Brief Response

• What made Hitler’s Nazi Party to appealing to Germans and some in the world?

• Brought Germany out of the Great Depression (jobs, food)

• Restored German dignity and pride• Government got things done, no arguing parties.• Eliminated Communists• Though socialists, they allowed rich to stay rich.• Stressed respect for all classes.

Fascist Expansion:

p. 460

WW II Encroaches

• In the 1930s, Italy, Japan, and Germany began to build economically independent empires. – They blamed the Western capitalist democracies,

(Britain, France, and the US), for their suffering in the Great Depression.

• Fascist governments would make sure there would never be another depression for their people. – They would make their people safe and happy by

taking the lands, resources, and peoples of their neighbors.

Pacifism:

• Opposing war.

• Britain and France wanted peace.

Neutrality Acts:

• In mid 1930s, US Congress passes two laws forbidding: – the sale of American items that could help any

side in a foreign war. – Americans to travel on ships of warring

nations.– President Roosevelt from signing any

alliances that might get US into a foreign war.

Early Expansion

• Japan invaded: (2)– 1931…..Manchuria– 1937…..China

Early Expansion

• Italy invaded:– Invades Ethiopia, 1935

Early Expansion

• Germany: (2)– Hitler reveals the illegal German military, and

continues building it, (2)• France and Britain should attack, Hitler is breaking the

Treaty of Versailles. – they do nothing.

– 1936, Rhineland—Hitler sends troops in, prepared to run if France fights them. (4)

• France does nothing.• Hitler’s popularity in Germany increases, • More countries fear Germany and do what it wants.

– Hitler is encouraged to take more territory.

Axis Powers

• Germany, Italy, and Japan sign agreements to help each other.

Axis Powers:• Italy, Germany, and Japan agreed in 1936 to:

(3)– Fight Communism– not interfere with each other’s empires– support each other (3)

• exchange technology• exchange culture• trade

• Called the The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Pact, • strengthened by the Tripartite Pact, 1940.

The Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939Identify the side by the information above it.

• Forced the king to abdicate. – They included:

• Democrats• Socialists• Communists

• Made a constitution – democratic legislature:

• Took lands from – the Church

– The ruling class

• Republicans (Loyalists)

• opposed the liberal changes

• General Francisco Franco became their leader.

• Nationalists (Fascists)

Francisco Franco

• Led the Fascist (Nationalist) revolt against Spain’s new Loyalist government.–He was soon supported by Hitler

and Mussolini.

Francisco Franco

• Both countries were close and could provide technology and “advisors” easily – (Germany’s Luftwaffe (air force) got needed

experience in Spain)– The bombing of _________ was a success for

Fascists, a horror to the rest of the world.– Guernica– 3-D Painting by Picasso….

Spanish Civil War: Results

• Fascist leader Franco was victorious (3) – and turned Spain into a ruthless, totalitarian

state similar to Italy and Germany.– Interestingly, he did not join the Axis.

• He kept Spain neutral in World War II.

– He controlled Spain until his death in 1975.

Hitler continues expansion:

• Anschluss:

• 1938: Hitler got Austrian Nazis to force Austrian government to agree to an “election”. – Voters approved union with Germany.– Britain and France did nothing.

Appeasement:

• Allowing an aggressor nation to take what it wants, even illegally, in order to avoid war.

Hitler continues expansion:

• Sudetenland:• September, 1938: western region

of Czechoslovakia, full of ethnic Germans. –Hitler demanded the land be given

to Germany.

Hitler continues expansion:• A meeting was called. It was held in Munich, Germany….. Who

attended? (4)– Adolf Hitler—promised this was the last of his “territorial demands”.– Germany,– Neville Chamberlain– Britain,– Edouard Daladier– France,– Benito Mussolini– Italy,– The ____ were not included, but would have to follow the agreement

• Czechs• Since Britain and France had “created” Czechoslovakia, they negotiated with

Hitler.

Neville Chamberlain, UK Prime Minister

Édouard Daladier French Prime Minister

Adolf Hitler, German Fuhrer Benito Mussolini,

Duce of Italy

Illusion of Peace

• Neville Chamberlain goes home to London, with Hitler’s signature, and declares…..

• “peace for our time”.

Reasons for Appeasement: (6) 11/16

• French government divided• Britain and France had economic depressions

• Perhaps Germany had been punished enough • Some hoped that Hitler would destroy the Soviet

Union, • Some hoped that diplomacy (countries talking)

would satisfy Hitler….• Britain and France wanted peace…..

EC: Britain and France also wanted peace, because? (2)

• Rebuilding their empires,

• Enjoying their consumer lifestyle

Some Britons still felt that Hitler was a great danger ….

• Winston Churchill, UK,• Member of

Parliament, critic of appeasement – “The fools, why are

they cheering? – They had to choose

between war and dishonour.

– They chose dishonour; – they will have war.”

Reason for Appeasement that made Stalin forever suspicious of the West

• Some hoped that Hitler would destroy the Soviet Union, and end the Communist threat.– Then, the West could deal with a much

weakened Nazi Germany.

What does this western cartoon suggest Stalin might feel about the Munich deal?

11/21 • That they might be secretly planning with

Hitler and Mussolini to support an Axis invasion of the Soviet Union.

Hitler’s “Final” Demand.

• One country was very suspicious of the motives of Britain and France…..

• The Soviet Union• What is this political cartoon from that country saying

about the Munich Conference? (2)• That Britain and France are appeasing Hitler to the

advantage of wealthy capitalists (maybe the US banks?)• That Hitler has a big appetite and will not be satisfied…..

Early Expansion and International Weakness

• Japan and Italy invaded other nations…..– The Western democracies, Britain and France, did nothing

• the _________________________voted to condemn Japan’s actions

• League of Nations– The threatened an economic boycott of Japan.

• Japan did not care and quit its membership in it.

• Ethiopian king, _________________asks them for help against Italy, • Haile Selassie,• they only voted on sanctions (economic penalties) for Italy. • Mussolini took Italy out of the organization

– Protests from the world community meant nothing…..– Italy claimed it was liberating Eritreans from the unjust Ethiopian

government.

The Fascist Leaders (4)

• Italy

• Benito Mussolini

• Germany

• Adolf Hitler

• Japan

• Tojo Hideki

• Spain

• Francisco Franco

What did Hitler Mean?

• “I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like vermin”

• Answer: (2)• He meant that there were millions of people not

as good as Germans– He equates them to rats and other dangerous,

disease-ridden, animals

• He says his efforts (Social Darwinism) to destroy these lesser peoples are moral.

Hitler continues expansion:

• Hitler accused Jews of plotting the next war…..• Hitler put the blame for another World War on Jews,

whom he promised to destroy if it happens:

• "If the international finance Jewry inside and outside of Europe should succeed in plunging the peoples of the Earth once again into a world war, the result will not be the Bolshevism of Earth, and thus a Jewish victory, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe."

• -Adolf Hitler, Speech to Parliament, January, 1939.

Hitler and Stalin Shock the World

• August, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union sign _____ (2)

• Nazi-Soviet Pact (Non-Aggression Pact; Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact):– Germany and the Soviet Union surprise the

world by agreeing not to make war on each other.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Hitler’s Reasons (3)• Invade Poland w/o

worrying about an attack by the Soviet Union

• Attack Britain and France the next year w/o worrying about an attack by the Soviet Union

• A launch point for the future invasion of the Soviet Union.

Stalin’s Reasons (4)• Gain 1/3 of Polish territory.• Can invade Finland, w/o

worrying about attack by Hitler

• Gain time to prepare for a possible German invasion in the future.

• Gain a buffer zone in case Germany invades later.

Hitler and Stalin Shock the WorldBoth cartoons portray a distrust held by each for the motives for the other…..

And it looks doubtful the “peaceful” relations between them will last.

World War II officially begins.

• The week after signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Germany and The Soviet Union invade …..

• Poland– September 1, 1939.

• ____ and ____declared war on September 3rd. (2)

• Britain and France

hwk

Image, p. 461

• Question:

• Helped its economy

• Raised morale

• Increased Hitler’s popularity

Standards Check, p. 462

• Japan• invaded Manchuria,

1931, and eastern China, 1937

• Italy• Invaded Ethiopia,

1935-6

• Germany• Increased build-up of

military• Sent troops into

Rhineland

Standards Check, p. 462

• Hitler and Mussolini• Sent arms/forces to

help Franco’s fascists.

• Stalin• Sent arms/forces to

help the Republicans

• Other countries• Volunteers came to

fight Franco’s fascists

Standards Check, p 464

• Question:

• He wanted to bring all German-speaking people into the Third Reich

Map skills: p. 464• 2

– A narrow strip of land separating East Prussia from East Germany.• 3 • Most likely Axis invasions

– Denmark– The Netherlands– Belgium– France– Poland– Switzerland– Yugoslavia

• Because those were the countries that bordered Germany and Italy• Extra question

– Why does the map work ask you to locate the places in question 1?– Most of those lands were Hitler’s primary goals to recapture

Standards check, p. 465

• Question:

• When Hitler broke his promise and seized Czechoslovakia, they realized he would not stop trying to take over more territory.

Chart Skills, p. 465 (EC, except Honors)

Agree

• The harsh terms of the Versailles treaty angered Germans

• Widespread pacifism after WWI made Britain, France, and US unwilling to stand up to aggression until it was too late.

Disagree

• Text offers no arguments here.

Brief Response

• What made the Axis seem undefeatable to the rest of the world? Why didn’t the great powers try to aggressively stop them?