breast cancer - hubcelltrionhealthcareproducts.co.uk/h/download/herzuma... · 2018. 9. 27. ·...

What patients need to know about breast cancerThis medical guide is designed to provide the backgroundand necessary information for breast cancer management.Discussions with your healthcare provider will help youfurther understand symptoms, risks, and overall health.

BREAST CANCER

Nipple

Adiposetissue

Lobules

Ducts

Areola

BREAST CANCER What patients need to know about breast cancer

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What patients need to know about breast cancer

The female breast is primarily made up of adipose tissue, which we commonly call ‘fat.’ The breast is composed of 12-20 sections called lobes. Each lobe is a collection of smaller lobules, which are the glands that produce milk. The lobes and lobules are all connected by milk ducts that carry the milk to the nipple.1

Adipose tissue: A collection of fat cells that extends from the underarm up to the collarbone and across to the middle of the ribcage. A network of ligaments, nerves, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, blood vessels, and fibrous connective tissue. Lobules: Glands that produce milk. Ducts: Tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple. Areola: The circular area surrounding the nipple.

What is the breast made up of?

CONTENTS• What is the breast made up of?

• What is breast cancer?

• What are the stages of breast cancer?

• What causes breast cancer?

• What are the symptoms of breast cancer?

• How is breast cancer diagnosed?

• How is breast cancer treated?

• Living with breast cancer

• Frequently asked questions

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Ducts

Normal lobule

Abnormal cells

Lobules

Fatty tissue

Normal duct Abnormal cellsBreast cancer begins when breast cells grow uncontrollably and form a malignant tumour.

Breast cancer commonly starts in the cells of either the lobules or the ducts. The cancer cells may gradually spread as they invade surrounding healthy breast tissue. If left untreated, the cancer cells may even spread to other parts of the body once they enter the blood or the lymph system.2,3

Your doctor will first evaluate the specifics of the breast tumour, including:4

• The location of the tissue where the disease began• Whether the disease has spread beyond the breast or not

Lobe

What is breast cancer?

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Stage I Stage III Stage IV (metastatic breast cancer)Stage II

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What are the stages of breast cancer?To determine an appropriate approach to treating the disease, it is important to know the stage of your breast cancer. The stage of breast cancer reflects the size of the tumour, whether it is invasive, whether it has reached the lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.5,6

Breast cancer from Stage I to Stage IIIa is classified as early-stage breast cancer. Breast cancer that is Stage IV is metastatic or advanced breast cancer. Metastatic breast cancer means that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, distant lymph nodes, skin, bones, liver, or brain.5,7

Staging of Breast Cancer


Obesity Alcohol Radiation therapy

Hormone Therapy Birth control


Hormone Therapy Birth controlObesity Alcohol Radiation therapy






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Lifestyle Factors

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What causes breast cancer?

Age : The risk of breast cancer increases with age, like most cancers. Most women who are diagnosed with invasive cancer are above 55 years old.

Gender : Breast cancer is more likely to occur in females than in males.

Family history : Women with close blood relatives with breast cancer have a higher risk of the disease.

Race : Caucasian women, than women of other races, are more often diagnosed with breast cancer.

Dense breast tissue : Women with dense breast tissue (more glandular and fibrous tissue and less fatty tissue) have a higher risk of having breast cancer.

Obesity : Women who are obese or overweight have a greater chance of breast cancer.

Alcohol : Excessive and frequent consumption of alcohol increases the risk of having breast cancer.

Birth control : Any form of birth control may fuel the breast cancer growth.

Radiation therapy to the chest : Previous radiation therapy to the chest is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Hormone therapy prescribed for menopause is likely to cause breast cancer.

Lifestyle Factors10-12Genetic Factors8,9

Fac tors

The exact cause of breast cancer is still unknown. However, there are certain risk factors that are associated with breast cancer including:


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What are the symptoms of breast cancer?

Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Breast lump Skin changesBreast or armpit pain

Liquid discharge from nipple

Change in size or shape

Change in position or shape of nipple

(e.g. nipple inversion)

Although many symptoms of breast cancer may simply be caused by normal breast changes or benign (non-cancerous) breast conditions, it is crucial for you to consult your doctor if you notice any of the following changes:13


Mammogram

An X-ray that is used to screen for breast cancer

Breast ultrasound

An ultrasound that uses sound waves to examine lumps

Biopsy

The removal of breast cells to analyze whether the cells are cancerous

Breast MRI

A scan that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce pictures of the breast’s interior

Look at your breasts in the mirror and look whether your breasts are their usual size, shape, or color. Check for any dimpling, puckering, redness, or swelling.

Feel your breasts while you are sitting or standing. It is easiest when your skin is wet and slippery. Cover your whole breast and use the same hand movements described in Step 2.

Lie down and feel your breasts, using your first few fingers to feel your entire breast from top to bottom and side to side.

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How is breast cancer diagnosed?

Breast Self-ExaminationDiagnosis of Breast Cancer

It is also very important for you to self-examine your breasts to check for lumps or other breast changes that may signal breast cancer.

It is important to self examine your breasts monthly so you are aware of how your breasts normally feel. If any changes are noticed, it is crucial to get them examined by a doctor. Tests and procedures used to diagnose breast cancer include:14,15

Breast ultrasound: Ultrasound procedure that uses sound waves to produce a picture of the tissues inside the breast. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan: a type of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of inside the body.

Mammogram Ultrasound

MRIBiopsy


MRIBiopsy


MRIBiopsy


MRIBiopsy


chemotheraphy Hormone theraphy

Radiation theraphy SurgeryTargeted theraphy








Radiation theraphy SurgeryTargeted theraphy14 15

How is breast cancer treated?

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a cancer-killing treatment through drugs that are given by injection or by mouth. Chemotherapy regimens that are useful in treating breast cancer include taxanes, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, and albumin-bound paclitaxel, anthracyclines, and platinum agents, etc.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy is a drug-treatment that targets cell changes and stops the growth and spread of breast cancer cell growth factors. Some targeted therapy used to treat breast cancer include trastuzumab, pertuzumab, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, etc.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses rays or particles with high-energy to destroy cancer cells. This can be done externally (external beam radiation) or internally (brachytherapy).

Surgery

Surgery is done to remove the breast cancer (partially or entirely) or to remove nearby lymph nodes.

Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy uses drugs to prevent cancer from growing by controlling estrogen levels. Drugs that lower estrogen levels or stop estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cell growth are tamoxifen, fulvestrant, and aromatase inhibitors.

Depending on the type and stage of breast cancer you have, there are various ways to treat breast cancer. Many women may receive more than one type of treatment for their breast cancer.16-19


breast soreness

hot flushes

tiredness

sweats

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Living with breast cancer

Being informed is a crucial part of coping with breast cancer. Ask your doctor and nurses if you are unsure of anything and remember to inform them if you notice any changes or new symptoms.20

If you are going through treatment, you are likely to face physical discomfort such as:20

Don’t be afraid to talk to other people, such as your friends and relatives, who will help and support you.20

Make sure you consult your doctor or nurse about your physical problems to receive any prescribed medication. Resting and mild physical activities may help as well.20

It is very normal for you to feel frightened and overwhelmed when diagnosed with breast cancer. Coping emotionally is a big part of coming to terms with any form of cancer.


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4. What is HER2-positive breast cancer?23,24

Approximately 25% of breast cancer patients have HER2-positivebreast cancer. The HER2 proteins that normally control the growthof healthy breast cells become overexpressed and cause breast cellsto grow and divide abnormally in a rapid and uncontrolled manner.HER2-positive breast cancer is more likely to spread and come backfaster than HER2-negative breast cancer.

5. How is the targeted therapy different fromchemotherapy?19

When cancer cells start growing in an uncontrolled manner,targeted therapy drugs are used to specifically target someof these cell changes.

This is different from chemotherapy, which attacks all fast-growingcells in the cell cycle in a non-specific way. Targeted therapysometimes works even when chemotherapy does not. Sometargeted therapies can help other types of treatment work better.

1. Does menstrual history affect my risks of having breastcancer?10

Yes, women who begin their menstrual cycles before the age of12 or have late menopause (after the age of 55) have higher risksof breast cancer.

2. Can I lower my risk of breast cancer with physicalactivity and a healthy diet?21

Yes, improving your immune system and keeping your weight incheck with physical activity can help reduce your risk of breastcancer. A nutritious and low-fat diet helps to keep estrogenproduction in balance, which also lowers the risk of developingbreast cancer.

3. Does breast cancer and treatment affect fertility?22

While some women are able to get pregnant naturally even aftertheir cancer treatment, some women cannot. This means youmight have to consider talking to your doctor about your fertilitybefore your cancer treatment to find ways in preserving fertility.

Frequently asked questions

References1. National Breast Cancer Foundation. Breast Anatomy. Available at http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-anatomy. Accessed December 2017. 2. American Cancer Society. What is Breast Cancer? Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/what-is-breast-cancer.html. Accessed December 2017. 3. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. What is Breast Cancer? Available at: http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/understand_bc/what_is_bc. Accessed December 2017. 4. Cancer Treatment Centers of America. Breast cancer types. Available at: https://www.cancercenter.com/breast-cancer/types/. Accessed December 2017. 5. Breastcancer.org. Stages of Breast Cancer. Available at: http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/diagnosis/staging. Accessed December 2017. 6. National Institutes of Health. What You Need To Know About™ Breast Cancer. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/wyntk-breast.pdf. Accessed December 2017. 7. National Cancer Institute. Definition of early-stage breast cancer. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=446564. Accessed December 2017. 8. National Breast Cancer Foundation. Risk Factors. Available at: http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-risk-factors. Accessed December 2017. 9. American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Risk Factors You Cannot Change. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/breast-cancer-risk-factors-you-cannot-change.html. Accessed December 2017. 10. Cancer Research UK. Risk Factors. Available at: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/risk-factors. Accessed December 2017. 11. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Symptoms and Causes. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/dxc-20207918. Accessed December 2017. 12. American Cancer Society. Lifestyle-related Breast Cancer Risk Factors. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/lifestyle-related-breast-cancer-risk-factors.html. Accessed December 2017. 13. Breast Cancer Care. Signs and symptoms of breast cancer. Available at: https://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/information-support/have-i-got-breast-cancer/signs-symptoms-breast-cancer. Accessed December 2017. 14. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Diagnosis. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/diagnosis/dxc-20207942. Accessed December 2017. 15. Breastcanacer.org. Breast Self-Exam (BSE). Available at: http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/self_exam. Accessed December 2017. 16. American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Treatment. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment.html. Accessed December 2017. 17. American Cancer Society. Chemotherapy for breast cancer. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy-for-breast-cancer.html. Accessed December 2017. 18. American Cancer Society. Hormone therapy for breast cancer. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy-for-breast-cancer.html. Accessed December 2017. 19. American Cancer Society. Targeted therapy for breast cancer. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/targeted-therapy-for-breast-cancer.html. Accessed December 2017. 20. Cancer Research UK. Coping with breast cancer. Available at http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/living-with/coping. Accessed December 2017. 21. National Breast Cancer Foundation. Breast Cancer FAQs. Available at http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-faqs. Accessed December 2017. 22. Cancer Research UK. Preserving fertility and breast cancer. Available at http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/living-with/preserving-fertility. Accessed December 2017. 23. Breastcancer.org. HER2 Status. Available at: http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/diagnosis/her2. Accessed December 2017. 24. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. HER2-positive breast cancer: What is it? Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/breast-cancer/expert-answers/faq-20058066. Accessed December 2017.

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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470

http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/self_exam

http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/self_exam

http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/diagnosis/her2

http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/diagnosis/her2

breast cancer - hubcelltrionhealthcareproducts.co.uk/h/download/herzuma... · 2018. 9. 27. ·...

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