bristol, university of the west of england project management dispensing with the crystal ball -...
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Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
• Dispensing with the crystal ball - actually managing the project
• Coping with projects going wrong
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
• Must be able to: • plan• identify tasks• estimate time & effort• schedule work• monitor & control
progress• adjust plans• evaluate the product
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Planning
Scheduling
Directing
Controlling
Human
Technical
Financial
Resources
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
• More than 50% of activities in a software project overrun by >10%
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Empirical data from software businesses shows thatEmpirical data from software businesses shows that:
• Difference between planned and actual effort increases in later stages of a project
• Experience with overruns in the first part of project does not increase the ability to estimate activity duration more accurately in the later parts
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
result: completion ofspecific goals and objectives
fixed-term task
PROJECT
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
• No linkage between theory & practice• Use of inappropriate tools• Team structures ill-defined• Poor human-resource management skills• Unsuitable methods used for evaluation of project
management skills
EFFECTIVE PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Factors leading to ineffective project management:
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Define Plan Monitor and Control Review
Feasibility Analysis Design Construct Test Use
Time
Eff
ort
Project Start Project End
The Typical Project Management Cycle
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Time
Eff
ort
The Actual Profile of the Way Students Manage Projects
Define Plan Monitor and Control Review
Feasibility Analysis Design Construct Tes
t
Use
Project Start Project End
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
• Pre-defined structure
• Use of stable technology
• Small size of project
• High user proficiency
• High developer proficiency
Properties of a “straightforward” project:Properties of a “straightforward” project:
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
• Group structure undefined
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Properties of a typical student group project:Properties of a typical student group project:
• Unfamiliar with technology
• Small size of project (in real terms)
• No users
• Low developer proficiency
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
InformalProject management
techniques viz:
Milestones
Gantt Chartsor:
Act A
Act B
Act C
Act D
Act E
Student Projects need:Student Projects need:
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
and some idea about and some idea about sequence and dependenciessequence and dependencies
CRITICALPATH ANALYSIS
techniques
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Further Information onFurther Information onCRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS:CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS:
Essential Elements of Quantitative MethodsEssential Elements of Quantitative Methods
OAKSHOTT, LAOAKSHOTT, LA
19941994
Published by: DPP, BirminghamPublished by: DPP, Birmingham
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Milestones
milestones could be task completions as outline in Britton & Doake (p222)
alternatively, they could be agreed interim deliverables, like reports or prototypes for use in development workshops i.e. the outcome of a number of completed tasks but with specified, unmoveable deadlines
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS (CPA)CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS (CPA)The activity-on-node method:The activity-on-node method:
allows the time of the projectallows the time of the projectand the slack (or float) of and the slack (or float) of individual activities to be individual activities to be determined. A “zero” floatdetermined. A “zero” floatactivity is said to be “critical”activity is said to be “critical”because any delay in thatbecause any delay in thatacitivity would delay the entireacitivity would delay the entireproject.project.
this is NOT the method shown in Britton & Doake but is the one used by the Business School here and taught by our Faculty’s Quantitative Methods Field
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Step 1.Step 1.
List all activities to be carried outList all activities to be carried out
Step 2.Step 2.
Record durations of all activitiesRecord durations of all activities
Step 3.Step 3.
Record dependencies of each activityRecord dependencies of each activity
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENTBuilding a garage (from Oakshott, 1994)Building a garage (from Oakshott, 1994)
AA Obtain bricklayerObtain bricklayer - - 1010BB Dig FoundationsDig Foundations A A 8 8CC Lay the baseLay the base B B 1 1DD Build the wallsBuild the walls C C 8 8EE Build the roofBuild the roof D D 3 3FF Tile the roofTile the roof E E 1 1GG Make window framesMake window frames - - 3 3HH Fit window framesFit window frames D & GD & G 1 1II Fit glass to framesFit glass to frames H H 1 1JJ Fit the doorFit the door D D 1 1KK Paint (J&H)Paint (J&H) I & JI & J 3 3LL Point the brickworkPoint the brickwork D D 2 2
Identifier Task description Dependent on Est. duration
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A B5 2
DurationsDurations
Activity identifierActivity identifier
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A5
ESTEST
LFTLFTLSTLST
EFTEFT
earliest start timeearliest start time earliest finish timeearliest finish time
latest finish timelatest finish timelatest start timelatest start time
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A10
C1
G3
B8
K3
J1
I1
H1
F1
E3
D8
L2
ENDSTART
Building a garage (basic idea taken Building a garage (basic idea taken from Oakshott, 1994)from Oakshott, 1994)
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENTBuilding a garage (from Oakshott, 1994)Building a garage (from Oakshott, 1994)
AA Obtain bricklayerObtain bricklayer - - 1010BB Dig FoundationsDig Foundations A A 8 8CC Lay the baseLay the base B B 1 1DD Build the wallsBuild the walls C C 8 8EE Build the roofBuild the roof D D 3 3FF Tile the roofTile the roof E E 1 1GG Make window framesMake window frames - - 3 3HH Fit window framesFit window frames D & GD & G 1 1II Fit glass to framesFit glass to frames H H 1 1JJ Fit the doorFit the door D D 1 1KK Paint (J&H)Paint (J&H) I & JI & J 3 3LL Point the brickworkPoint the brickwork D D 2 2
Identifier Task description Dependent on Est. duration
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A10
C1
G3
B8
K3
J1
I1
H1
F1
E3
D8
L2
ENDSTART
Building a garage (basic idea taken Building a garage (basic idea taken from Oakshott, 1994)from Oakshott, 1994)
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A10
C1
G3
B8
K3
J1
I1
H1
F1
E3
D8
L2
ENDSTART
With this network of activities, what is With this network of activities, what is the minimum time required to building the minimum time required to building a garage?a garage?
0 100 10 10 1810 18 18 1918 19 19 2719 27 27 3027 30 30 3130 31
27 2927 29
27 2827 28
27 2827 28 28 2928 29 29 3229 32
3232
0 30 3
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A10
G3
B8START
the forward pass:
18181010
33
101000
00
ESTEST EFTEFT
A
5
earliest start timeearliest start time earliest finish timeearliest finish time
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A10
C1
G3
B8
K3
J1
I1
H1
F1
E3
D8
L2
ENDSTART
With this network of activities, what is With this network of activities, what is the minimum time required to building the minimum time required to building a garage?a garage?
0 100 10 10 1810 18 18 1918 19 19 2719 27 27 3027 30 30 3130 31
27 2927 29
27 2827 28
27 2827 28 28 2928 29 29 3229 32
3232
0 30 3
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
K3
J1
I1
H1
F1
E3
D8
19 2719 27 27 3027 30 30 3130 31
27 2827 28
27 2827 28 28 2928 29 29 3229 32
G3
0 30 3
3232daysdays
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
K3
J1
I1
F1
L2
END
30 3130 31
27 2927 29
27 2827 28
28 2928 29 29 3229 32
3232
31 3231 32
29 3229 32
the backward pass:
30 3230 32
ESTEST EFTEFT
A
5
earliest start timeearliest start time earliest finish timeearliest finish time
LSTLST LFTLFT
latest start timelatest start time latest finish timelatest finish time
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
K3
J1
I1
H1
D8
19 2719 27
27 2827 28
27 2827 28 28 2928 29 29 3229 32
G3
0 30 3
3232daysdays
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
27 2827 28 28 2928 29 29 3229 3224 2724 27
28 2928 29
19 2719 27
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A10
C1
G3
B8
K3
J1
I1
H1
F1
E3
D8
L2
ENDSTART
0 100 10 10 1810 18 18 1918 19 19 2719 27 27 3027 30 30 3130 31
27 2927 29
27 2827 28
27 2827 28 28 2928 29 29 3229 32
3232
0 30 3
0 100 10 10 1810 18 18 1918 19 19 2719 27 28 3128 31 31 3231 32
27 2827 28 28 2928 29 29 3229 3224 2724 27
28 2928 29
30 3230 32
11
11
33
11
2424
00 00 00 00
00 00 00
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A10
C1
B8
K3
I1
H1
D8
27 2827 28 28 2928 29 29 3229 32
0 100 10 10 1810 18 18 1918 19 19 2719 27
27 2827 28 28 2928 29 29 3229 32
00 00 00 00
00 00 00
0 100 10 10 1810 18 18 1918 19 19 2719 27
CRITICAL PATH:CRITICAL PATH:
Duration: 32 daysDuration: 32 days
ENDSTART
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
AA Obtain bricklayerObtain bricklayer - - 1010 11BB Dig FoundationsDig Foundations A A 8 8 22CC Lay the baseLay the base B B 1 1 22DD Build the wallsBuild the walls C C 8 8 33EE Build the roofBuild the roof D D 3 3 22FF Tile the roofTile the roof E E 1 1 33GG Make window frames - Make window frames - 3 3 44HH Fit window framesFit window frames D & GD & G 1 1 22II Fit glass to framesFit glass to frames H H 1 1 22JJ Fit the doorFit the door D D 1 1 22KK Paint (J&H)Paint (J&H) I & JI & J 3 3 11LL Point the brickworkPoint the brickwork D D 2 2 11
Activity Description Dep. Duration ResourcesActivity Description Dep. Duration Resources
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
A10
C1
B8
K3
D8
I1
H1
G3
F1
E3
L2
J1
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
GANTT CHART:GANTT CHART:
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
A10
C1
B8
K3
D8
I1
H1
G3
F1
E3
L2
J1
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
(1)(1) (2)(2)(3)(3)(2)(2)(2)(2)
(2)(2)
(2)(2)
(3)(3)
(1)(1)
(1)(1)
(2)(2)
(4)(4)
55
2211
227733
55 33 44
11
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
55
2211
227733
55 33 44
11
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
G3 (4)
F1 (3)
E3 (2)
L2 (1)
J1 (2)
RESOURCES RESOURCES MANAGEMENT:MANAGEMENT:
55
2211
227733
55 33 44
11
Bristol, University of the West of EnglandBristol, University of the West of England
G3 (4)
F1 (3)
E3 (2)
L2 (1)
J1 (2)
RESOURCES RESOURCES MANAGEMENT:MANAGEMENT:
55
2211
2255
3355 33 33 44