANode B
Core
IMS(control node and AS)
Access Gateway(packet core)
Services
Video application(IMS-controlledvideo supervision)
Video application(Real-time videostreaming HDTV)
Figure 7: Nokia Siemens Networks` LTE demonstrator: First live NGMN air interface
with applications and interworking with legacy 3G system service continuity in one equipment
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Further Nokia Siemens Networks initiated
together with Nokia and six other vendors
and operators the so-called LTE-SAE
Trial Initiative (LSTI). The goal is to early
demonstrate the capabilities of LTE/
SAE through performing a series of
joint tests including radio transmission
performance tests, early interoperability
tests, field tests and full customer trials
(refer to figure 8). By giving early feed-
back about the LTE-SAEperformance and interoperability to
standardization and industry, the time
for commercial product availability is
expected to be significantly reduced.
In the meantime further operators,
terminal- and chipset vendors joined
the group, which is open to any
organisation that is committed to
actively contribute to above goals.
Nokia Siemens Networks drives LSTI.
Schedule & Program Office Activities:
Trials
PR
Interoperability
Proof of Concept
20102007 2008 2009
Test of OFDM Air Interface
Test of basic functions
Friendly customer trials
Public Relation work
IODT
IOT
Figure 8: LSTI program and schedule
The first proof of concept tests on
physical layer performance of the LTE
air interface (performed independently
by several companies) where already
finished by the end of 2007 and
successfully demonstrated that the
physical layer of the LTE air interface
specifications can be implemented and
fulfils the performance expectations.
In December 2007 Nokia Siemens
Networks demonstrated LTE in a multi-
user field trial under realistic urban
deployment scenarios in the center of
Germanys capital Berlin, reaching with
a 2x2 MIMO antenna system peak
data rates of up to 173 Mbps and still
more than 100 Megabits per second
over distances of several hundred
meters (refer to figure 9). This trial
also successfully demonstrated that
future LTE networks can run on
existing base station sites.
An operators strategy for gaining the
competitive edge in mobile broadband
builds on three fundamental insights:
Thekeytosustainingfastsubscriber
growth is being part of a large
ecosystem that accommodates
many different as well as the
latest user devices, as is evident
from the recent churn from
CDMA to GSM networks. GSM/
WCDMA is by far the largest
mobile communications ecosystem
worldwide.
Oncetrafcattainscriticalvolume,
there is only one way to achieve
cost-efcientscalenetworkcapacity
viaatnetworkarchitectureand
Ethernet based transport network.
Untilnow,xedbroadbandnetworks
provided the blueprint; now I-HSPA
(Internet-HSPA)introducesat
architecture to cellular networks.
Ubiquitousmobilebroadband
demands optimum use of scarce
spectrumresources,cost-efcient
networks, and high network
performance as perceived by users.
600 m
900 m
300 m
120 Mbps
100 Mbps80 Mbps
60 Mbps
40 Mbps
20 Mbps
DLink
MIMO/SIMO
eNB Site: HHI Building
Figure 9: Nokia Siemens Networks multi-user LTE field trial in the
centre of Berlin
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Operatorsrunning2Gnetworks
(GSM/GPRS) can introduce LTE/
SAE directly or via one of the above
WCDMA/HSPA paths, depending
on their timetables for introducing
mobile broadband services and
the spectrum they have available.
Because LTE supports bands assmall as 1.4 MHz, spectrum may be
re-farmed smoothly and gradually
from GSM to LTE.
CDMAoperatorscanintroduceLTE/
SAE networks directly or follow one
of the above paths. GSM/EDGE
may be a good choice for strategies
more immediately focused on voice
centric business. The same applies
to Greenfield operators. Operators
opting to take the I-HSPA path
can capitalize on the ecosystem
of HSPA terminals, benefit from
the flat architecture today, and
quickly optimize mobile broadband
performance.
OperatorswithTD-SCDMA
networks, which are currently
deployed in China only, will probably
migrate directly to LTE, preferably
using the TDD mode of LTE.
LTE
TD-SCDMA
CDMA
Enabling flat broadband architectureGSM/WCDMAhandset base
GSM/
(E)GPRS
WCDMA/HSPA
I-HSPA
Figure 10: The architectural evolution of existing 2G/3G networks to LTE
Nokia Siemens Networks is committed
to providing a smooth evolutionary
path for every operator, following a
roadmap that factors each operators
installed base and strategy into the
equation (see figure 10).
3GoperatorswhohavedeployedI-HSPAhaveatnetwork
architecture similar to LTE/SAE in
place,andcanthuscost-efciently
introduce LTE/SAE.
3Goperatorswithadeployed
WCDMA/HSPA network can
migrate directly to LTE/SAE.
Migratingtotheatnetwork
architecture of Internet High
Speed Packet Access (I-HSPA)
mayalsobebenecialbecause
itaccommodatesLTE/SAEsat
IP-based network architecture while
supporting legacy WCDMA/HSPA
handsets. The operator can thus
enjoy the transport and network
scalingbenetsimmediatelyand
easily upgrade the network to LTE/
SAE later.
Nokia Siemens Networks provides all
products of a mobile network end-to-end
solution using innovative technologies
and future-proof platforms:
NokiaSiemensNetworksdesigns
innovative base stations enabling
operators to flexibly upgrade to futureradio standards while reusing legacy
modules and without adding to the
footprint. This affords operators total
investment protection. One example
is the innovative Flexi-Multimode
BTS platform, designed to support
different radio standards and being
SW upgradable to LTE. It is modular,
with the flexibility required to upgrade a
2G/3G site to support LTE. To this end,
it shares LTE-ready equipment in the
RF chain the antenna, the feeder, as
well as given deployment in the same
spectrum RF modules. Different radio
standards supported at the same site
can also share the backhaul system.
Dedicated but identical hardware
baseband and control modules serve
to run the different radio standards
smoothly and independently. All this
minimizes the operators spare parts
inventory, logistics costs and
installation efforts.
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PSdomainnetworknodesconnect
multiple access technologies and
interfaces to service control and
database functions. The SGSN and
GGSN will evolve to serve as the
SAE networks MME and SAE GW.
Operators may also install SGSN-
and MME-functions on separate
physical nodes
(refer to fgure 11).
Apowerfulmeansofmigrating
all services, the IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS), providescommon service control.
TheNokiaSiemensNetworks
network management system
supports common operational
procedures.
These products feature high
performance technologies that
configure and adapt flexibly to suit
deployment requirements. They
also bring to the table all the benefits
of reliable carrier-grade systems.
This approach ensures cost-effective
network migration, early system
availability and stability, and protects
investments in the overall LTE/SAE
solution.
BTS
GSM
SGSN/MME
SAE Gateway
Serving
GWRNC
BSC
PDN
GW
Contentand servicenetworks
SGSN
MME HSSControl plane
User plane
PCRF
NodeB
WCDMA
eNodeB
LTE
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)RAN
Figure 11: 3GPP Rel8 LTE/SAE network architecture (simplified)
The Nokia Siemens Networks LTE/
SAE solution enables operators to cost-
efficiently introduce and run LTE/SAE:
Noadditionalsitepreparations
required: Nokia Siemens Networks
BTS platforms enable LTE radios to
be easily added to legacy equipment
without enlarging the footprint
Flexibleapproach:Ifnecessary,
operators may run LTE alongside
GSM/EDGE, WCDMA/HSPA or
other radio access systems suchas CDMA, WLAN or WiMAX
Painlessmigration:LTE/SAEfully
supports security, roaming, QoS,
and similar features
Reusableinfrastructure:Current
2G/3G applications may be used
again in LTE
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Conclusions
The evolving mobile broadband business
opportunity calls for high performance
all-IP mobile broadband networks.The motivations, requirements and the
solution based on the LTE/SAE standard
have been discussed. Several user
studies lead to the conclusion that
traffic in mobile networks will snowball
in the years ahead. The driving forces
behind this growth are:
BroadbandInternetaccessoffering
a DSL-like user experience
Ondemandvideocontentand
Web2.0 applications
Fixedvoicesubstitution Serviceconvergenceacross
multiple access technologies
While WCDMA/HSPA has made
significant strides towards efficient
mobile data and multimedia information
exchange, LTE/SAE will provide
extended network performance and
reduced cost per MB that are able
to deliver on the promise of future
broadband mobile wireless
communications.
LTE/SAE charts a natural evolutionary
course for 2G/3G operators because
it offers:
Investmentprotectionbyreusing
sites and network elements to the
maximum
Asuperioruserexperience
enhanced by high throughput and
low latency, offering rich potential
for subscriber uptake
LowcostperMBcourtesyofaat,
IP-based network architecture and
highspectralefciency,enabling
operatorstocost-efciently
introduceatrates Scalablebandwidthranging
from 1.4 up to 20 MHz, enabling
operators to exploit lower and
other economically-attractive
frequency bands where relatively
little spectrum is available, achieving
nationwide coverage at far lower
costs
As an industry pacemaker, Nokia
Siemens Networks has a clear vision
and strategy for implementing LTE/
SAE. Geared to reuse as many systemcomponents as possible, Nokia Siemens
Networks LTE/SAE solution will
enable early migration to flat network
architecture, optionally with I-HSPA as
an intermediate step. Complying fully
with the 3GPP LTE/SAE standard, this
high performance mobile broadband
network will be reliable and interoperable.
By enabling its smooth, early introduction,
Nokia Siemens Networks will optimize
the LTE/SAE solutions total value of
ownership.
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Abbreviations
3GPP Third Generation
Partnership Project
AAA Authentication,Authorization, Accounting
aGW Access Gateway
AS Application Server
ASN Access Service Network
BS Base Station
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CDMA Code Division Multiple
Access
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
EDGE Enhanced Data rates
for GSM EvolutionEGPRS Enhanced General Packet
Radio Service
eNode B enhanced Node B
ePDG Evolved Packet Data
Gateway
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple
Access
FMC Fixed Mobile Convergence
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GGSN Gateway GPRS Service
Node
GSM Global System for Mobile
CommunicationsHA Home Agent
HLR Home Location Register
HSDPA High-Speed Downlink
Packet Access
HSPA High-Speed Packet Access
HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet
Access
HDTV High-Definition Television
HSS Home Subscriber Server
I-HSPA Internet High-Speed Packet
Access
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IP Internet ProtocolISD Inter Site Distance
LTE Long-Term Evolution
LSTI LTE-SAE Trial Initiative
m2m Machine-to-Machine
MGW Media GatewayMIMO Multiple Input / Multiple
Output
MME Mobility Management Entity
NGMN Next Generation of Mobile
Networks
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing
PCF Policy Control Function
PCRF Policy and Charging Rule
Function
PDN-GW Packet Data Network
Gateway
PDSN Packet Data Serving NodePS Packet-switched
PSTN Public Switched
Telephone Network
QAM Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
QoS Quality of service
RAN Radio Access Network
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
SAE System Architecture
Evolution
SAE GW System Architecture
Evolution GatewaySC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency
Multiple Access
SGSN Service GPRS Service
Node
SMS Short Message Service
UE User Equipment
UL Uplink
UMTS Universal Mobile
Telecommunications
System
VoIP Voice over IP
WCDMA Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access
References[1] NGMN white paper version 3.0:
Next Generation Mobile Networks Beyond HSPA and EVDO
http://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/content/documents/downloads/
White_Paper_-_Beyond_HSPA_and_EVDO.pdf
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www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com
Nokia Siemens Networks
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Visiting address:
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