breach of contract is a legal cause of action in which a binding agreement or bargained

7/28/2019 Breach of Contract is a Legal Cause of Action in Which a Binding Agreement or Bargained

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Breach of contract

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challengedandremoved.(December 2009)

Contract law

Part of thecommon lawseries

Contractformation

Offer and acceptanceMailbox rule

Mirror image ruleInvitation to treat

Firm offerConsideration

Defenses against formation

Lack of capacity

DuressUndue influence

Illusory promiseStatute of frauds

Non est factum

Contract interpretation
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Parol evidence rule

Contract of adhesion

Integration clause

Contra proferentem

Excuses for non-performance

MistakeMisrepresentation

Frustration of purposeImpossibility

ImpracticabilityIllegality

Unclean handsUnconscionability

Accord and satisfaction

Rights of third parties

Privity of contract

AssignmentDelegation

NovationThird party beneficiary

Breach of contract

Anticipatory repudiationCover

Exclusion clauseEfficient breach

Fundamental breach

Remedies

Specific performance

Liquidated damages

Penal damagesRescission

Quasi-contractual obligations
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Promissory estoppel

Quantum meruit

Related areas of law

Conflict of lawsCommercial law

Othercommon lawareas

Tort lawProperty law

Wills,trusts and estates

Criminal lawEvidence

vde

Breach of contract is alegalcause of actionin which abinding agreementor bargained-forexchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance orinterference with the other party's performance. If the party does not fulfill his contractualpromise, or has given information to the other party that he will not perform his duty asmentioned in the contract or if by his action and conduct he seems to be unable to perform the

contract, he is said to breach the contract.

Contents

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1 Minor breaches 2 Material breach 3 Fundamental breach 4 Anticipatory breach 5 Limits on Remedies and Damages 6 See also

[edit] Minor breaches
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A minor breach, a partial breach or an immaterial breach, occurs when the non-breaching party isunentitled to an order for performance of itsobligations, but only to collect the actual amount oftheirdamages. For example, suppose a homeowner hires a contractor to install new plumbingand insists that the pipes, which will ultimately be sealed behind the walls, be red. The contractorinstead uses blue pipes that function just as well. Although the contractor breached the literal

terms of thecontract, the homeowner can only recover the amount of his damages. Generally,this means the difference in value between the red pipe and the blue pipe. Since the pipes areidentical value, the difference is zero; therefore, there are no damages and the homeownerreceives nothing. (SeeJacob & Youngs v. Kent, on which this example is based.) It is importantto note however, that should the specification of the pipe colour be in the agreement as acondition, the breach of that condition will be considered a major breach.

[edit] Material breach

A material breach is any failure to perform that permits the other party to the contract to eithercompel performance, or collect damages because of the breach. If the contractor in the above

example had been instructed to use copper pipes, and instead used iron pipes which would notlast as long as the copper pipes would have, the homeowner can recover the cost of actuallycorrecting the breach - taking out the iron pipes and replacing them with copper pipes.

As with nearly everything in the law, there are exceptions to this. Legal scholars and courts oftenstate that the owner of a house whose pipes are not the specified grade or quality (a typicalhypothetical example) will not be able to recover the cost of replacing the pipes for the followingreasons:

1. Economic waste. The law does not favor tearing down or destroying something that isvaluable (almost anything with value is "valuable"). In this case, significant destruction of the

house would be required to completely replace the pipes, and so the law is hesitant to enforcedamages of that nature.[

citation needed]

2. Pricing in. In most cases of breach, a party to the contract simply fails to perform one or moreterms. In those cases, the breaching party should have already considered the cost to performthose terms and thus "keeps" that cost when they do not perform. That party should not beentitled to keep that savings. However, in the pipe example the contractor never considered thecost of tearing down a house to fix the pipes, and so it is not reasonable to expect them to paydamages of that nature.[citation needed]

The result is that most homeowners will not collect damages that will compensate them for

replacing the pipe, but rather collect damages that compensate them for the loss of value in thehouse. For example, say the house is worth $125,000 with copper and $120,000 with iron pipes.The homeowner would be able to collect the $5,000 difference, and nothing more.

The Restatement (Second) of Contracts lists the following criteria to determine whether aspecific failure constitutes a breach:
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In determining whether a failure to render or to offer performance is material, the followingcircumstances are significant: (a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of thebenefit which he reasonably expected; (b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequatelycompensatedfor the part of that benefit of which he will be deprived; (c) the extent to which theparty failing to perform or to offer to perform will suffer forfeiture; (d) the likelihood that the

party failing to perform or to offer to perform will cure his failure, taking account of all thecircumstances including any reasonable assurances; (e) the extent to which the behavior of theparty failing to perform or to offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and fairdealing.

American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Contracts 241 (1981)

[edit] Fundamental breach

Afundamental breach(orrepudiatory breach) is a breach so fundamental that it permits theaggrieved party to terminate performance of the contract, in addition to entitling that party tosue

for damages.

[edit] Anticipatory breach

A breach byanticipatory repudiation(or simply anticipatory breach) is an unequivocalindication that the party will not perform when performance is due, or a situation in which futurenon-performance is inevitable. An anticipatory breach gives the non-breaching party the optionto treat such a breach as immediate, and, if repudiatory, to terminate the contract and sue fordamages (without waiting for the breach to actually take place).

[edit] Limits on Remedies and Damages

Typically, thejudicialremedy for breach of contract is monetary damages. Seedamages. Wherethe failure to perform cannot be adequately redressed by money damage, the court may enter anequitydecree awarding aninjunctionorspecific performance.

The aggrieved person has a duty to mitigate or reduce damages by reasonable means. LiquidatedDamages may be limited to a specific amount. In the United States, punitive damages aregenerally not awarded for breach of contract but may be awarded for other causes of action in alawsuit. Limitation of Liability (Exculpatory) clauses. [Private agreement is permissible.][Invalid when public interest is involved and there is willful conduct or gross negligence.]
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breach of contract is a legal cause of action in which a binding agreement or bargained

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