BR – Label brain

What are we doing today?1. Work on Brain Dissection or watch vision video

HW –Ch. 9 #1 – Wed.Brain dissection – Wed. (start of class)Ch. 9 #2 – Th.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=communciation%20function%20of%20nervous%20system&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=BMjGh4i-2BeT5M&tbnid=ShZnjtpG_h0IwM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F22665-nervous-system.html&ei=yNVWUqvoHcu9qAH314GQDw&bvm=bv.53760139,d.aWM&psig=AFQjCNHRN7keoR_Q1oL9aVZd8I-cTtop8g&ust=1381508931091733

BR – Functions of the Brain **Turn in HW and dissection packet

What are we doing today?1. Types of receptors2. Senses of smell, taste, and hearing

HW –Ch. 9 #2 – Monday**Eye dissection Wednesday – please plan to be here!

General and Special Senses (Ch. 9)

Introduction to the Sensory Systemhttp://www.bozemanscience.com/sensory-system

http://www.bozemanscience.com/sensory-system

Sensations

Feeling that occurs when the brain interprets sensory impulses• All info arrives to CNS as action potentials• Stronger the stimulus the higher the frequency of action potentials• Arriving info. is a sensation and is routed to the correct brain

location• Perception – conscious awareness of the sensation

Projection• brain sends the sensation back to its apparent source

• Sensory adaptation• Occurs after continuous stimulation• Overcome if stimulus increases• Common with olfactory nerve

Pain receptors (Nociceptors)• Free nerve endings with a large receptor field

• Referred pain• Visceral pain that stimulates receptors near surface

• Typically in the superficial skin, joint capsules, periosteum, around blood vessel walls

• Sense• Extreme temps• Mechanical damage• Dissolved chemicals

• 2 types of axons• Fast pain (acute) – myelinated

• Sharp pain• Slow pain (chronic) – unmyelinated

• Dull, aching

Regulation of PainSerotonin• Released from the spinal

cord• Stimulates other neurons

to release enkaphalins

Enkaphalins• Suppress acute and chronic

pain impulses• Relieve severe pain

Endorphins• Pituitary gland and

hypothalamus• Pain-suppressing,

morphine like actions

Thermoreceptors

Sense changes in temperature

Free nerve endings Dermis Skeletal muscles Liver Hypothalamus

• More cold receptors than warm

• Adapt quickly to stable temps

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=heat%20and%20cold%20receptors%20in%20the%20skin&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=-_ZTTjq2Y7DwvM&tbnid=2Ov-muEOyncMCM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F3750%2Ftouch%2Ftouch.html&ei=sWJtUpHfLMviyAGx7YCYBA&bvm=bv.55123115,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNE7xcRlTPeNvURHGGslZiWdcEqTig&ust=1382986790520731

Tactile receptors (Mechanoreceptors)• Free nerve endingsRoot hair plexus

• Stimulated by hair displacement

Merkel discs• Fine touch and pressure• Found on hairless skin

Meissner’s corpuscles• Sensitive to fine touch,

pressure, and low frequency vibration

• Eyelids, lips, fingertips

Tactile receptors (Mechanoreceptors)• Free nerve endingsPacinian corpuscles

• Sensitive to deep pressure (pinches) and high frequency vibration

• Skin, fingers

Ruffini corpuscles• Sensitive to pressure and

distortion of the skin

Baroreceptors (mechanoreceptors)• Monitor changes in pressure• Free nerve endings in walls of hollow organs• Respond immediately but adapt quickly• In blood vessels to monitor BP• In lungs to monitor expansion• Cause visceral reflexes

• Urinating • Defecation• Intestinal movement

Proprioceptors (mechanoreceptors)Monitor … • position of joints• tension in tendons and ligaments• state of muscle contraction

Do not adapt

Golgi Tendon Organ • Sense changes in muscle/tendon tension• Location in insertion region of skeletal muscle

Muscle spindles• Proprioceptor• Within the belly of a muscle• Detect changes in length of muscle• Aids in contraction of muscles by causing them to resist stretching

Chemoreceptors

Respond to water and lipid soluble substances

Olfaction – sense of smell• Organs on either side of nasal

septum

• Contain smell receptors (chemoreceptors)

• Olfactory receptor cells• bipolar neurons covered in cilia• Odorant binding causes action potentials

• Synapse with olfactory bulbs

• Interpreting centers are in the temporal lobe and at base of frontal lobe

• Anosmia

Gustation - Sense of TasteTaste buds• organ of taste

• modified epithelial cells on tongue, pharynx, and larynx

• Need to be dissolved in saliva to detect a taste

Taste sensations• Sweet/salty anterior• Sour/bitter posterior• Umami

• Pleasant taste (meat broths and parmesan cheese)

• Water

• Sensitive to sensory adaptation

• Smells and taste often work together to produce the sensation

Parts of the EarExternal• Auricle (pinna) • External auditory meatus (auditory

canal) • Ends at eardrum

• Ceruminous glands

Middle• Air filled chamber• Eustachian tube• Auditory ossicles

• malleus, incus, stapes • Eardrum

Inner• Cochlea

• Receptors provide the sense of hearing

Ear Disorders

Otitis Externa• Inflammation of the external

ear and ear canal• Swimmer’s ear

Otitis Media• Middle inner ear infection• Eustachian tube• If persistent ear tubes

Ear DisordersTinnitus• ringing of the ear

• Otosclerosis• is a disease that

causes bony growth on the ossicles and causes the stapes to become immobile, thus not allowing sound to be transferred into the cochlea. This is the result of a disease that affects the movement of the stapes, located in the middle ear.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=otosclerosis&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=To-rbG0bLUSkvM&tbnid=WX_gEJ0payVOYM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfacesurgeon.com%2Fhab-home%2Fotosclerosis%2F&ei=8GdtUt6TMMibygGj44DQAQ&bvm=bv.55123115,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGrOgMaWCtycYkuXO5hYKSYECG0pg&ust=1382988135301269

Ear DisordersMeniere’s disease

• is a problem involving fluid pressure within the cochlea. It causes the sufferer to experience intermittent episodes of hearing loss, dizziness, and tinnitus. These episodes can occur anytime and for varying amounts of time. They are often associated with stress.

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) – this is hearing loss due to exposure to either a sudden, loud noise or exposure to loud noises for a period of time. A dangerous sound is anything that is 85 dB (sound pressure level –SPL) or higher.

http://www.dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/hearing-loss/noise-induced-hearing-losshttp://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=meniere%27s+disease&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ap9DW5YIIumcJM&tbnid=tj44m-jkHDV7dM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rayur.com%2Fmenieres-disease.html&ei=L2dtUo7XF_LyyAG-_ICoBg&bvm=bv.55123115,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNF61-gzJrMLPTwQOE7Mz2hDZFTtvw&ust=1382987938256775http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=meniere%27s+disease&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ap9DW5YIIumcJM&tbnid=tj44m-jkHDV7dM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rayur.com%2Fmenieres-disease.html&ei=L2dtUo7XF_LyyAG-_ICoBg&bvm=bv.55123115,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNF61-gzJrMLPTwQOE7Mz2hDZFTtvw&ust=1382987938256775

BR – Label Eye**Turn in HW

What are we doing today?1. Notes on eye

HW –**Eye dissection Wednesday – please plan to be here!

Label the structures of the eye

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=eye+to+label&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=p_fV7Cj9n_7EGM&tbnid=8eRBeoQEgdC0SM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enchantedlearning.com%2Fsubjects%2Fanatomy%2Feye%2Flabel%2Flabeleye.shtml&ei=_65uUvy3LYvNkQfHkIHgAQ&bvm=bv.55123115,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNHCh-Z_0rNGqKYF2f9v977w0ntXvQ&ust=1383071855876906

Senses and AgingSmell• Receptors decline with age and less sensitive

Taste• Declines due to thinning membranes• 10,000 taste buds decline dramatically after age of 50

Vision• Presbyopia • Gradual loss of rods

Hearing• Tympanic membrane loses elasticity• Presbycusis

Eyelid (palpebrae)Skin• covers lids outer surface

Eyelashes

Muscles• orbicularis oculi• levator palpebrae superioris

Conjunctiva• mucous membrane that lines the inner

eye • Conjuctivitis/trachoma

• Bacterial or viral

Visual Accessory Organs

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=layers%20of%20eyelids&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=8nHvHIeCjjoV1M&tbnid=XHQNzynmUYko1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patient.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Fthe-eyes-and-vision&ei=YWhtUoilDaLXyAHWuYHgAQ&psig=AFQjCNHXizwyDJ3Zpfrn-qXRRlnpnGoKbQ&ust=1382988244755016

Visual Accessory Organs

Lacrimal gland• Secretes tears• Secretes tears

continuously over the eye and into the nasal cavity

• Lysozyme • antibacterial agent

Melbomian (sebaceous) glands

• Oil secreting gland• Lubrication • Can cause a sty

Visual Accessory Organs Extrinsic muscles• Move eye in various directions• Each muscle controls a specific

movement

• Strabismus Treatments• eye patch• surgery

Structure of the EyeCorneaMost anterior part of the

scleraWindow of the eyeHelps focus entering light

raysRestrictive ability to repairCorneal transplant

Sclera white portion of the eye protects eye & attaches

extrinsic muscles

Optic nerve back of the eye transmits stimuli to the optic

lobe

What is the function of the eye?

Receive light, focus rays onto the retina and send impulse to the occipital lobe for interpretation

Structure of the EyeCiliary body• Forms internal ring around the eye• Contains smooth muscle that

controls the shape of the lens• Produces aqueous humor• Ciliary zonule attaches the lens to

the ciliary body• Presbyopia

• Ciliary body muscle and lens lose elasticity causing difficulty with reading (aging issue)

Structure of the EyeChoroid Coat• Behind retina• Deeply pigmented with melanin• Stops reflection of stray light reflections in the eye due

to presence of melanin• Contains a lot of blood vessels to provide nutrition

Structure of the EyeLens • Convex• Behind iris and pupil • Focuses light to produce a real

image (upside down and reversed)

• Cataracts

Iris• Pigmented portion of the eye• Smooth muscle that controls

amount of light into the eye -circular and radial intrinsic muscles

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=I_dfjUfBRV5_5M&tbnid=ZPzc0bwy9GrxdM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fygraph.com%2Fchart%2F1597&ei=kWxtUo2sNMG4yQG304D4DQ&psig=AFQjCNFaJGvA_6bDHLUMqggtzPuxW9tjbA&ust=1382989329909944

Structure of the EyeAqueous humor• Watery fluid between

cornea & lens in the anterior cavity

• Nourishes and maintains shape of eye

• Canal of Schlemm drains aqueous of eye

• Glaucoma

Structure of the EyePupil• circular opening in the center of the

iris• Constriction of pupils when exposed

bright light Photopupillary reflexRetina• contains visual receptor cellsFovea centralis• Located anterior on retina as a

depression• Area of acute discriminatory vision

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Agfkq9pxgLC9bM&tbnid=6GBOpsQ4Po1dcM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blundelloptometry.com%2Fanatomy.htm&ei=9WxtUr6uD4qwygH97oHABQ&psig=AFQjCNHVR7p9dBxoeWy3swyQGYTND_4mLw&ust=1382989429302407

Structure of the Eye

Optic diskwhere nerve fibers leave the

retina and join the optic nerveblind spot of the eye

Vitreous humorfluid of the inner eye

(posterior cavity)supports internal parts and

maintains the shape

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Agfkq9pxgLC9bM&tbnid=6GBOpsQ4Po1dcM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blundelloptometry.com%2Fanatomy.htm&ei=9WxtUr6uD4qwygH97oHABQ&psig=AFQjCNHVR7p9dBxoeWy3swyQGYTND_4mLw&ust=1382989429302407

Diabetic RetinopathyAneurysms occur damaging retina•Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy

include:• Blurred vision and slow vision loss

over time• Floaters• Shadows or missing areas of vision• Trouble seeing at night

PhotoreceptorsRodsprovide colorless vision in dim

lightprovide general outlines of

objectsRhodopsinMade from vitamin AHelps distinguish objects in

the darkNyctalopiaNight blindness

Photoreceptors

Cones detect colorprovide sharp imageserythrolabe, chlorolabe,

cyanolabeIntermediate colorsMore than one cone is

stimulated

Color Blindness• Sex linked• 10% of males have some

form of colorblindness• Total color blindness

• Lack of all cones

Directions: Label the structures of the eye below. State the function of each structure in the chart.

Structure Function Cornea

Macula

contains special light-sensitive cells; allows us to see fine detail clearly

Iris

Lens

Retina

Optic Nerve

Pupil

Vitreous Humor

Physiology

Name ___________________

Eye Structures

Directions:

Label the structures of the eye below. State the function of each structure in the chart.

Structure

Function

Cornea

Macula

contains special light-sensitive cells; allows us to see fine detail clearly

Iris

Lens

Retina

Optic Nerve

Pupil

Vitreous Humor

Visual Acuity• Clearness or sharpness of visual perception• First number

• distance between person and chart• Second number

•represents the # of feet a person with normal acuity would have to stand to see the same object clearly

• 20/20 vision• See 20 feet while standing at 20 feet• Emmetropia – normal vision

• Accommodation• Ability to focus on retina by changing the lens shape

• Convergence• Use of medial muscles while focusing on close objects

• 20-200 legally blind

Myopia - nearsightednessEye is too longConcave lens

Hyperopia - farsightedness• Eye is too short• Light never focuses – focal point is behind the eye• Convex lens

Astigmatism• Eye is football shaped • Unequal curvature of lens or cornea• Blurred vision

BR – Label Eye

What are we doing today?1. FINISH sense lab – TURN IN2. Start eye dissection

HW –Crossword due Th.Eye Dissection end of period Fri.Ch. 9 Quiz – Fri (online quizizz review)

Label the structures of the eye

BR – Eye Functions

What are we doing today?1. Review HW2. Eye Dissection

HW –Eye Dissection end of period Fri.Ch. 9 Quiz – Fri (online quizizz review)

Brain/Eye Practical – TuesdayCh. 8-9 Test – Thursday

Eye Dissection Intro video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2FqyVDX0SM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2FqyVDX0SM

BR – NONE – Sit in testing seat

What are we doing today?1. Quiz2. Work on eye dissection – due end of period (may pick up at the end

of the day for studying

HW – STUDY!Brain/Eye Practical – WEDNESDAY• ID from pictures of specimens• Match functions

Ch. 8-9 Test -- THURSDAYCh. 8-9 Test –– FRIDAY

Use resources web page for test info. and bonus review

BR – Brain Labeling

What are we doing today?1. Review Ch. 8 and Ch. 9 quizzes2. Individual review

• Quizizz bonus for exam• Quizlet review for practical• Study with lab partner – quiz functions and ID (lots of online sites too)

HW – STUDY!

Brain/Eye Practical – WEDNESDAY• ID from pictures of specimens• Match functions

Ch. 8-9 Test -- THURSDAYCh. 8-9 Test –– FRIDAY

Use resources web page for test info. and bonus review

BR – Eye Labeling – Log on to a desktop or get a chromebook please

What are we doing today?1. Kahoot review2. Touch base with lab partner about

test/practical tomorrow

HW – STUDY!

Brain/Eye Practical – WEDNESDAY• ID from pictures of specimens

• Quizizz bonus for exam• Quizlet review for practical

Ch. 8-9 Test -- THURSDAYCh. 8-9 Test –– FRIDAY

Use resources web page for test info. and bonus review

BR – Action Potential Review (after lab practical)

What are we doing today?1. Lab Practical2. Review action potential

HW – STUDY!

• Quizizz bonus for exam

Ch. 8-9 Test -- THURSDAYCh. 8-9 Test –– FRIDAY

Use resources web page for test info. and bonus review

BR – Action Potential Review (after lab practical)

What are we doing today?1. Lab Practical2. Review action potential

HW – STUDY!

• Quizizz bonus for exam

Ch. 8-9 Test -- THURSDAYCh. 8-9 Test –– FRIDAY

Use resources web page for test info. and bonus review

BR - None

What are we doing today?1. Exam part 2

HW -• Bring Brain and Eye Dissection lab packets on Monday• Ch. 10 HW #1 – Tuesday• Ch. 10 HW #2 - Thursday

Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3General and Special Senses (Ch. 9)Introduction to the Sensory SystemSensationsPain receptors (Nociceptors)Regulation of Pain�Thermoreceptors��Tactile receptors (Mechanoreceptors)���Tactile receptors (Mechanoreceptors)��Baroreceptors (mechanoreceptors)�Proprioceptors (mechanoreceptors)�Chemoreceptors��Olfaction – sense of smellGustation - Sense of TasteParts of the EarEar DisordersEar DisordersEar DisordersSlide Number 24Label the structures of the eyeSenses and AgingEyelid (palpebrae)Visual Accessory Organs Visual Accessory Organs Structure of the EyeStructure of the EyeStructure of the EyeStructure of the EyeStructure of the EyeStructure of the EyeStructure of the EyeDiabetic RetinopathySlide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptorsColor BlindnessSlide Number 47Visual AcuityMyopia - nearsightednessHyperopia - farsightednessAstigmatismSlide Number 53Label the structures of the eyeSlide Number 55Slide Number 56Slide Number 57Slide Number 58Slide Number 59Slide Number 60Slide Number 61Slide Number 62Slide Number 63Slide Number 64Slide Number 65Slide Number 66