brief notes on nyaya
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MAHESACHANDRA
NYAYARATNA
BR lEF NOTES ON THE
MODERN NYAYA SYSTEM
OF PHILOSOPHY AND ITS
TECHNICAL TERMS
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THE LIBRARY
OFTHE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
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1/
BRIEF NOTES ON THE MODERN NYAYA
SYSTEM OF PHILOSOPHY AND ITS
TECHNICAL TERMS.
BY
MAHAMAHOPADHYAY MAHESA CHANDRA NYAYARATNA, C. 1. E.
Hare Press : Calcutta.
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f/*- s
Brief Notes on the Modern Nya'ya System of
Philosophy and its
Technical Terms.
'T^HE term Nyaya is composed of f^ (with certainty\ i or
^?T (to go) and ^ (^by which), and means literally the
method of coming with certainty [to a conclusion]. As used
in Hindu Philosophy it means the syllogism. Gotama is the
earliest writer who treats of the syllogism; and his work, the
Gautama-Sutra (aphorisms of Gotama), and those of writers
who discuss philosophical questions according to his method,
whether they discuss the syllogism or not, make up the Nyayasystem of philosophy.
Nyaya philosophy may be divided into ancient and modern.
Ancient Nyaya treats not only of the syllogism, but discusses
all sorts of questions, physical and metaphysical, applying,
where necessary, the syllogistic method. Modern Nyaya, as
regards the subjects of discussion, makes no departure from
the ancient. Rather, it restricts itself to fewer subjects;
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but those it discusses, it discusses wiih a nicety and a minute
precision unknown to ancient Nyaya. It lays particular stress
on a strict definition of term:s, and it aims at ascertaining
precisely even the meanings of expressions in common use
and so intelligible to all. For example, Gotama, in putting
forth his aphorism, "^r^fT^'^ai: ifrcTtfr" (I. 1-2-3.) does not think
it necessary that he should attempt any elucidation of the
meaning of the term ufcT^r1
His earlier commentators too-,
Pakshila Svamin and others, make no such attempt. Gangesa
Upadhyaya, the founder of the uTodern school of Nyaya,
enters upon a lengthy discussion about the meaning
of Hf^T'sTT, remarking that ?jr'^f*T'i"si is inadequate as a
characteristic of TTf?{=WT, for, ^i^^TrT^^at might be understood
as simply meaning,—naming the sgiw. He notices also other
points. He puts forth the following as the characteristit
of MTm^]—
Raghunatha Siromani improves upon the above thus :
XfgFicI5?n^n^^ ^f^ !TiicTTgf*lfciq'^f^9I'ssT^^lficTTgfflfcT^T^IT^R^-
Then follows Gadadhara, who discusses the question at
greater length than his predecessors, bringing out several nice
points, and comes at last to the following conclusion :
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13]
H^TTcn^q^cTT^^"^^T^f^^fq-arBJIcTrfH^fqcT^T>2IcTT^^'?^«?^«jiff^^-
An old Nyiya wo-ik lays down "^jsqfvr'gRfTig or "^ir^sTTWT^
(invariable connection) as the characteristic attribute of ^ifff i
Gangesa Upadhyaya thinks this characterisation insufti-
cient, and so he delivers himself as follov/s :
Raghunatha Siromani improves upon Gangesa's elucida-
tion thus ;
He is followed by Bhavananda, Mathunlnatha, J^gadisa
a'nd Gadadhara, each with some improvement of his own.
]agadisa's conclusion is as follows:
A hair-splitting subtlety in the discussion of meanings
of terms is, thus, the distinguishing characteristic of modern
Nyaya. Poverty of matter is its great drawback. Notwith-
standing this drawback, however, it is aa exccll-cnt training
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for the intellect, which, under its disciphne, acquires a power
of precise thinking that is beyond all price. Without a
study of modern Nyaya it is impossible, again, to thoroughly
understand certain Sanskrit works on Philosophy, Law,
Rhetoric and even Grammar ; for example, the Chitsttkhi^
a commentary by Chitsukhachdryya on Nydyamakarajida (
treatise on the Vedanta philosophy by A'nandabodha), the
DdyabhdgaprabodJiim^ a commentary by Srikrishna Tarkd-
lanka'ra on Ddyabhdga ( a treatise on the Hindu Law of
Inheritance), the Kdvyaprakdsddarsa, a commentary by
Mahesvara Nya'ylanka'ra on Kdiynprakdsa ( a work on
Rhetoric), and Paribhdsendusekhara and Maiijusa ( works on
Grammar) by Na'gesa Bhatta.
The Sutras of Gotama, the Bhdshya of Pakshila Sva'min,
the Vartika of Udyotaka'ra A'cha'ryya, the Tdtparyya-tikd
of Va'chaspati Misra, the Tdtparyya-tikd-Prastiddhi of Udayana
A'cha'ryya fall under the head of ancient Nya'ya. The works
on Vaiseshika philosophy, with the exception of a few, such
as Miiktdvali, may also be included under the same head.
All the works on Nyaya from Gangesa's, who lived probably
in the 14th century, down to Gada'dhara's, who lived in
the latter end of the 17th century, come under thehead of
modern Nya'ya.
Gangesa Upa'dhya'ya was a native of Mithila' (north-eastern
Beha'r;. He founded the modern school of Nya'ya. His great
work is the Tattva-Chmtdmani of which the subject is iWTir
(proof), one of the sixteen categories laid down by Gotama"'
in his Sutras. The system introduced by him received further
development at the hands of his disciples, among whom was
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his own son Vardhama'na Upa'dhya'ya, up to tlie time of
Pakshadhara Misra, who flourished in the middle of the 15th
century. He was the writer of a commentary called Aloka
on Gangesa's Tattva-Chhifdmani. Down to the time of Paksha-
dhara the study of modern Nya'ya was almost exclusively
confined to Mithila, which became the resort of pupils from
all parts of India. The literary activity of the IMithila' school
began to decline after the time of Pakshadhara, whose work
called Aloka is the last standard work on modern Nya'ya. The
school, however, continued to flourish, and it is not yet extinct
in Mithila'. It may be noticed here incidentally that the works
of Gangesa and his followers effected a revolution in the study
of Nya'ya and completely superseded the ancient Nya'ya
works, such as the Bhdshya, the Vartika, &c., so much so that
very few Pandits of the present day possess even copies of
these works.
From Mithila' the study of modern Nya'ya spread to Nava-
dvipa (Nadiya', the same as Nuddea), and the students who
had studied the subject in IMithila began to teach it to their
pupils in the latter place. The name of the Pandit who first
introduced the study of modern Nya'ya into Navadvipa can
not be ascertained. Ra'mabhadra Siddha'ntava'gisa is the earli-
est Nadiya' writer on Nya'ya of whom we have any certain
knowledge. He wrote a commentary on the Kusurmx'njah
of Udayana A'cha'ryya. The image of the goddess Ka'li,
known as "Poda'-Ma"' (burnt mother) in consequence of its
having been burnt once, and to which offerings are made by
students on the eve of their departure from Navadvipa after
the completion oftheir studies there, is said to have been set
up for worship by Ra'mabhadra. After Ra mabhadra came
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Basudeva Sa'rvabhauma. He was the writer of a work on
Nya'ya whicliis
now missing butis
referred to in other workson Nya'ya. Raghuna'tha Siromani, the writer of the celebrated
Didhiti which, though calhng itself a commentary on the
chapters on Aniandna ( inference ) in the Tattva-Chintdmani,
contains a great deal of valuable original matter, was a pupil
of Ba'sudeva Sa'rvabhauma, and, according to tradition, a con-
temporary of Chaitanya, the celebrated Vaishnava reformer.
In his hands the system of Gangesa received its fullest
development, and from his time the fame of the Nadiya school
began to increase until at last the Mithila school was com-
pletely thrown into the shade, yielding thus to its rival the
place which it formerly occupied. The Naiya'yikas of Nadiya
have ever since maintained this position—a postion recognised
by Pandits all over India. After Raghuna'tha came in succes-
sion Bhava'nanda Siddha'ntava'gisa, Mathura'na'th Tarkava'gisa,
Ja'ga'disa Tarka'lanka'ra and Gada'dhara Bhatta'cha'ryya. The
descendants of the last have been distinguished Naiya'yikas,
and the greatest living Professor of Nya'ya at Nadiya', Maha'-
mahopa'dhya'ya Bhuvana Mohana Vidya'ratna, is the sixth in
descent from Gada'dhara. Another Bengali Naiya'yika,
Krishnada'sa Sa'rvabhauma but whether of Nadiya' or not is
not known, wrote a commentary on the Didhiti, named the
Didhiii Prasdrini of which a MS. copy written in Samvat
1672, corresponding to the year 1615 of the Christian era,
exists in the Government Sanskrit College in Calcutta.
All these Nadiya writers wrote commentaries on the Didhiii,
Mathura'na'tha writing a full commentary on the Chinfdmani
besides, and they enlarged the technical terminology of modernNyaya. To give an example. The terms f? and fw<^^'7 both
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imply duality, but while the former can never he predicated ot'
asingle individual,
the latter can. We cannot say."
^^j,"
but can say ""^ig ffcgwT*T," so that ft and ff^^jt cannot have
the same meaning. A distinction between the two meanings is
made thus :—The idea of duality, as expressed by ff, requires
for its completion (q?lrrfH) an aggregate of two objects. There-
fore f% cannot be predicated of a single object ^?f IBut the
idea of duality, as expressed by ft-^^TST and meaning, 'belonging
to an aggregate of two', and therefore not requiring for its
completion the aggregate of two objects but requiring only one
of them, can be predicated of a single object =?i«i. The former
class of predication is based on what is called qQjtffre«^^
(relation of completion}, and the latter on ^5ft^?i^j^»?
( ordinary relation between object and attribute).
The technicalities of modern Nydya have hitherto repelled
students of Sanskrit from its study. The immemorial practice
has been for Naiyayikas to explain verbally to their pupils
the meaning of each term as it turns up in the course of their
teaching, and the explanations are after certain set formula;. A
hook called the Nyaya-kosha was brought out in Bombay by
Ehimacharyya Jhalakikar in 1875, and this book is a Dictionary
of the Technical terms used in Nyaya. The explanations it
gives are, however, not full enough, and the work itself has not
yet come to be generally known. I purpose, therefore, in this
paper to explain some of these technicalities, and this in
simple Sanskrit, as I cannot hope to be able to make matters
equally clear through the medium of English. My method
of interpretation is not the orthodox one usually followed by
Pandits, which I have thoughtproper to
abandon asit
is not one calculated to make matters quite intelligible.
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1 liave had very little time to spare for writing tliis piper,
Dr. Leitner's request to me for a paper having cometo
me only on the 30th June last. With more time at my
disposal I would have made my paper fuller. I have not
been able even to look over the proof-sheets carefully, owing
to the serious and, as it has now proved, fatal illness of my
eminent and revered friends Dr. Rajendralala Mitra and
Pandit Iswara Chandra Vidyasagara.
fT'?T "Sf'JT: I ^^\ ?^ ^Tf^Tlir^wfir fcTS'fftfcf ^TTfcTIII-'^'JITf^r ?^*5T
^mv.; %^J^ ^^^ ^Z]T^ ^^^fk ^5^ ftr^cftfcT ?^?lfq qZTf^ U^Tf^'fi: I
5Tm f^fvr^t^Jrr: t^^t: Wvf^^T^q^^^rT^T ^fq ^i^jit ^rg^sETc^gTTsjT
Bqrf^Tfq HiT; €?i'ifrqTf'ir-T^#tqTfV%f?T f?ft«r: 1 ^^t N^jt)
TT^ T^ fRr ^?ciif: ; ^g ^aicft f^vrm ar^^ ^ ^?cr#tqrf'?w'?i ^frf
^TWff I ?T2rr q^^ ; crfV ^^r^wTi^^rr^Tr 1 cTct^ ci^ ^I'jt^ti'^t^^: '^aiT
^q*?i '^q^sTif^: "^ir^^i^rcT ^aif^frftr 1
fg^# 5T 3r^%, ^ai^ffrTcW^^ ?T*?r ^^q*T#trffi?T^ ^ ^^^T'Ul'qTf^: I ?T^T
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-^*^, ^n3?!ilT?T§<5 5T crm rT?? ^^q^^sQsf ^T^^T,— ???jiT?rr: ^^iw^^i:i
cm cT<fr: IT^tf^Tfq ^nf^^ ( f^aHTmR^fcTTfrTcrT ) V^fh I ?T^T
Bfw%cTf*ifci cT^fhTfiT gwra^r q?^^^ vfi^c^^^ =^ ^T^f^^T it^ct: i
^cm^ " "?igf^^?IT^-3TTf??^^'^qT^fcTfKWq^raf'Tt f^TTf^^WTT
^«i^: I ^^^^wk=^TT -^^^ f^sTT '^'ifr H^^:' ^'^ f^.^^-
^ff^^: I '^q^*T3^q:' 'qit ^^'^f'?r' 'jzf q^t *TTt%' fsjttt 3^ 'sq^
^ ^T^ror, Tt '^ qJWT^*^ ^HJT^^T" ^?T^T?T^'JtT-^'?^q^T*TTST:
«R*r ; ^(Ttrfq ^sTrnKit^ift: (^i?ij*iq^'t:) ^^int^qT?i^«^R( 1 'Er'^ftir^
^iiT<1'?[T»i^f^3jq: I ^v(Tc|,T^: ^^^•. ^^q^i^^:^ ^m 'ijcrt qzt
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Tj^ 7T ^"?tff?fg' 5T^^I ^^mS^'2;^T5[fq q^Tmqi:*qTW^i§5I ^*^¥T
r'^^^i,—'^S'^l ?JJTfvnf SJ ?!*? q^KlTre^^i^^TTn^;, ^f*jtg qsr^^T^t,
^Hjf^f^rir: qi5?i^, ?i^ '»i;cTt ^j:'; ^T§t =^ ^g^T^^r: qs??n: vr^fsTT,
TTf%' TsiTf^q?ff»n?r I ^^'j^qiH^T %cf5fr?i»T?ft: ^^"^rfq ^ ^f^-
* ^^ cTsg^q^ ^T^wt fT*g:i
fT<^ ^*Ttcr: v(z^ i
t ^<rt: ^'^^*T'5^: ^?rt»ft (^T^?i:) H^«rq: ;f^^ *fg^fjT (^r??!;)
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[ >• ]
* »TTr^T^?cr'^qn^^^/Ti<TTTT^5rqf: '^Tf^^Tqrfq'&q'iifTT'-^Tfr^: ^f^<T
^w^m: ; fTf%^'q:'!i?jqnf^Tr'!irT^^q-q^*qTre<q'^5T cT^^^^^^sf
^q^ir:, cT^q ^^ qT^^TTfr^q^i; ^ffifi[fsT^mqr:, fifi?TTqT=qli5T am^f^q^e
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[ '^ ]
^: ^T^: crf^r^i ^Tt H^^sfq ^"^.n ?i% ^T^?T^T^Tf^ci<^^»^sq t ( ^«i
^'ST^: I ^^r^^Tf*T^ ^^iTTIimr ^^^^^ffl^JT "^Th q5jtfH«»^=^S#-
fiwrfq ^^if^f^ €'^5^T ^f^t^ li^r^t^ f?T3f^ ; ?mT ^?fr5^*T ^^^^
»JfT^f*TffTI
^^ ^T^'S^rrg -5Ef*^ft(<l^ Hf?T?ftf^, ^qT^Tg^ftf'T VJ^f?TI
^^^Vi "sqg^tfT vr^f^T, g*T €'^^^ cT^ T)fH?ftfJT ftrsffT I ?TSIT ifw-
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^^^, »?% qst ^'rfn ?fci ^^T qjg ^m., gi?^' ?i^g ^t'-^k ?f?i i
qg ^RT '*IT§^' <Tfw*i; cTf^^fq^n grfflflT fHsfcT, qw JT^ ?T^ ?lf<ir^^'!!?^
IflFfsTlfqfn irfTTcTI ^^% ^^fff^fqcTT "^ "^TT^^TfTI q? W=n?r I ^^«f
^frifTTJfT'^ ^^TM ^f^^n;WfTT '5i^?ir'vrTf^sft, q^g q=iT^ ^fy^'ciicn^Tfl
^q^^ ff%cTT f*T?IcJT I ^ciq^ ffTfrnf^WT.<!IcI?f1: qT*qTf*iqtl^l'^rarl?n
f^^qrn§??cTT^f^ ^^*l' ^^^: ^cft?T?t I q^ '^^^^^ gi<!^fi;' fsi^r
q?fl7T^ 'litj" ^^'^^qcTTf^^iTIIcn^' ?;ffT, fsR^T 'fn?' ^^^fsT^jfTtfll-
f*TlfqclTfW^n7!IcTT^' ^s}^; qjg^#t?T^ |
^j^^^^^-sivTR^irq q^ qfcTTtfiT, ^qT^ ^gq^f^ •?!%i ?t:
T?^i^ "?(?T*{vnTi ^z^fc\ ^zT>i^\^m ^z: nfiT<ft'ft, ^tttw^^ ^q qfrr^frfir i
g2Tf^?q?T«r; sji'TTvrT^'^ i qffi?f(f«Tf*T qf?l?rtf»T?n, ^5^'^f»Tf*T '^
gm ^f^fTT 4Tqq;, ^T§^^ f^'n ^«?T ^f^WT^rlT Wf rT ? cTcT^
TpfTcn '^if^^iTW'Tq'g^, '^f^^T^m ^ ^srr^qfjrfri i ?tw ?j^q^?r,
'»JcT% ^3^ iffrrTl' ?i^Tf^1I fH^ran—
'»ffT%' «fg^*T ff rPrTcTT
^?3ltf^ f5T^i<T% ( ftJiqcTTS^^TSiJH ) I "^ci: *JfIf?*Tfy^nit ^7^
2ffTrcrTf*T^q^f«TffT i qciT?J?f> g^r ^ftr^^'UfTT -^iT^^fsf^fqciT asjc^xtt i
'5pra^ "^ ^fmwwjT qfT^cn^TTWcT^ft: ^f3g?TTff^qfrq^: qT^q^fliq^gt:
v(»jjgT: 'ti^qi'^ t^TiTsit fsT^igr'T^q^wrfs^fl^; i
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xj^^ q^iT ^^«!I g^JTT^Wrf^ ^qi^T'!! '^VTTTr VRfff, ?THIT ^S^^^fcT it
W=fT% ; ^ it ^^^ qj^ ^Sfq ^fZ^T^nt*! ^Z^Z\V{^Wf^[T^
^VTT^^ IffcT?ftf'TcJT ^^rf^rf ^»W^ '^^=^fT WW '^l^'Nf^T VT^ftf,
^'T t^f^i^sT f]5T ^ \^»i['ijj '?f^f^^ VTTfcT, SET 'EI»^^: € =^ ^"jt: ct^t:
5fTl%' '?75?T^'t ^27VrT^r^ qfcT^fff'TcTT ^RTT^^ ^Tf^sf ^jc^ir=g
^'nj'^i^r^^T I tTcT^ ci??tt: ifffT^ftRcTRrr: ^Tqm: ^*^^: ^tc^^ ^^: ^^-
irmfq ^R3i: ^vrrfr ^nf^ ; ^^ct: ^Tf^^^j^j^^T ^^^ ^^-^ f^^^[^-
( f^^^fcT ) I =?s7Tq^^q^ ^'^j^: ct^t: ^^'^^^'^ vrqfcr, Trfcr^fff^cn
^WTr?T'e»^^: »Jct% ^ztvtr^ TrfcT^ftfiicTt f^^^cftfcT ^r:wn^
'^?^:I rT^TT'^ ^»^5^^
^^=#^^^ f^arq^-^^qfjffc^ qif^fT*T:
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^zJTcTT TiffT'TifncTT ^^ n^ ^=^'^, fici ^^ ^^ ^ ^'h^ f ?ftT ti^??vi=?i?:-
( g^+ c^ ) fJTWt "^I (^^ct ^Tf?T:) gj^im TTffT^tf^rTT^TT: ^=)^<?*:
"^iiff^kh ft^: ^m I ff^cTT^fi: ^ffT?frf^fTTfq '^i^fit^ fH^fq^n vr^fTT,
-^i^n^ iff<TinfJTfTT?iT: f^m^:;
'i^ ^^^^^ctt nftTqtf7m?ft^fq
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'q^=?r 5T^.?T»m fcT^^rT ^ g fTTTt' ?S1^ ^^^" ?T^¥f^cIT^: T»T^f^:
^^^^^ ^T^TVTT^^ ifTfcTmt fjTfrut^i: ^q''^^^: I '?n?rrw§frTrfT?TT:
•^iT^^^RT'^^Rt JTHT^: ^^*ft ^srffT I ^rsf\ '^^ ^w. ^fq^^ffift ^ ^'
wsn "^T^^ ^qwT^: ; "^t^i ^qivji^ q^ife ^r g '^qf^rftr i
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^^^i^^rTT^^cf^fTTfsT^^r^^T I fTrI?T '^'ift STTf'rf' ^^Vf ^^^[^^^V^[^]^]^
^»^^^ I ?Tm '^^^ ^1%?ttt; >|^t<t' ifSjT^TgTT^ ^7^^ q% ^^^r f.-j^fr
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^^^ if?T, qt =^=f :Tf?fr^R^T<fT iTHT^ q?:c?Pi Tfr% -511% crwt ff^^T
wr^ '^?i q?:' ?ffi q^r^f^fai'g'^r^'^fti 1
?fcT ^T% i^^Tif^fai^fii ^^.^f^ tfsi^iT ( 'j^jy; ) *Tf q^?T^ I
^q^pj ^f^ftj: q<ft?T^, ^T^T '^4 g?::,' 'g'^^ *tk:' ^^t^^T ^ ^^^^^ T^
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TTftr TjftfT5^'Er*?Tf *T^f^' ?^TTf f'T^T f^^^ ^affr^T Wr^^ f^^<ii?r,
q^ TT^r^fTT ftst^fsrifqcIT vr^1%, f^siiejcTT ^ R^r^fTlfqcTr vr^ I qrT?T
'^TSI'^I' fw^Tif *fcrffl' ???J%T ^ ^5-:^ ^I^ WT^'HT f%?i^vr^f%'TfcT ft^?T^,
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[ => 1
WtS?i TT*T: ij^:' ^'^'^ iJ5?Tc^qf^§?Tl%CT iT^TTcTT *J'STT ; ftf^'^fq^l^ =^
^cT^ cff^'^fqcTT ?:mf%^T 1%^5IfTTfq 'T g*ajTI
*?m q^w*f f^vM "q^n^ w^^t"-^ ft?qT w^f^i fqitqwifsr qcft??^^'^,
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[ " ]
^^Tfq ^tf2:^?r^r2T i q?:^ 'vrr? ^1% ^f^w^fcT ^r ^t' j.f^ ^ai^
Calcutta "|
[ Mahes'achandra Nya'yaratna.Dated the \st August, 1891.
J
[Note.— I have just learnt from an eminent Pandit of Nava-
dwipa that Rdmabhadra SiddhAntavagisa, the commentator on
Kustcmdnjali was not the person who set up the image of Podamdalluded to in p. 5., but that it was done by another person bearing
the same name. There is no time now to ascertain the truth of
the matter.]
M. N.
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