bright blue marble floating in space biomes & ecology chapter 50...

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Half Hollow Hills High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology

2004-2005AP Biology

Bright blue marble floating in space

Biomes & Ecology

Chapter 50

2004-2005AP Biology

Spheres of life Molecules Cells (Tissues → Organ → Organ systems) Organisms Populations Community

all the organisms of all the species thatinhabit a particular area

Ecosystem Biosphere

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Factors affecting distribution Distinct global & regional patterns in the

distribution of organisms

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Terrestrial biomes

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Aquatic biomes

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Ecology Scientific study of interactions

between organisms & theirenvironment these interactions

determine thedistribution &abundance oforganisms

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Environmental factors Abiotic factors

non-living chemical & physical factors temperature light water nutrients

Biotic factors living components

animals plants

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Biotic factors Competitors Predators / Parasites Food sources

% seaweed& role of 2herbivores

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Abiotic factors Climate

prevailing weather conditions in an area temperature water sunlight wind rocks & soil

Physical factors rocks & soil

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Effects of climate

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Global climate patterns Largely determined by sunlight & Earth’s

movement in space

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Seasonal changes Angle of the earth’s axis is responsible

for seasonal variations on Earth

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Global air circulation

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Microclimates Localized effects

windward leeward

desert

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Zonation in lake What factors contribute to organism

distribution?

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Fresh water Lakes

Oligotrophic nutrient poor

Eutrophic nutrient rich

Rivers different

communitysupported thanin ponds & lakes

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Marine zones

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Marine

intertidal

coral reefbenthos

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Tropical rainforest

distribution: equatorialprecipitation: very wettemperature: always warmcharacteristics: many plants & animals, thin soil

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Savanna

distribution: equatorialprecipitation: seasonal, dry season/wet seasontemperature: always warmcharacteristics: fire-adapted, drought tolerant plants;herbivores; fertile soil

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Desert

distribution: 30°N & S latitude bandprecipitation: almosttemperature: variable daily & seasonally, hot & coldcharacteristics: sparse vegetation & animals, cacti,succulents, drought tolerant, reptiles, insects, rodents, birds

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Chaparral

distribution: coastal mid-latitudeprecipitation: seasonal, dry summer/rainy wintertemperature: hot summer/cool wintercharacteristics: scrubby vegetation, drought-adapted, fire-adapted, herbivores, amphibians, birds, insects

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Temperate Grassland

distribution: mid-latitudes, mid-continentsprecipitation: seasonal, dry season/wet seasontemperature: cold winters/hot summerscharacteristics: prairie grasses, fire-adapted, droughttolerant plants; many herbivores; deep, fertile soil

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

distribution: mid-latitude, northern hemisphereprecipitation: adequate, summer rains, winter snowtemperature: moderate warm summer/cool wintercharacteristics: many mammals, insects, birds, etc.;deciduous trees; fertile soils

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Coniferous Forest (Taiga)

distribution: high-latitude, northern hemisphereprecipitation: adequate to dry (temperate rain forest on coast)temperature: cool year roundcharacteristics: conifers; diverse mammals, birds, insects, etc.

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Arctic Tundra

distribution: arctic, high-latitude, northern hemisphereprecipitation: drytemperature: cold year roundcharacteristics: permafrost, lichens & mosses, migrating animals& resident herbivores

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Alpine Tundra

distribution: high elevation at all latitudesprecipitation: drytemperature: cold year roundcharacteristics: permafrost, lichens, mosses, grasses; migratinganimals & resident herbivores

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Community Group of species living close enough

together for potential interaction inter-species interactions

competition (-/-) predation / parasitism (-/+) mutualism(+/+) commensalism (+/0)

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Niche An organism’s niche is its role in the

environment

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Ecosystem Community of organisms plus the

abiotic factors that existin a certain area

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Impact of ecology as a science Ecology provides a scientific context for

evaluatingenvironmental issues Rachel Carson, in 1962,

in her book, Silent Spring,warned that use ofpesticides such as DDTwas causing populationdeclines in manynon-target organisms

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Learning from mistakes Introduced species

transplanted speciesoften explode to occupya new area

non-native speciesout-compete native species lack of competitors & predators reducing diversity

examples African honeybee zebra mussel purple loosestrife

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Zebra mussel

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Purple loosestrife

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Purple loosestrife

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Purple loosestrife Non-native species out-compete native species

lack of competitors & predators reducing diversity causing loss of food & nesting sites for animals

1968 1978

bright blue marble floating in space biomes & ecology chapter 50...

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