Appendix A

British Standards

PARTICLES

Extractive sampling:

BS 3405, 1983. Measurement of particulate emission including grit and dust (sim­plified method) BS 893, 1978. Measurement of the concentration of particulate matter in ducts car­rying gases. BS 6069, The characterization of air quality; Part 4, Stationary source emissions Section 4.2, 1991. Method for the determination of asbestos plant emissions by fibre count measurement. Section 4.3,1992. Method for the gravimetric determination of concentration and mass flow rate of particulate material in gas-carrying ducts.

Smoke:

BS 2811,1969. Specification for smoke density indicators and recorders. BS 2742, 1969. Notes on the use of the Ringelmann and miniature smoke charts. BS 2742, Addendum No 1., 1972. The calibration of instruments in Ringelmann Number.

Particle size:

BS 3406 Methods for the determination of particle size distribution. Various parts describing different methods including microscopy (Pt.4, 1993)and light scattering (Pt.7, 1988) but none specifically for flue gases. BS 6069 The characterization of air quality, Section 3.5, 1993 Workplace atmos­pheres - size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles (also known as BS EN 481,1993)

GASES

Manual methods:

BS 1756 Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Flue Gases, Part 1, 1971. Methods of sampling

286 Appendix A

Part 2,1971. Analysis by the Orsat apparatus. Part 3,1971 Analysis by the Haldane apparatus. Part 4, Miscellaneous Analyses (1977).

1. Scope 2. References 3. Determination of moisture 4. Determination of oxides of sulphur: propan-2-ol method 5. Determination of oxides of sulphur: direct method 6. Determination of sulphuric acid dewpoint

7. and 8. Determination of carbon monoxide: iodine pentoxide method 9. Determination of oxides of nitrogen: modified Saltzman method.

10. Determination of oxides of nitrogen: phenol disulphonic acid method.

BS 6069, The characterization of air quality; Part 3, Workplace Atmospheres.

Section 3.1, 1989. Method for the determination of vinyl chloride using a char­coal tube and a gas chromatograph. Section 3.2, 1991. Method for the determination of particulate lead and lead compounds by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Section 3.3, 1991. Method for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons by charcoal tube/solvent desorption/gas chromatography. Section 3.4, 1991. Method for the determination of various aromatic hydrocar­bons by charcoal tube/solvent desorption/gas chromatography. Section 3.5 - see under Particles above. Section 3.6, 1994. General requirements for the performance of procedures for the measurement of chemical agents (also known as BS EN 482,1994).

Part 4 Stationary source emissions Section 4.1 Method for the determination of the mass concentration of sulphur dioxide: hydrogen peroxidelbarium perchlorate/Thorin method. (=ISO 7934, 1989) Sections 4.2 and 4.3 - see under Particles above. Section 4.4, 1993. Determination of the mass concentration of sulphur dioxide -performance characteristics of automated measuring methods.(=ISO 7935, 1992)

Part 5 Characterization of air quality. General. Section 5.1, 1994 Handling of temperature, pressure and humidity data. (=ISO 8756,1994)

Continuous methods:

BS 3048, 1958. Code for continuous sampling and automatic analysis of flue gases: indicators and recorders. BS 4314 Specifications for apparatus for physical methods of gas analysis. Part 1,1968. Infra-red analysers for industrial use.

Calibration gases:

BS 4559 Methods for preparation of calibration gas mixtures.

Appendix B German VDI Guidelines (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure)

These can be ordered from: Beuth Verlag, Postfach 1145, Burggrafenstrasse 6, D -1000, Berlin 30, Germany. Tel: (49) 30 2601 2260, Fax: (49) 3026011231. For recently published methods English versions are available as indicated.

Compound Guideline/ Method Year English Sheet Number

Planning of spot sampling measurements of stationary source emissions 2448/1 92 to!

Calibration of Automatic Emissions Monitoring Systems 3950/1 94 to!

Calibration Gases 3490 sheets 1-17 cover methods of preparation of calibration gas mixtures.

Gases NO + N02 2456/1 phenol disulfonic acid reaction 73 NO + N02 2456/2 titration after oxidation with H20 2 73 N02 2456/4 UV absorption (Limas G) 76 NO 2456/5 Chemiluminescence (Thermo

Electron Model 10) 78 NO + N02 2456/6 analysis of NO with converter,

NDIRor chemiluminescence analyser 78

NO 2456/7 chemiluminescence (atmospheric pressure instrument) 81

NO + NOz 2456/8 sodium salicylate method 86 to! NO 2456/9 NDUV resonance (RADAS 1) 89 to! NO+NOz 2456/10 dimethylphenol method 90 to! Organic compounds 2457/1 GC principles 91 1,1,1 trichloro-ethane 2457/2 GC 74 Trichloro-ethylene 2457/3 GC 76 Tetrachloro-ethylene 2457/4 GC 75 Benzene, toluene, xylene 2457/5 GC 81 Butyl acetate (n-, iso-tert,-) 2457/6 GC 81

288 Appendix B

Acetic acid esters 2457/7 GC 81 CO 2459/6 Non-Dispersive IR 80 CO 2459/7 iodine pentoxide method 94 II Organic compounds 2460/1 IR, principles 92 Dimethyl-formamide 2460/2 IR 74 Cresols 2460/3 IR 81 S02 2462/1 iodine/ thiosulphate method 74 S02 2462/2 H20 2 method, titration with NaOH 74 S02 2462/3 H20 2 method, grav. analysis

as BaS04 74 S02 2462/4 IR UNOR 6 + URAS 2 75 S02 2462/5 conductivity method (Mikrogas-

MSK-S02E1) 79 S02 calibration 2462/6 Calibration of automatic S02

systems on combustion plant 74 S02 2462/7 2-propanol method 85 V S02 2462/8 H20z method, titration with BaCl2

against Thorin 85 II Hydrocarbons 2466/1 IR absorption (URAS 1 and 2) 73 Fluorine compounds 2470/1 absorption in caustic soda 75 HCl 3480/1 absorption (low Cl particulates) 84 II HCl 3480/2 continuous detection. -

SPECTRAN 677IR 92 II Gaseous inorganic chlorine compounds 3480/3 continuous detn. - ECOMETER 92 V Hydrocarbons 3481/1 Flame Ionization Detector 75 Hydrocarbons 3481/2 absorption on silica gel 80 Organic solvents 3481/3 Flame Ionization Detector 92 Total organic carbon 3481/6 Choice and application of methods 94 V H2S 3486/1 potentiometric titration 79 H2S 3486/2 iodometric titration 79 H2S 3486/3 colorimetric method 80 CS2 3487/1 iodometric titration 78 Cl2 3488/1 methyl orange method 79 Cl2 3488/2 bromide-iodide method 80 Vinyl chloride 3493/1 GC 82 Basic nitrogen compounds 3496/1 absorption in sulphuric acid 82 Polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins and furans 3499/1E dilution method 90

German VDI Standards 289

Polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins and furans 3499/2E filter/cooler method 90 Aliphatic aldehydes C1-C3 3862/1 MBTHmethod 90 V Acrylonitrile 3863/1 gas chromatography, grab sampling 87 V Acrylonitrile 3863/2 gas chromatography, absorption in

low-temperature solvents 91 V Acrylonitrile 3863/3E absorption on activated carbon,

desorption by dimethyl formamide 88 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 3872/1 engine emissions by GC 89 V hydrocarbons (PAH) 3782/2E diluted Otto + diesel exhausts GC 89 hydrocarbons (PAH) 3783/1 stationary industrial plant - dilution

method (RWTOV) with GC 92 V

1,3 butadiene 3953/lE absorption onto activated carbon, GC 91

Calibration of Automatic Emissions Monitoring Systems

3950/1E 91 Particles

2066/1 gravimetric detection of dust loading. Survey 75

2066/2 manual dust measurement, tubular filter devices 4-12 m3/h 93 V

2066/3 manual dust measurement, tubular filter devices, 40 m3/h 94 V

2066/4 continuous optical transmissometry 89 V 2066/5 fractionated dust measurement

cascade impactor 94 v' 2066/6 continuous, scattered light photometer

KTN 89 V 2066/7 gravimetric -low dust content

plane filter method 93 V 2268/1 chemical analysis of particulate emissions

Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Sr,V,Zn by atomic spectrometry 87 V'

2268/2 As,Sb,Se atomic abs. spectrometry after separation of volatile hydrides 90 vi

2268/3 TI by atomic abs. spectrometry 88 V 2268/4 As,Sb,Se by graphite furnace A.A. 90 V 3868/1 total emissions of metals, metalloids

and their compounds, manual method 92 v'

Appendix C

US EPA Standard Methods

Details in the Code of Federal Regulations - Protection of the Environment, 40, Part 60 Appendix A. (The following list is taken from the July 1992 revision) (Available in UK from: Microinfo Ltd., PO Box 3, Omega Park, Alton, Hants, GU34 2PG. Tel: 0142086848; Fax: 0142089889)

Method 1 - Sample and velocity traverses for stationary sources. Method 1A - Sample and velocity traverses for stationary sources with small

stacks or ducts. Method 2 - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate (Type S

pitot tube). Method 2A - Direct measurement of gas volume through pipes and small ducts. Method 2B - Determination of exhaust gas volume flow rate from gasoline vapor

incinerators. Method 2C - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate in

small stacks or ducts (standard pitot tube). Method 2D - Measurement of gas volumetric flow rates in small pipes and ducts. Method 3 - Gas analysis for carbon dioxide oxygen, excess air, and dry molecular

weight. Method 3A - Determination of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in

Emissions From Stationary Sources (Instrumental Analyzer Procedure). Method 4 - Determination of moisture content in stack gases. Method 5 - Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources. Method 5A - Determination of particulate emissions from the asphalt processing

and asphalt roofing industry. Method 5B - Determination of non-sulfuric acid particulate matter from station­

ary sources. Method 5D - Determination of particulate emissions from positive pressure fabric

filters. Method 5E - Determination of particulate emissions from the wool fiber-glass

insulation manufacturing industry. Method 5F - Determination of non-sulfate particulate matter from stationary

sources. Method 5G - Determination of particulate emissions from wood heaters from a

dilution tunnel sampling location. Method 5H - Determination of particulate emissions from wood heaters from a

stack location. Method 6 - Determination of sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary sources.

US EPA Standard Methods 291

Method 6A - Determination of sulfur dioxide, moisture, and carbon dioxide emis­sions from fossil fuel combustion sources.

Method 6B - Determination of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide daily average emissions from fossil fuel combustion sources.

Method 6C - Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions From Stationary Sources (Instrumental Analyzer Procedure).

Method 7 - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources. Method 7 A - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources -

Ion chromatographic method. Method 7B - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources

(Ultraviolet spectrophotometry). Method 7C - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources -

AIkaline-permanganate/colorimetric method. Method 7D - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources -

Alkaline-permanganate/ion chromatographic method. Method 7E - Determination of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions From Stationary

Sources (Instrumental Analyzer Procedure). Method 8 - Determination of sulfuric acid mist and sulfur dioxide emissions from

stationary sources. Method 9 - Visual determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary

sources. Alternate method 1 - Determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary

sources remotely by lidar. Method 10 - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary

sources. Method lOA - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions in certifying continu­

ous emission monitoring systems at petroleum refineries. Method lOB - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary

sources. Method 11 - Determination of hydrogen sulfide content of fuel gas streams in

petroleum refineries. Method 12 - Determination of inorganic lead emissions from stationary sources. Method 13A - Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources -

SPADNS zirconium lake method. Method 13B - Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources -

Specific ion electrode method. Method 14 - Determination of fluoride emissions from potroom roof monitors for

primary aluminium plants. Method 15 - Determination of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon

disulfide emissions from stationary sources. Method 15A - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from sulfur recov­

ery plants in petroleum refineries. Method 16 - Semicontinuous determination of sulfur emissions from stationary

sources. Method 16A - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from stationary

sources (impinger technique). Method 16B - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from stationary

sources. Method 17 - Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources

(instack filtration method).

292 Appendix C

Method 18 - Measurement of gaseous organic compound emissions by gas chro­matography.

Method 19 - Determination of sulfur dioxide removal efficiency and particulate, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emission rates.

Method 20 - Determination of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and diluent emis­sions from stationary gas turbines.

Method 21 - Determination of volatile organic compound leaks. Method 22 - Visual determination of fugitive emissions from material sources and

smoke emissions from flares. Method 23 - Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and

Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans From Stationary Sources. Method 24 - Determination of volatile matter content, water content, density, vol­

ume solids, and weight solids of surface coatings. Method 24A - Determination of volatile matter content and density of printing

inks and related coatings. Method 25 - Determination of total gaseous non-methane organic emissions as

carbon. Method 25A - Determination of total gaseous organic concentration using a flame

ionization analyzer. Method 25B - Determination of total gaseous organic concentration using a non­

dispersive infrared analyzer. Method 26 - Determination of Hydrogen Chloride Emissions From Stationary

Sources. Method 27 - Determination of vapor tightness of gasoline delivery tank using

pressure-vacuum test. Method 28 - Certification and auditing of wood heaters. Method 28A - Measurement of air to fuel ratio and minimum achievable burn

rates for wood-fired appliances.

Hazardous Air Pollutants (CFR40, Part 61, Appendix B) Method 101 - Determination of particulate and gaseous mercury emissions from

Chlor-alkali plants - air streams. Method lOlA - Determination of gaseous and particulate mercury emissions from

sewage sludge incinerators. Method 102 - Determination of gaseous and particulate mercury from chlor-alkali

plants - hydrogen streams. Method 103 - Beryllium screening method. Method 104 - Determination of beryllium emissions from stationary sources. Method 106 - Determination of vinyl chloride emissions from stationary sources. Method 108 - Determination of gaseous and particulate arsenic emissions. Method 110 - Determination of benzene from stationary sources. Method 111- Determination of polonium-210 emissions from stationary sources. Method 114 - Test method for determining radionuclide emissions from station-

ary sources. Method 115 - Monitoring for radon-222 emissions.

Performance Specifications (CFR40, Part 60, Appendix A)

1. Specifications and test procedures for opacity continuous emission monitoring systems in stationary sources.

US EPA Standard Methods 293

2. Specifications and test procedures for S02 and NOx continuous emissions mon­itoring systems in stationary sources.

3. Specifications and test procedures for 02 and CO2 continuous emissions mon­itoring systems in stationary sources.

4. Specifications and test procedures for carbon monoxide continuous emission monitoring systems in stationary sources.

4A. Specifications and test procedures for carbon monoxide continuous emission monitoring systems in stationary sources.

5. Specifications and test procedures for total reduced sulphur continuous emission monitoring systems in stationary sources.

6. Specifications and test procedures for continuous emission rate monitoring systems in stationary sources.

7. Specifications and test procedures for hydrogen sulfide continuous emission monitoring systems in stationary sources.

Quality Assurance Procedures

Procedure 1. Quality assurance requirements for gas continuous emission moni­toring systems used for compliance determination.

Appendix D

Main provisions for testing to British Standard 3405:1983

If the main provisions for testing to BS 3405:1983, listed below, are not fully com­plied with, then the accuracy of the results, from such a sampling exercise, are questionable (i.e. worse than the 25% accuracy claimed for the standard).

Sample plane • The sampling plane is not less than one flue diameter (or hydraulic equivalent)

from the nearest bend or obstruction, always providing that the pitot-static tube measurements satisfy the criteria detailed below. (A distance of four diam­eters minimum is preferable.)

• Duct dimensions at the sample plane are measured within 10 mm/metre. • All sample points to be in the same sample plane, across the duct.

Pitot-static tube measurements • No pitot-static tube pressure readings, measured at the sample plane, are zero

or negative. • The sum of the square roots of the pitot-static tube pressure readings, mea­

sured at the sample points, does not differ by more than 5% before and after isokinetic sampling.

• The direction of gas flow at any sample point shall be not more than 2° from the axis of the flue. (The' angle of swirl' shall not be more than 20°)

• The pitot-static tube head must not be obstructed. ( i.e. a pitot-static tube heater or other device must not be used).

• If the ratio of the highest to lowest pitot-static tube readings, recorded during the preliminary 2 x 10-point pitot-static tube pressure measurement traverse, differs by more than 4 : 1, then four-point sampling will be replaced by eight­point sampling.

• The ratio of the highest to lowest pitot-static tube readings, recorded during the preliminary 2 x 10-point pitot-static tube pressure measurement traverse, does not differ by more than 9 : 1 or more. (Where the ratio of 9 : 1 is equalled or exceeded then the sample plane is unsuitable for isokinetic sampling).

• A standard NPL or calibrated pitot-static tube should normally be used to obtain all velocity pressure measurements. (However, in ducts where the gas flow contains free moisture, or the duct gases are at or near the dew-point, the use of a calibrated S-type pitot-static tube may be necessary, to overcome the problems of measurement associated with the presence of such moisture. Under these circumstances the declared results must be qualified.)

British Standard 3405: 1983 295

Duct and duct gas conditions • Temperatures measured at adjacent traverse points do not differ by more than

10%. • Duct gas temperatures can be measured within 5K. • All temperatures measured at the temperature traverse sample points are with­

in 10% of the mean value. • Velocity of the duct gases at the sample plane is not below 3 m/s average, at

200°C, or is such that the pitot-static tube velocity pressure is not less than 5 Pa.

• Static pressure in the duct not to be less than 0.5 kPa below atmospheric (50 mbar vacuum).

• Duct gas must be free from water droplets, such as to permit pitot-static tube readings to be obtained. (see also comments under Pitot Static Tube measure­ments above.)

Sampling conditions • Sampling is carried out at the centroid of equal areas (i.e. four-point or eight­

point, measured within 20 mm/m of duct dimension.) • Sampling is carried out isokinetically. • The duration of sampling at any sampling point shall be not less than 3 min­

utes. • Where cumulative sampling is undertaken, the product' a X l' must be kept

constant for each of the sample points. ['a' is the cross-sectional area of the sam­pling nozzle used and 't' is the duration of sampling, at that sample point.]

• If the duct cross-sectional area is greater than 2.5 m2, then eight-point sampling shall replace four-point sampling.

• The temperature and pressure of all volume flow settings/measurements, required as part of the operational procedure for the sampling equipment, are so maintained throughout the sampling period, as to ensure that the actual iso­kinetic sample extraction rate is consistent, with the gaseous flow conditions within the duct, chimney or flue being sampled. .

• Where the sampling is carried out at a single average velocity point, or at less than the minimum number of sample points required, for whatever reason, the results must be clearly qualified.

• Sampling equipment is tested leak-free, before any sampling is undertaken. • The sampling equipment has not been subject to unqualified modifications and

is operated in the approved manner, as described, in the literature associated with that equipment.

Collected particulates • Weighing can be performed satisfactorily. • The effect of the presence of interference materials, organics, hydrated miner­

als, tars, etc., in the collected particulates, are fully compensated, post sampling handling, during the conditioning and weighing procedures, so as not to mate­rially alter the result.

• The balance used is capable of weighing to ± 0.1 mg. • Weights of particulate sample collected, in the primary sample collector, to be

not less than 0.3% of that particulate collector weight (this applies to the prima­ry collector only). A lower particulate sample weight may be acceptable, under the circumstances of :

296 Appendix A

(a) short-duration process emission tests, as long as the isokinetic sampling period has been of at least 10 minutes duration at each point

(b) where three complete isokinetic sampling runs are undertaken, which are within the 1)12 times factor* and all other provisions listed are met. (*1)12 times factor. The ratio of the results for the mass emission, calculated for each separate isokinetic sampling run, shall not be more than 1.5 : 1 [Section 3. Clause 11])

• The dust collector must be capable of collecting grit and dust with an efficiency of retention, for the stated Stokes diameters of : (a) not less than 98% of particles larger than 20 fLm; (b) not less than 96% of particles in the range 10 - 20 fLm; (c) not less than 90% of particles in the range 5 -10 fLm; (d) not less than 60% of particles in the range 1 - 5 fLm.

NB. This is satisfied by the BCURA cyclone, where grit and dust are concerned (Le. for particles down to Stokes diameters of 1 fLm)

• The sample collector for total particulates must be capable of collecting 98% of all solid particles. (NB. The back-up filter must be used with the BCURA cyclone where the particulates in the range 1- 5fLm are known to exceed 5%.)

Results • The concentration of particulates in the emission shall be calculated from the

measurements made during the sampling exercise (and the subsequent weights obtained for the particulate collection). In particular, using the values obtained for the pitot-static tube velocity pressures, measured at each of the sample points, immediately before each isokinetic sampling traverse.

• The gaseous volumes, used in the calculation of the results, will normally be corrected to the reference conditions, laid down in the appropriate Chief Inspector's Guidance Notes, for the process being tested.

Index

Page numbers appearing in bold refer to figures and page numbers appearing in italics refer to tables.

Accuracy continuous emission measuring systems 77-8,

213-4,223,261 definition 235 isokinetic sampling 44 quality management sources of error 265-8 relative 223

Adsorption, volatile organic compounds 164 AFNOR standards 224 Air quality I-IS, 285-6 Ammonia

ion mobility spectrometry 209 ion-selective electrodes 108 Luft analysers 130 rotating filter analysers 130 semi-conductor sensors 207 ultra-violet spectrum 147,148 wet chemical gas analysis 113-4

Analysis extraction 180-3 interfering compound elimination 180, 183-7,

189-90 PAH, dioxins and furans 171-91 see also Gas analysis

Anthracene, phase distribution 177 Antimony, VOl Guidelines 289 Aqueous solutions

calibration 107 wet chemical gas analysis 105-9

Aromatic hydrocarbons 286, 287-9 Arsenic

EPA Standard Methods 292 VDI Guidelines 289 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18

Ash samples, PAH, dioxins and furans 176, 180-2 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, aqueous

solutions 109 Atomic emission spectroscopy, metals 109, 118, 289 Atomic energy levels 140-1

Bacharach system 61-2 Back scatter devices, continuous particulate

emission monitoring 67-8, 78, 79 Barium, VDI Guidelines 289 Batch sampling 100-19 Batch sampling

combustion gases 101-4 moisture measurement 101 wet chemical gas analysis 100-19 see also Sampling

BATNEEC (Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost) 4, 7, 9

BCURA (British Coal Utilization Research Association) probe 47-9

Beer-Lambert Law 75, 76, 124 definition 141-2

Benzene 287 Benzopyrenes 177, 181 Beryllium

EPA Standard Methods 292 VOl Guidelines 289 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18

Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost (BATNEEC) 4, 7, 9

Best Practicable Means (BPM) 6, 7 Beta gauge samplers 71-2, 78, 79, 80 Boyle's law 152 BPM (Best Practicable Means) 6, 7 British Standards 285-6

BS 893:1978 34 BS 1042:Part 2:1983 44 BS 1756101 BS 1756:Part 4:1977109-13,224 BS 2742:Addendum 1:1972 74 BS 2846 270 BS 3405:1983 34,37,39-40,47,54,294-6 BS 4559 233 BS 5233 212, 223 BS 5750 258 BS 6069:1991 34, 39, 214, 215, 220, 224 monitoring requirements 15-18

Bromides, ion-selective electrodes 108 Butane, gas chromatography 102 Butenes, mass spectrometry 208

Cadmium VOl Guidelines 289 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18

Calibration analyser linearity 217 aqueous solutions 107 combustible gas detectors 207

298 Index

Calibration contd continuous emission measuring systems 76-7,

86,212-28,261,287,289 cross-duct analysers 134 cross-sensitivity 217 curve validity 237, 261 definition 212 dilution probes 90 electrochemical cells 202, 205 gas sampling 86, 98 graphs 216 quality control 260-1 standard reference gas mixtures 212, 215-21 standard reference solutions 222 standard reference test methods 222-4 statistics 214, 216 VDI Guidelines 287 verified method 224--6 zero and span drift 218-19

Calibration gases British Standards 286 chillers 93--4 mixture preparation 229-35 selection 229 'Spectra Seal' process 240-1 stability 229, 239--40 traceability 229,235-9 VOl Guidelines 187 see also Standard reference gas mixtures (SRGM)

Canadian standards 215 Capillaries 156

electrochemical oxygen sensors 195-6 gas chromatography 187-9, 190

Carbon, low-temperature catalytic converters 155 Carbon dioxide

EPA Standard Methods 290-1, 293 gas chromatography 102-3 infra-red spectrum 121, 124 low-temperature electrochemical analysis

199-200 Luft analysers 126, 130 mass spectrometry 208 Orsat apparatus 101-2 rotating filter analysers 130 single-beam analysers 133

Carbon disulphide EPA Standard Methods 291 VDI Guidelines 288 wet chemical gas analysis 111-12

Carbon monoxide British Standards 286 calibration 224, 237 combustible gas detectors 207 EPA Standard Methods 291, 293 gas chromatography 102-3 infra-red spectrum 122, 124 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,

199-200,202 Luft analyser range 126 mass spectrometry 208 Orsat apparatus 101-2 rotating filter analysers 129-30 semi-conductor sensors, 205, 207 single-beam analysers 133-5 ultra-violet spectrum 148 VOl Guidelines 288

Carbonyl sulphide EPA Standard Methods 291

gas chromatography 104--5 Carcinogenicity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

171, 174--5 Catalytic converters, chemiluminescent analysers

155-6 CEMS see Continuous Emission measuring systems CEN see European standards Central Electricity Research Laboratory (CERL),

dust monitor 69 Charge transfer probes 69-71 Chart recorders 244--6 Chemical agents 286 Chemical analysis, volatile organic compounds

168-9 Chemical reactions, representative sampling 82-3 Chemiluminescence

analysers 150-6 applications 139 capillaries 156 catalytic converters 155-6 dilution probes 91 exhaust emissions 156 flow control 153 nitric oxide 151, 153 nitrogen oxides 152, 153, 156 ozonizers 153-5 pressure sensitivity 152 quenching 152

Chillers calibration gases 93--4 sample conditioning 93-5

Chlorides ion-selective electrodes 108 VOl Guidelines 288 see also Hydrogen chloride

Chlorinated hydrocarbons 286, 287 Chlorine

ion mobility spectrometry 209 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,

199 titration 107 ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148 VOl Guidelines 117, 288 wet chemical gas analysis 114-17

Chlorine dioxide, ion mobility spectrometry 209 Chromatography see Gas chromatography; Liquid

chromatography Chromium

VDI Guidelines 289 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18

Chrysene, phase distribution 177 CiTiceL cells 200 Clean Air Acts

UK 6-7 US 11-12

Coal mills, flue gas analysis 202 Cobalt, VOl Guidelines 289 Code of Federal Regulations (US) 11-12 Colorimetry

applications 139 aqueous solutions 107 formaldehyde 168-9 volatile organic compounds 168

Combustion efficiency 200, 207 fuels 23-32 heat of combustion 168 PAH, dioxins and furans 171-2, 175-80

Index 299 reactions 23, 26 stoichiometric air requirements 23-7, 30 volatile organic compounds 168 wastes 23-9 see also Incineration

Combustion gases batch sampling 101-4 composition calculations 22-32 detectors 207 gas chromatography 102-4 volumetric methods 101-2 see also Flue gas analysis

Composition, see Gas composition calculations Compression refrigeration, sample conditioning 93 Concentration measurement

British Standards 286 calculation 58 legislation 2-3 units 20-2 see also Emission limits

Condensation chillers 93-5 continuous particulate emission monitoring 78 low-temperature electrochemical cells 199, 200 transfer lines 86-7, 160-1 water extraction 182 see also Moisture

Conditioning, see Sample conditioning Continuous emission measuring systems (CEMS)

accuracy 77-8, 213-14, 223, 261 calibration 212-28, 261, 287, 289 cross-sensitivity 217-18 dilution probes 220 EPA Standard Methods 292-3 lower detection limit 220 NOU2u/NO converters 220-1 response time 219 sampling 213, 214, 217 VDI Guidelines 287, 289

Continuous measurement beta gauge samplers 71-2, 78, 79, 80 calibration 76-7, 86, 212-28 condensates 78 emissions criteria 269, 273 errors 77-8, 213-4 gas sampling 81-99 infra-red gas analysis 120-37 optical devices 63-9 particle size effects 77 particulate emissions 61-80 from a point source 61-80 sample conditioning 87-95, 217 triboelectric probes 69-71, 77, 79

Control of Pollution Act 1974 7 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air

Pollution 5 Copper

VDI Guidelines 289 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18

Corona discharge ozonizers 154-5 Corrosion, sulphuric acid vapour 111 Coulometry, volatile organic compounds 168 Cross-duct systems 81, 136

multi gas measurements 135 single gas measurements 132-5

Cross-sensitivity continuous emission measuring systems 217-18 electrochemical techniques 199,200

flue gas analysis 199, 200 see also Interference

Cyanides, ion-selective electrodes 108

Dalton's law 152 Data logging

chart recorders 244-6 digital data loggers 246-8 emissions inventory compilation 2 environmental impact assessment 2 extractive sampling 52, 55-6 low-temperature electrochemical cells 202 personal computer-based systems 200, 202, 247,

248-56 real-time data 251, 254 storage periods 244 see also Statistics

Deuterium lamps 143-5 Dew-point probes, sulphuric acid vapour 111-12 Differential pressure measurement 42, 44-7 Dilution probes

continuous emission measuring systems 220 sample conditioning 89-91

Dimethyl disulphide 105 Dimethyl sulphide, gas chromatography 104 Diode array spectrophotometers 147-9 Dioxins

analysis 180-90 capillary column gas chromatography 187-9, 190 combustion 171-2, 175-80 EPA Standard Methods 178, 189, 292 high performance liquid chromatography 185-6 molecular structure 172 open-column liquid chromatography 183-4 sampling 176-80, 189-90 selective ion monitoring 190 separation 180, 183-7, 189-90 toxicology 173-4 VDI Guidelines 288-9

Driers, permeation 91-3 Drugs, ion mobility spectrometry 209 Dry gas analysis

gas composition calculations 22, 27, 30 Orsat apparatus 102 sample conditioning 93-5

Ducts, turbulent flow velocity profiles 35-7 Dust 34, 67

British Standards 285, 296 CERL dust monitor 69 dust factor 76 VDI Guidelines 289

EEC Directives 4-5, 117-18, 215, 225 EHOs see Environmental health officers EIA see Environmental impact assessment Electrochemical techniques

ambient temperature 202 CiTiceL cells 200 cross-sensitivity 199, 200 high-temperature 202-5 low-temperature 195-6, 197, 199-202 oxygen analysis 192-6

Electronic measurement and control, extractive sampling 50

Emission data logging 242-56 averaging 243 inventories 2

300 Index

Emission data logging 242--56 normalization 242--3

Emissions limits criteria 269, 273 European Union 4-5 gas composition calculations 20-32 Germany 9-11,17 legislation 3-15 monitoring requirements 15-18 municipal waste incineration 13 normalization 30-2 personal computer-based monitoring 251-6 reference conditions 30-2 tables 243 UK 6-9, 15-17 UNECE protocols 5-6 units 20-2 US 11-12, 17

Environment Act 1995 6, 9 Environment Agency (UK) 2, 3, 6-9

document wording 14-15 emissions monitoring uncertainty 258 instrument performance specifications 18 process authorization 8 sample storage and transport 262

Environmental audits 3 Environmental health officers (EHOs) 17 Environmental impact assessment, emissions data 2 Environmental Protection Act 1990 6, 7, 9, 15 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (US) 11-12

continuous emission measuring system calibration 218-19, 227

gas manufacturer's primary standards 236 instrument performance specifications 18 volatile organic compound sources 158-9

EPA Standard Methods 290-3 aqueous solutions 105-6 calibration 215, 216 continuous elnission measuring system

calibration 224, 227, 292--3 extractive sampling 37, 47, 49, 290 gas chromatography 164,291 infra-red detectors 167,292 nitrogen oxides 113 PAH, dioxins and furans sampling 178, 189 stability of calibration gases 240 sulphuric acid vapour 110, 291 volatile organic compound sampling 159, 162

Ethane Luft analysers 130 rotating filter analysers 130

Ethylene low-temperature electrochemical analysis 199 mass spectrometry 208

EU Directives 4-5, 117-18,215,225 European standards 17, 115-16,224,225,227 European Union, emissions limits 4-5, 13 Exhaust emissions

chemiluminescence 156 EPA Standard Methods 290 solvent extraction 181

Explosives, ion mobility spectrometry 209 Extinction 74, 76 Extraction

condensed water 182 filter paper and ash 180-2 PAH, dioxins and furans 180-3, 189 polymeric organic resins 182--3

solvents 180-3 Extractive sampling

automated systems 50 British Standards 285, 294-6 calculation of results 56-9 continuous emission measuring systems 214, 217 equipment 42--50, 52 filters 47-9, 50, 52, 160 isokinetic sampling 40-2, 43, 44, 54-5 laboratory analysis 55-6 losses 217 number of sampling positions 39--40, 41 particulate emissions 33-60 pitot tubes 42, 44-7, 52, 294-5 pre-sampling preparation 51-2 probes 47-50, 82--3, 159-60 procedure 535 reporting 59 sampling position 37--40, 159-60,267 site preparation 53 trains 47-50, 52, 163--4 volatile organic compounds 159-60

Federal Environmental Agency (France) 227 Federal lmmision Control Act 1974 (Germany) 10 FlO see Flame ionization detectors (FlDs) Filters

batch sampling 106 chillers 94 continuous particulate emission monitoring 77 dilution probes 90 extractive sampling 47-9,50,52, 160 low-temperature electrochemical cells 199, 200 VOl Guidelines 289

Flame ionization detectors (FIDs) EPA Standard Methods 292 hydrocarbons 89, 91 VOl Guidelines 288 volatile organic compounds 167

Flame spectrometry, metals 118 Flames, oil 114 Flammable gases, combustible gas detectors 207 Flicker effect 67-8 Flow

control in gas sampling 98 volume flow 57-8, 106, 290

Flue gas analysis British Standards 285-6 cross-sensitivity 199, 200 electrochemical techniques 197, 199-205 gas composition calculations 29-32 ion mobility spectrometry 209-10 ion-selective electrodes 107-8 mass spectrometry 207-8 semi-conductor sensors 205-7 see also Combustion gases

Fluoranthene, phase distribution 177 Fluorescence, see Ultra-violet fluorescence Fluorides

EPA Standard Methods 291 ion-selective electrodes 108 VOl Guidelines 288 see also Hydrogen fluoride

Fly ash 176, 181 Formaldehyde, colorimetry 168-9 Fourier transform analysers 131 French standards 227 Fuels

Index 301 combustion 23-32 flue gas analysis 29-32 liquid 27-8, 31 volatile organic compound sources 158

Fumes 34 Furans

analysis 180-90 capillary column gas chromatography 187-9, 190 combustion 171-2, 175-80 EPA Standard Methods 178, 189, 292 high performance liquid chromatography 185-6 molecular structure 172 open-column liquid chromatography 183-4 sampling 176-80, 189-90 separation 180, 183-7, 189-90 toxicology 173-4 VDI Guidelines 288-9

Gas analysis British Standards 286 combustible gas detectors 207 electrochemical techniques 192-205 in situ analysers 81 infra-red methods 89, 91, 120-37 ion mobility spectrometry 209-10 mass spectrometry 207-8 semi-conductor sensors 205-7 visible and ultra-violet methods 138-56 wet chemical methods 100-19 see also Analysis

Gas chromatography capillary column 187-9, 190 combustion gases 102-4 nitrous oxide 105 sulphur compounds 104-5 volatile organic compounds 164-5, 291

Gas composition calculations combustion fundamentals 22-32 examples 26-7, 28-9,31-2 flue gas analysis 29-32 fuels 23-8 'moY method 25-7 normalization 30-2 tabular calculations 26, 28 units 20-2 waste gases 23-9 wet and dry gas analysis 22, 27, 30

Gas filter correlation 128-30 Gas-fired installations, flue gas analysis 202 Gas manufacturer's primary standards (GMPS)

236-7 Gas mixture preparation

dynamic volumetric methods 232-5 gravimetric methods 230-1, 234 stability 229, 239-40 static volumetric methods 231-2 syringe injection methods 232

Gas sampling aqueous absorption 105-17 British Standards 285 calibration 86, 98 continuous emissions monitoring 81-99 effluent gas disposal 98 flow and pressure control 98 hazardous areas 98-9 probes 83-6, 106

Gas sampling contd pumps 97, 161

representative sampling 81-3, 267 .response time 95-7 sample conditioning 87-95, 161, 217 transfer lines 86-7, 96-7, 160-1 see also Sampling

Gases, see Calibration gases; Waste gases Germany

emissions limits 9-11, 13 monitoring requirements 17, 18 see also Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI)

Guidelines Global warming, volatile organic compounds 157 GMPS, see Gas manufacturer's primary standards Gravimetric methods, calibration gas mixture

preparation 230-1, 234 Grit 34, 285

Halogen compounds, wet chemical gas analysis 114-17

Hazardous areas, gas sampling 98-9 Health hazards, see Toxicology Heat of combustion, volatile organic compounds

168 Heavy metals

atomic absorption spectrophotometry 109 see also Metals

Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) 6, 15-16,227

see also Environment Agency (UK) High performance liquid chromatography 166,

185-6 High temperatures, electrochemical gas sensors

202-5 HMIP, see Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution Humidity, see Moisture Hydrazines, ion mobility spectrometry 209 Hydrocarbons

aromatic 286, 287-9 chlorinated 286, 287 gas chromatography 102-3 heated flame ionization detector (FID) systems

89,91,288,292 semi-conductor sensors 205 see also Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Hydrogen combustible gas detectors 207 gas chromatography 102-3 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 199

Hydrogen chloride calibration 224 EPA Standard Methods 292 high-temperature electrochemical analysis 204 ion mobility spectrometry 209 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,

199-200 VDI Guidelines 288 wet chemical gas analysis 114-17

Hydrogen cyanide low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,

199 wet chemical gas analysis 113-4

Hydrogen fluoride calibration 224 ion mobility spectrometry 209 wet chemical gas analysis 116

Hydrogen sulphide EPA Standard Methods 291, 293 gas chromatography 104-5

302 Index

Hydrogen sulphide contd low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,

199 semi-conductor sensors 207 ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148 VDI Guidelines 288 wet chemical gas analysis 111-12

Incandescent lamps 144, 146 Incineration

metal analysis 117-18 see also Combustion; Waste incineration

Industrial processes emissions limits 12-15 pollutant concentrations measurement 1-3 volatile organic compound sources 158-9

Infra-red absorption 139 Infra-red gas analysis 120-37

British Standards 286 carbon dioxide 121, 124 carbon monoxide 122, 124 cross-duct systems 132-6 detectors 166-7 dilution probes 91 EPA Standard Methods 292 extractive systems 124-32, 135 Fourier transform analysers 131 gas filter correlation 128-30 heated systems 89 Luft analysers 124-6 methane 122, 124 microflow sensors 126-8 multi-wavelength analysers 130-1 nitric oxide 123, 124 nitrogen dioxide 123, 124 nitrous oxide 123, 124 Rotork analysers 126-7 Siemens analysers 127-8 single-beam analysers 131-2 sulphur dioxide 122, 124 volatile organic compounds 166-7,292

Infra-red spectroscopy, applications 139 Injection methods, calibration gas mixture

preparation 231-2, 233 Inspection, personal-computer based systems 254 Integrated pollution control, prescribed processes

7-8 Interference 180, 183-7, 189-90

see also Cross-sensitivity Iodides, ion-selective electrodes 108 Ion mobility spectrometry, hazardous vapour

analysis 209-10 Ion-selective electrodes, aqueous solutions 107-8 IR, see Infra-red ISO Standards 17,225,227

ISO 6142210 ISO 6144211 ISO 6145 234 ISO 6147234 ISO 6349 233 ISO 7934:1989224 ISO 7935:1992227 ISO 8158:1985 215 ISO 9096:1992 34, 39 ISO 14111 238

Isokinetic sampling 40-2,43 continuous emission measuring systems 213 errors 44

particulate emissions 62-3 procedure 54-5

Job descriptions, quality management 259-60

Kraft pulp mill, sulphur compounds 104-5

Lamps, ultra-violet and visible gas analysis 143-6 Lead

British Standards 286 EPA Standard Methods 291 VOl Guidelines 289 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18

Legislation background 1-3 emissions limits 3-15 European Union 4-5 Germany 9-11 Local Authorities 6-7, 9 low-temperature electrochemical cells 202 monitoring requirements 15-18 pollutant concentrations measurement 2-3 Scotland 6-7 UK 6-9, 61 UNECE protocols 5-6 US 11-12, 17

Light, see Optical measurement Light choppers 146 Liquid chromatography

high performance 185-6 open-column 183-4 volatile organic compounds 165-6

Liquid fuels, gas composition calculations 27-8, 31 Liquid-liquid partition, polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons 186-7 Local Authorities, legislation 6-7, 9 Long path monitors, volatile organic compounds

169 Low temperatures

carbon catalytic converters 156 electrochemical gas sensors 195-6, 197, 199-202

Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) 207 Luft analyser 124-6 Manganese, wet chemical gas analysis 117-18 Mass basis emissions 20-2, 58 Mass spectrometry

multiple gas analysis 207-8 PAH, dioxins and furans 187-9, 190

Mercury EPA Standard Methods 292 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18

Mercury plasma lamps 144-5 Metalloids, VOl Guidelines 289 Metals

atomic absorption spectrophotometry 109, 118, 289

wet chemical gas analysis 117-18 see also Heavy metals

Methane combustible gas detectors 207 gas chromatography 102-3 infra-red spectrum 122, 124 Luft analysers 126, 130 rotating filter analysers 130 semi-conductor sensors 205 single-beam analysers 133

Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances in Air 17, 169

Index 303 Methyl mercaptan, gas chromatography 104-5 Methyl sulphide, gas chromatography 104-5 Microflow sensors 126-8 Moisture

batch sampling 101 British Standards 286 chillers 93-5 EPA Standard Methods 290-1 gas composition calculations 22, 30-1 Nafion copolymer 91-2 sample conditioning 87-95 see also Condensation

Molecular structure dioxins 172 furans 172 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 172-3

Molybdenum, catalytic converters 155 Monitoring Certification Scheme (UK) 18 Monitoring equipment, performance

specifications 18 Monitoring requirements

Germany 17, 18 instrument performance specifications 18 sampling protocols 15, 16 UK 15-17 US 17

Municipal waste incineration emission limits 13, 14 PAH, dioxins and furans 175

NMQS, see National Ambient Air Quality Standards

N afion, permeation driers 91-2 NAMAS, see National Accreditation for

Measurement and Sampling Naphthalene, phase distribution 177 National Accreditation for Measurement and

Sampling (NAMAS) 236, 259, 260 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NMQS)

11 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air

Pollutants (NESHAPS) 11, 118 National Rivers Authority 6, 280 NESHAPS, see National Emission Standards for

Hazardous Air Pollutants New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 11 Nickel

VDI Guidelines 289 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18

Nitrates, ion-selective electrodes 108 Nitric oxide

calibration 226 chemiluminescence 151 high-temperature electrochemical analysis 203-5 infra-red spectrum 123, 124 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,

199-200,202 Luft analysers 126, 130 NOU2u/NO converters 95, 220-1 rotating filter analysers 130 ultra-violet spectrum 148 VDI Guidelines 287 wet chemical gas analysis 112-13

Nitrogen gas chromatography 102-3 mass spectrometry 208

Nitrogen compounds VDI Guidelines 288

wet chemical gas analysis 112-14 Nitrogen dioxide

chemiluminescence 151, 153 infra-red spectrum 123, 124 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,

199-200 mass spectrometry 208 NOU2u/NO converters 95, 220-1 ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148 VDI Guidelines 287 wet chemical gas analysis 112-13

Nitrogen oxides British Standards 286 calibration 215, 224 chemiluminescence 152, 153, 156 emission limit tables 243 EPA Standard Methods 113,291,292 high-temperature electrochemical analysis 203-5 manual sampling 113 NOU2u/NO converters 95, 220-1 UNECE protocol (1988) 5

Nitrous oxide gas chromatography 105 infra-red spectrum 123, 124 Luft analyser range 126 single-beam analysers 133

Nordic countries, PAH, dioxins and furans sampling 179

NSPS (New Source Performance Standards) 11 Oil flames, wet chemical gas analysis 114 Opacity

EPA Standard Methods 291, 292 particulate emissions 67-8, 73, 74-5

Open-column liquid chromatography 183--4 Optical measurement

calibration 76-7 cross-duct systems 81, 132-6 gases 120-56 light interaction with particles 72-7 particulate emissions 63-9, 73, 74-5 see also Infra-red gas analysis; Ultra-violet

techniques; Visible techniques Optical transmission, particulate emissions 63-7,

72,74,77-8,79,289 Organic compounds, see Volatile organic

compounds Orsat apparatus 101-2, 286 Oxygen

electrochemical techniques 192-6, 202 emission data normalization 242 EPA Standard Methods 290, 293 gas chromatography 102-3 Orsat apparatus 101-2 paramagnetic analysers 197, 198 semi-conductor sensors 205 ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148 zirconia sensors 193-5

Ozone chemiluminescence 151, 152 titration 107 ultra-violet spectrum 147

Ozonizers, chemiluminescent analysers 153-5

PAH, see Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Paramagnetic susceptibility, oxygen analysis 197,

198 Particle impingement probes 69-71 Particle separation devices 47-9

304 Index

Particle size British Standards 285 continuous measurement errors 77

Particulate emissions Bacharach system 61-2 British Standards 285, 295-6 continuous monitoring from a point source

61-80 definition 61-3 EPA Standard Methods 290-2 extractive sampling 33--{i0 isokinetic sampling 62--3 optical measurement 63-9, 73, 74-5 particle properties 34 statistics 278-9 tables 243 terminal velocities 35-8 VDI Guidelines 289 visual observation 61, 291, 292

PCDD, see Dioxins PCDF, see Furans Peltier cooling systems 93 Permeation driers, sample conditioning 91-3 Personal computer-based systems

analogue to digital data conversion 248-9 data logging 247, 248-56 digital data transmission 250 sample storage and transport 262--3 software 200, 202, 251-4

Phosphorescence 141 Photo-ionization

applications 139 volatile organic compounds 168

Photoluminescence, applications 139 Pitot tubes 42, 44-7, 294-5 Plumes 61-3 Pollution control devices, efficiency 2 Polonium-210, EPA Standard Methods 292 Polychloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), see Dioxins Polychloro-dibenzofurans (PCDF), see Furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

analysis 180-90 capillary column gas chromatography 187-9, 190 carcinogenic activity 171, 174-5 combustion 171-2, 175-80 EPA Standard Methods 178, 189 high performance liquid chromatography 185-6 liquid-liquid partition 186-7 molecular structure 172--3 open-column liquid chromatography 183-4 phase distribution 176-7 sampling 176-80, 189-90 separation 180, 183-7, 189-90 toxicology 174-5 VOl Guidelines 289

Polymeric organic resins, solvent extraction 182--3 Precision, definition 235 Prescribed processes, integrated pollution control

7-9 Pressure

control in gas sampling 98 differential measurement 42, 44-7, 294-6

Prevention of Significant Deterioration 11 Probes

design 84--0 dew-point 111-12 dilution 89-91 extractive sampling 47-50, 52, 82--3, 159-60

gas sampling 83-6, 106 heated and cooled 86 PAH, dioxins and furans sampling 177-8 representative sampling 82--3 triboelectric 69- 71, 77-8, 79

Process Guidance Notes 7, 18 Processes, see Industrial processes Propane, combustible gas detectors 207 Pumps

calibration gas mixture preparation 232--3 gas sampling 97,161

Pyrene, phase distribution 177 Quality assurance

definition 257- 8 EPA Standard Methods 293 sample storage and transport 262--3

Quality control 257--{i8 continuous emission measuring systems 212

Quality management 258-60 a udi ts 3, 263-5 sources of error 265-8

Radionuclides, EPA Standard Methods 292 Radon-222, EPA Standard Methods 292 Real-time monitoring 251, 254 Record keeping, see Data logging Refrigeration, sample conditioning 93 Response time, gas sampling 95-7 Ringelmann number 61, 62, 74,285 Rotating filter analysers 128-30 Rotork analysers 126-7

Safety, personnel and materials 3 Sample conditioning

analyser configurations 95 chillers 93-5 continuous emission measuring systems 217 dilution probes 89-91 heated systems 88-9 moisture 87-95 NOU2u/NO converters 95 permeation driers 91-3 volatile organic compounds 161 wet chemical gas analysis 89-91

Sampling into bags 162--3, 164 continuous 159-61,213 data logging 262 extractive 33-60 Nordic countries recommendations 179 PAH, dioxins and furans 171-91 periodic 161-4 protocols 15, 16 quality management sources of error 266, 267-8 representative 81-3, 267 storage and transport 262-3 VOl Guidelines 287 volatile organic compounds 159-64 see also Batch sampling; Gas sampling

Scintillation 67-8 Sedimentation 34, 37 Selective ion monitoring, PAH, dioxins and furans

188,190 Selenium, VOl Guidelines 289 Semi-conductor gas sensors 205-7 Siemens analysers 127-8 Smoke, see Particulate emissions Software packages

Index 305 flue gas analysis 200, 202 personal computer-based systems 251-4

Soxhlet extraction, PAH, dioxins and furans 180-2 Specifications, emissions monitoring equipment 18 'Spectra Seal' process 240-1 Spectrophotometers

diode array 147-9 dispersive 147-50 non-dispersive 142-7 VDI Guidelines 289

Stability, calibration gases 229, 239-40 Stainless steel, catalytic converters 155 Standard reference gas mixtures (SRGM) 212,

215-21,227 see also Calibration gases

Standard reference solutions (SRS) 222 Standard reference test methods 222-4 Standards

AFNOR224 Canadian 215 European 17, 115-16,224,225,227 French 227 International 17, 34,39,215,224 US 11, 17, 290-3 see also British Standards; ISO Standards; Verein

Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) Guidelines Statistics

arithmetic mean 270, 277-9 calibration 214, 216 confidence limits 274-6, 279, 282 degrees of freedom 275-6, 278-9 emissions limits 14 frequency distribution 272-4, 280-3 hypothesis testing 276-9 log-normal distribution 272-3 normal distribution 272, 274-6 percentile points 280-3 probability 280-3 standard deviations 271-2, 278-9, 282 standard errors 271-2 t-distribution 274-6 variability 270-2, 278-9

Stoichiometric air requirements, combustion 23-7, 30

Stokes diameters 35, 296 Stratospheric ozone depletion, volatile organic

compounds 157 Strontium, VDI Guidelines 289 Sulphides, ion-selective electrodes 108 Sulphur

EPA Standard Methods 291 UNECE protocol (1985) 5

Sulphur compounds gas chromatography 104-5 Kraft pulp mill 104-5 wet chemical gas analysis 109-12

Sulphur dioxide British Standards 286 calibration 215, 224 emission limit tables 243 EPA Standard Methods 290-2 gas chromatography 104-5 high-temperature electrochemical analysis 203-5 infra-red spectrum 122, 124 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,

199-200 Luft analyser range 126 single-beam analysers 133

titration 107, 109 ultra-violet fluorescence 149-50 ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148 VDI Guidelines 109-10,288 wet chemical gas analysis 109-2

Sulphur trioxide, VDI Guidelines 288 Sulphuric acid vapour

calibration 224 dew-point probes 111-12,286 EPA Standard Methods 110, 291 wet chemical gas analysis 110-2

Technical Guidance Notes 15-16 Technical Inspection Offices (Germany) 18 Terminal velocity

ducts 36, 38 spheres 35

Testing extractive sampling equipment 52 standard reference test methods 222-4

Thallium VDI Guidelines 289 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18

Thermal basis emissions 22 Thermal conductivity detectors 102 Tin dioxide, semi-conductor gas sensors 205 Titration

sulphur compounds 107, 109-10, 112 volatile organic compounds 168

Toluene di-isocyanate, ion mobility spectrometry 209-10

Total organic carbon, VDI Guidelines 288 Total reduced sulphur

definition 105 EPA Standard Methods 291, 293 see also Hydrogen sulphide

Toxicology dioxins 173-4 furans 173-4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 174-5

Toxics Release Inventory (USA) 2 Traceability

calibration curve validity 237, 261 calibration gas mixtures 229, 235-9 certification 238-9 correlation 236-7 definition 235 gas naming 238 gas purity 235 primary standards 236 quality control 260-1 traceable standards 238

Transfer lines, gas sampling 86-7, 96-7, 160-1 Transmissometers, continuous particulate emission

monitoring 63-7, 72, 74, 77-8, 79, 289 Transmittance 73, 75 Triboelectric probes 69-71, 77-8, 79 Trueness, definition 235, 237

UK emissions limits 6-9, 13 monitoring requirements 15-18 see also British Standards

Ultra-violet absorption 139-41, 149 Ultra-violet fluorescence 140

analysers 149-50 applications 139

306 Index

Ultra-violet fluorescence 140 dilution probes 91

Ultra-violet gas analysis 138-56 ammonia 147, 148 chlorine 147, 148 detectors 146 differential optical absorption 149 dispersive 147-50 filters 146-7 hydrogen sulphide 147, 148 lamps 143-6 light choppers 146 nitrogen dioxide 147, 148 non-dispersive 142--7 oxygen 147, 148 ozone 147 spectrophotometers 142--9 sulphur dioxide 89, 147, 148

Ultra-violet spectroscopy, applications 139 Uncertainty 235, 258-9, 274, 280-3 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

(UNECE) emissions limits 5-6 Nitrogen Oxides Protocol (1988) 5 Sulphur Protocol (1985) 5 Volatile Organic Compound Protocol (1991) 5-6

Units

US

conversion factors 21, 22 gas composition calculations 20-2

emissions limits 11-12, 13 monitoring requirements 17, 18 see also EPA Standard Methods

Uv, see Ultra-violet

Vanadium, VOl Guidelines 289 Velocity

BS 3405:1983295 calculation 57 EPA Standard Methods 290 measuring devices 42, 44-50 see also Terminal velocity

Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VOl) Guidelines 287-9

calibration gases 287 chlorine 117,288 continuous emission measuring system

calibration 215-16, 224, 227, 287 cross-sensitivity 218 emissions limits 11 metals 117-18 particulate emissions 34 spot sampling 287 sulphur dioxide 109-10,288

Vinyl chloride British Standards 286 EPA Standard Methods 292 VOl Guidelines 288

Visible gas analysis 138-56 detectors 146 lamps 143-6 light choppers 146

Visible light 61, 72--3 Visible spectroscopy, applications 139 Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

adsorbent materials 164 chemical analysis 168-9 combustible gas detectors 207 contact materials 159 definition 157-8 emission sources 158-9 EPA Standard Methods 292 flame ionization detection 167, 288, 292 gas chromatography 164-5, 292 heat of combustion 168 infra-red analysis 166-7,292 liquid chromatography 165-6 long path monitors 169 photo-ionization detection 168 pre-concentration 163 sampling 159-64, 163-5 separation 164-6 UNECE protocol (1991) 5-6

Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST) 163-5 Volume basis emissions 20-2 Volume flow

calculation 57-8 EPA Standard Methods 290

Volumetric methods calibration gas mixture preparation 231-5 combustion gas analysis 101-2 gas blenders 233 injection 233 mass flow controllers 233 mixing pumps 232--3 permeation tubes 233-4 saturation methods 234

Waste gases, combustion 23-9 Waste incineration

emission limits 13, 14 PAH, dioxins and furans 175

Waste Regulatory Authorities 6 Water vapour

condensed water extraction 182 emission data normalization 242 EPA Standard Methods 292 Luft analysers 130 rotating filter analysers 130 zirconia oxygen sensors 195 see also Moisture

Wet chemical gas analysis aqueous solutions 105-17 batch sampling 100-19 gas composition calculations 22, 27, 30 halogen compounds 114-17 metals 117-18 nitrogen compounds 112--14 sample conditioning 89-91 sulphur compounds 109-12 zirconia oxygen sensors 195

Xenon lamps 144, 146

Yaw angle 46

Zinc, VOl Guidelines 289 Zirconia sensors, oxygen analysis 193-5