Research ArticleBovine Trypanosomosis and Its Vectors in Three SelectedDistricts of Buno Bedele Zone of Oromia Region Ethiopia

Gelaye Gebisa 1 Kibiru Beriso1 Biruk Bogale1 Oda Gizaw2 and Dawit Chala3

1School of Animal and Range Sciences Hawassa University Awassa Ethiopia2Department of Animal Science Mettu University Mettu Ethiopia3National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre Bedele Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Gelaye Gebisa gelayegebisagmailcom

Received 16 December 2019 Revised 20 May 2020 Accepted 11 June 2020 Published 25 July 2020

Academic Editor Sumanta Nandi

Copyright copy 2020 Gelaye Gebisa et al(is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Trypanosomosis is one of the most economically challenging diseases affecting mammals and it is a serious haemoprotozoandisease caused by different species of unicellular eukaryotic parasite of the genus trypanosome (e study was conducted toaccess the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis its associated risk factors and vector density on cattle reared in three selecteddistricts namely Chewaka Dabo Hana and Meko districts Blood was collected from a total of 1046 cattle of age groupsextending from 1 to 6 years (e buffy coat technique was used to check the presence of parasites from sampled blood and thetrypanosome species were identified using Giemsa-stained thin blood films (e packed cell volume of sampled blood wasdetermined using the haematocrit A total of 160 traps were deployed to study the entomological survey Generally 344 ofthe studied animal was infected with trypanosomosis and T vivax was the dominant species of trypanosomosis in the studyareas Significant differences (Plt 005) were observed due to associated factor viz body condition and anaemic status of theanimal however insignificant differences were also recorded between different districts age group and sex (e mean PCVvalue of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals was 2222 plusmn 092 and 2618 plusmn 016 respectively and significant difference wasPlt 005 An overall of 182 flies per trap per day was recorded from the study areas and among the total caught vectors 814of it was G tachinoides and the rest was G morsitans (erefore the veterinarians have to continue providing the appropriatemedicationtreatment for the infected animals per appropriate recommendation and Bedele NTTICC has to take moremeasures to control the density and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana district than the others due to high flies per trap perday observed in Dabo Hana district

1 Introduction

Among the constraints associated with animal health try-panosomosis is one of the important health factor results forlow or insignificant livestock production in the area ofAfrica which has the greatest potential for significant in-creases in domestic livestock productivity [1] It is a serioushaemoprotozoan disease caused by different species ofunicellular eukaryotic parasite of the genus trypanosomefound in the blood and other tissues of vertebrates includinglivestock wildlife and people and is transmitted cyclically bytsetse flies of Glossina species and many other insectsmechanically [2 3] Bovine trypanosomosis is one of themajor obstructions to livestock development and

agricultural production in Ethiopia as causative for insig-nificant development in general and to food self-relianceefforts of the nation in particular [1] It is also a cause for thesevere and frequently fatal disease of livestock mainly in thepoor rural community and it is fairly considered as a footroot cause of poverty in Ethiopia

Vector born trypanosome species are disseminated inmost parts of western and southwestern parts of Ethiopia[1 4] Tsetse flies are the cause for the transmission oftrypanosomosis from one animal to others and widespreadin the western south and southwestern lowland regions andthe associated river systems ie Abay Gibe Omo and Baro[5] Presently about 220000 km2 areas of the above-listedregions are infested with five species of tsetse flies namely

HindawiVeterinary Medicine InternationalVolume 2020 Article ID 1571947 8 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520201571947

Glossina pallidipes G morsitans G fuscipes G tachinoidesand G longipennis [6] A major determinant of the distri-bution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis is theavailability of suitable habitat for tsetse Tsetse is restricted tovarious geographical areas according to habitat and most ofthem distributed in forest riverine and savannah areas (epalpalis and morsitans species are dominantly exist in themajor livestock rearing areas and have great importance inveterinary practices [7]

(e most prevalent trypanosome species in tsetseinfested areas of Ethiopia were Trypanosoma congolenseand Trypanosoma vivax [8] (e reported prevalence variesfrom locality to locality depending on agroclimatic con-ditions seasons and as part of activities which wereintended to control the impact of the disease [5] Among allmammals bovines were dominantly affected by trypano-somosis and it has more importance in regards to eco-nomic point views [7]

(e economic loss from crop and livestock productionwas directly or indirectly affected by trypanosomosis [8] It isa severe problem for agricultural production in widespreadareas of the tsetse infested regions and non-tsetse trans-mitted trypanosomosis which affects a considerable numberof animal populations in tsetse free zone of the country [9]Among the total regions of Ethiopia Amhara BenishangulGumuz Gambella Oromia and SNNPR regions are mostlyinfected with more than one species of tsetse flies [10 11]Even if trypanosomosis is a very important disease notenough studies have been conducted in Buno Bedele zone ofOromia Region However within the same zone there is nostudy conducted so far in Chewaka Dabo Hana and Mekodistricts (us this study was conducted in the above-listedthree selected districts of Buno Bedele zone with the ob-jectives of determining the prevalence of bovine trypano-somosis and the influence of associated risk factors

2 Materials and Methods

Description of the study area the study was conducted inthree selected districts of Buno Bedele zone of OromiaRegion Ethiopia Geographical locations of the studiedlocations are presented in Table 1(e dominant crops in thestudy areas are maize (Zea mays) teff (Eragrostis tef) coffee(Coffea arabica) sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) barley (Hor-deum vulgare) wheat (Triticum spp) rice (Oryza sativa)different pulse crops finger millet (Eleusine coracana) fruitsand different types of vegetables and spices Most of theresidents in the area are dependent on agrarian activities to agreater or lesser extent [12] and crop and livestock sales arethe important sources of income for all wealth groups [13]

Study design a cross-sectional study was conducted todetermine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in se-lected three districts of Buno Bedele zone in the study periodfrom 4 June 2019 to 5 November 2019(e study constitutedthe local cattle of different age groups body conditionscores and both sex groups of cattle from three selecteddistricts of study areas (e age of the cattle was determinedaccording to the defining characteristics [14] and infor-mation from owners of the cattle (e body condition of the

study animals was categorized based on the criteria de-scribed by [15]

Sample size determination and sampling strategiesmultistage random and proportional purposive samplingtechniques were employed to select the representative ani-mal from the study areas(e random sampling method wasemployed to select the three districts (Chewaka Dabo Hanaand Meko) from the whole Buno Bedele zone of OromiaRegion (e peasant associations (PArsquos) involved in thestudy areas were chosen using a proportional purposivesampling method based on the density of cattle populationAccordingly from Chewaka district (Waltasis Jagan SireGudo Burka Anani and Dabena) Dabo Hana district(Didessa Loko and Lilo) and Meko district (Biftu NegaOda Chekorsa and Kodi Gas) were the involved peasantassociations during the study periods Finally the studiedanimals were selected using simple random samplingtechniques (e number of animals required for the studywas assessed using the formula given by (rusfield [19] forsimple random sampling

N 1962 lowastPexp 1 minus Pexp1113872 1113873

d2 (1)

where N required sample size Pexp expected prevalenceand d desired absolute precision

(e sample size determination was using a 95 level ofconfidence 50 expected prevalence since there was noprevious study conducted in the selected three districts(Chewaka Dabo Hana and Meko) and 005 desired ab-solute precision Based on the formula the sample sizewould have been 384 cattle however 1046 cattle wereinvolved as a sample for increasing the precision of thestudy

21 Study Methodology and Procedures

211 Buffy Coat Technique Blood was collected from an earvein using a heparinizedmicrohematocrit capillary tube andthe tube was sealed A heparinized capillary tube containingblood was centrifuged for 5min at 12000 rpm After thecentrifugation trypanosomes were usually found in or justabove the buffy coat layer (e capillary tube was cut using adiamond-tipped pen 1mm below the buffy coat to includethe uppermost layers of the red blood cells and 3mm aboveto include the plasma (e content of the capillary tube wasexpressed on to slide homogenized on to a clean glass slideand covered with a coverslip (e slide was examined undera times40 objective and times10 eyepieces for the movement of theparasite [20]

212 1in Blood Smear (e trypanosome species wereidentified using Giemsa-stained thin blood films A smalldrop of blood from a microhaematocrit capillary tube to theslide was applied to a clean slide and spread by using anotherclean slide at an angle of 45deg air-dried and fixed for 2min inmethyl alcohol and then immersed in Giemsa stain (1 10solution) for 50min Drained and washed off the excess stainusing distilled water allowed to dry by standing upright on

2 Veterinary Medicine International

the rock and examined under the microscope with the oilimmersion objective lens (is technique is the most sen-sitive of the parasitological tests for the detection of T vivaxand T congolense [21 22] However the microcentrifugationtechnique [23] is several times more sensitive than thin-stained blood smear for diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis

213 Measurement of Packed Cell Volume (PCV) Bloodsamples were obtained by puncturing the marginal ear veinwith a lancet and collected directly into a capillary tube (ecapillary tubes were placed in a microhaematocrit centrifugewith sealed end outermost (e tube was loaded symmet-rically to ensure good balance After screwing the rotarycover and closing the centrifuge lid the specimens wereallowed to centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 5min Tubes werethen placed in haematocrit and the readings were expressedas a percentage of packed red cells to the total volume ofwhole blood Animals with PCV le24 were considered asanaemic [24]

214 Entomological Survey A total of 137 monopyramidal11 Ngu and 12 biconical traps were positioned in twelvepeasant associations of the selected three districts Each ofthem was placed with an approximate interval of 100ndash200mfor 48 hrs in watering and grazing points in which the flyand the vector are believed to have frequent contacts Amixture of acetone octanol and cow urine was used as a baitto attract the flies (en after 48 hrs of deployment tsetseflies in the cages were counted and identified based on theirhabitat and morphology to the genus and species level [25](e sex of tsetse flies was identified by observing the pos-terior end of the ventral aspect of the abdomen using a handlens Male flies were identified by their enlarged hypopygiumin the posterior ventral end of the abdomen (e apparentdensity of the tsetse fly was calculated as the number of tsetsecatchtrapday [26]

215 Data Analysis (e collected data were analyzed usingSPSS (version 20 0) Descriptive statistics was employed tomeasure the prevalence of trypanosomosis and existingparasite species in the study areas (e chi-square test wasemployed to test the significant difference of prevalence oftrypanosomosis and mean PCV values in association with

factors such as sampling areas (districts) age body condi-tion sex and anaemic status of the studied animals (eindependent t-test was utilized to compare the mean PCVvalues of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals A singlefactor ANOVA was employed to test the mean PCV valuesof an animal infected with different parasite species andnoninfected animal Differences between parameters weretested for significance at probability levels of Plt 005 and95 confidence interval (e apparent density of the tsetsefly was calculated as the number of tsetse catchtrapday

3 Result and Discussion

31 Result

311 Parasitological Findings From a total of 1046 cattle 36of themwere diagnosed as positive for infection using a buffycoat technique with an overall prevalence of 344 Amongthe overall infected animals 278 282 and 449 of themwere found in Chewaka Meko and Dabo districts T vivax(5278) was the most prevalent trypanosome species andthe rest (4722) was recorded as T congolense species(Table 2)

312 Prevalence in Association to Different FactorsEffect of different associated factors on the prevalence oftrypanosomosis is indicated in Table 3 (e prevalence oftrypanosomosis in sampling areas of Chewaka Meko andDabo Hana districts was 278 282 and 449 re-spectively and it was not significantly different (Pgt 005)across the districts Similarly there was no significant dif-ference among the different sex and age group of cattle intrypanosomosis infection Among 1046 sampled animals547 284 and 147 prevalence of bovine trypanoso-mosis was recorded as a poor medium and good bodycondition respectively (e difference (Plt 005) betweenpoor medium and good animals in body condition wasstatistically significant Among the total examined animal630 and 416 of them were nonanaemic and anaemic cattleand they were diagnosed as a positive for trypanosomosiswith the proportion of 175 and 601 respectively (eassociation between being anaemic and nonanaemic animalsignificantly influence the prevalence of trypanosomosis atPlt 005

Table 1 Geographical information of the studied districts

VariablesBuno Bedele zone

Dabo Hana Meko ChewakaAltitude (m) 1773 2226 900ndash1400Highland () 10 533 11Midland () 66 233 224Lowland () 24 233 666Latitude N08deg67prime30PrimendashN08deg71prime21Prime N08deg41prime25Prime N08deg54prime40PrimeLongitude E36deg41prime89PrimendashE36deg40prime33Prime E36deg1prime44Prime E36deg09prime18PrimeRainfall rangeaverage (mm) 1131 1200 1000ndash1100Temperature rangeaverage (degC) 18ndash24 8ndash28 24Distance from Addis Ababa (km) 534 566 552Sources [16] [17] [18]

Veterinary Medicine International 3

313 Hematological Results of Infected and NoninfectedAnimals (e recorded mean PCV value of aparasitaemicand parasitaemic animals indicated that out of 1046 ex-amined animals 36 of them were found as anaemic(parasitaemic) animals and their mean PCV value wasstatistically (Plt 005) lower than that of aparasitaemic(noninfected) animals (e observed mean PCV value ofanimals infected with T vivax and noninfected animal wasstatistically different at Plt 005 and insignificant differ-ences (Pgt 005) were observed between animal infectedwith T congolense and T vivax as well as noninfected(Table 4)

314 Entomological Survey A total of 160 traps weredeployed for two consecutive days at 12 peasant associationrsquos(PArsquos) in three selected districts and a total of 1751 Glossinaspecies of flies were caught Among the caught flies 186and 814 of them were G morsitans and G tachinoidesrespectively (e overall apparent tsetse fly density was 182fliestrapdays (e fliesrsquo density per different study sites was273 033 and 1165 fliestrapdays in Chewaka Meko andDabo Hana districts respectively (e highest density of flies

trapdays was recorded in the Dabo Hana district and lowestin Meko district Among the caught flies 329 and 671 ofthe flies were male and female respectively (Table 5)

4 Discussion

(is study had revealed the overall prevalence of trypano-somosis in the study areas was 344 (e result of thisfinding was almost in line with Adane and Gezahagne [27]who reported a 35 prevalence of trypanosomosis in Dejendistrict Amhara Region Ethiopia (e result of this findingwas lower compared to other studies conducted somewhereelse within the same country which varies from 443 to1497 in a year between 2012 and 2019 [1 28ndash33] (eoverall low record of the prevalence of trypanosomosis maybe due to the impact of parasite and vector control practiceshave been working by Bedele NTTICC (Bedele NationalTsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and ControlCentre) and the geographical location of the study areaswhich have equal access for getting an extension service tothe farmers regarding how to control the distribution ofvectors (tsetse flies) disease control and treatments used fortreating the infected animal(e suggestions are similar with

Table 2 (e overall prevalence of trypanosome in the study areas

Variables Description Number of examined Prevalence in number ()

Districts

Chewaka district 432 12 (278)Meko district 213 6 (282)Dabo district 401 18 (449)

Total 1046 36 (344)

Parasite speciesT vivax 19 (5278)

T congolense 17 (4722)Total 36 (10000)

Table 3 (e prevalence of trypanosome and effect of associated risk factors in the study areas

Factor Number of animals examined Prevalence in number () χ2 P valueStudy sitesChewaka 432 12 (278)

2146 0342Meko 213 6 (282)Dabo Hana 401 18 (449)

StatusNonanaemic 630 11 (175) 13705 0000lowastAneamic 416 25 (601)

SexMale 652 20 (353) 0729 0393Female 394 16 (330)

Body conditionPoor 274 20 (547)

16705 0000lowastMedium 704 15 (284)Good 68 1 (147)

Age1 year 58 5 (690)

10207 0070

2 years 265 13 (415)3 years 425 12 (329)4 years 211 6 (332)5 years 85 0 (000)6 years 2 0 (000)

χ 2 chi-square Pge 005nonsignificant and Plt 005 significant lowastindicates differences along the column

4 Veterinary Medicine International

[5 8] who stated that the prevalence varies from locality tolocality depending on activities which were intended tocontrol the impact of the disease

(e present study in terms of Trypanosome species is inagreement with the findings reported by Tewodros [34] whoreported the highest proportion of T vivax from HawaGelan district Oromia Region Ethiopia According to hisreport 4585 and 3333 of T vivax and T congolensewere recorded respectively In contrast to this the highestproportion of T congolense was recorded on the report ofMegersa et al [33] and Marta et al [30] who reported a highproportion of T congolense from Botor Tolay and Choradistricts of Oromia Region Ethiopia respectively

(e significant difference was not observed in theprevalence of trypanosomosis between animals sampledfrom the study districts during a study period (Pgt 005)(efinding of this study is in agreement with the study ofZemedkun [35] and Abayneh [1] those who reported fromKindo Koysha district of Wolayita Zone and three selecteddistricts of Wolayita Zone Ethiopia In contrast to this asignificant difference among different study site was re-ported by Abebayehu and Biniam [28] from two districts ofBench Maji Zone southwestern Ethiopia (e observedinsignificant result could be due to alike controlling mea-sures that had been taken to control the tsetse flies densitiesby Bedele NTTICC the geographical location of districtsbeing adjacent to each other and having the same flies beltand the same treating strategies (is is similar with thesuggestion provided by [5 8] who stated that the prevalencevaries from locality to locality depending on activities whichwere intended to control the impact of the disease and way oftreating the infected animal

Among the total (37) infected animals 6944 and 3056of them were anaemic and nonanaemic cattle and thedifference was statistically significant at Plt 005 (e resultof this finding is in agreement with the finding of Marta et al[30] who reported that the highest prevalence of

trypanosomosis from anaemic cattle in Chora districts ofOromia Region Ethiopia (e higher prevalence of infectedanimal in association to being anaemic might be attributedto the sampled animals which got diseases such as hel-minthosis tick-borne diseases and nutritional imbalancesand it is in accordance to the suggestion provided by [28]

(e significant difference was not observed in theprevalence of trypanosomosis between the different agegroups of cattle during the study period (e finding of thisstudy is in line with the study reported by [1 31 34] (eyfound an insignificant effect of age on prevalence of try-panosomosis on cattle sample from three selected districts ofWolayita Zone Kindo Koysha district ofWolayita Zone andHawa Gelan district of Oromia Region Ethiopia respec-tively However the study reported by [30 33] indicated thatthere is a significant difference in the prevalence of trypa-nosomosis among the different age groups of sampled an-imals in the study areas (is might be due to similarregulatory measures that had been taken to control the tsetseflies densities by Bedele NTTICC and similar extensionservices concerning disease control and treating all agegroups of infected animals (e suggestion is alike to [5 8]who stated that the prevalence varies from locality to localitydepending on activities which were intended to control theimpact of the disease

(ere was no significant difference (Pgt 005) betweenanimals of different sex group (e result of this finding is inagreement to the study reported by Eskziaw et al [31] fromGimbo and Guraferda districts of southern EthiopiaMegersa et al [33] from Botor Tolay district of Jimma ZoneEthiopia and Marta et al [30] from Chora district ofsouthwestern Oromia Ethiopia However a significantdifference was recorded by Zemedkun et al [35] from threeselected districts of Wolayita Zone southern Ethiopia (iscould be attributed to similar controlling measures that hadbeen taken to control the tsetse flies densities by BedeleNTTICC and alike extension services concerning disease

Table 5 Apparent density of flies caught during the study period

Study sites No of PArsquos Altitude range No traps No daysGlossina species

G morsitans G tachinoidesTotal FTD

Male Female Male FemaleChewaka 6 1129ndash1355 60 2 81 124 52 70 327 273Meko 3 1420ndash1593 40 2 6 20 0 0 26 033Dabo Hana 3 1268ndash1506 60 2 27 67 410 894 1398 1165Total 12 mdash 160 6 114 211 462 964 1751 182FTD flytrapday

Table 4 Mean PCV value of aparasitaemic and parasitaemic animals and parasite species

Variable Description Frequency Mean PCVplusmn SE t F P value

Result of BCT Parasitaemic 36 2222plusmn 092 4462 0000lowastAparasitaemic 1010 2618plusmn 016

PSANIT vivax 19 21526plusmn 120a

9532 0000lowastT congolense 17 23412plusmn 127abNoninfected 1010 26179plusmn 017b

ab(e values across the column with different superscripts are significantly different from each other (Plt 005) BCT buffy coat technique and PSA-NI parasite species and noninfected lowastindicates differences along the column

Veterinary Medicine International 5

control and treating all sex groups of infected animals (esuggestion is similar to [5 8] who stated that the prevalencevaries from locality to locality depending on activities whichwere intended to control the impact of the disease

(e prevalence of trypanosomosis was statistically dif-ferent (Plt 005) across a different group of body condition(e result of this finding is consistent to the study reportedby Zemedkun et al [35] andMegersa et al [33] who reportedthat there was a significant difference in the prevalence oftrypanosomosis among cattle categorized according to theirbody condition from Kindo Koysha district of WolayitaZone and Botor Tolay district of Jimma Zone Ethiopiarespectively In contrast to this the insignificant effect ofbody condition on the prevalence of trypanosomosis oncattle from Kindo Koysha district of Wolayita ZoneEthiopia is recorded by [1] (ese differences might be dueto the disease which itself results in progressive emaciationof infected animals [36ndash38]

Among the total (1046) examined animal 36 of themwere parasitemic and they were found to be anaemic(PCVle 24) compared to aparasitemic animals and thedifference was statistically significant (Plt 005)(e result ofthis finding is in accordance to the study reported by Vanden Bossche and Rowlands [39] who stated that the averagePCV of parasitologically negative animals was significantlyhigher than that of parasitologically positive animals (ustrypanosomosis may be involved in adversely lowering thePCV value of infected animals (e low PCV value of in-fected animals may be due to the animals that were gettingsick with diseases such as helminthosis tick-borne diseasesand dietary disparities It is similar to the suggestion pro-vided by [28] Similarly the mean PCV value of animalinfected with parasites T vivax and noninfected animalswere significantly different (Plt 005) However insignifi-cant difference (Pgt 005) was also recorded between aninfected animal with T congolense and the rest noninfectedand animal infected with the T vivax (e result of thisfinding is in agreement with the study report of Zemedkunet al [35] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zonesouthern Ethiopia (is can be due to T vivax attacks othertissues beside to blood such as the lymph node eyes andheart but T congolense limited in the blood that might beresulted for low PCV value compared to the T vivax andthis is in line with the suggestion given on the study report of[35 37 40 41]

(e apparent density of tsetse flies was about 182 fliestrapday Different types of traps were designed to catchdifferent species of tsetse flies (e traps availability is in-dicated based on their efficiency for those species for whichthe trap has been tested and recommended [42] Among thetotal 1751 (Glossina species) 186 (G morsitans) and 814(G tachinoides) were caught during two consecutive trap-ping days Among a total of 160 traps 137 11 and 12 ofthem were monopyramidal Ngu and biconical traps re-spectively and each of them had different efficiency incatching different species of Glossina species (e apparenttsetse fly density recorded from Chewaka district (273) isclose to the report of Abebayehu and Biniam [28] whoreported 283 from two districts of BenchMaji Zone western

Ethiopia However the highest density was observed inDabo Hana district (1165 FTD) and it is also in agreementto the finding of Megersa et al [33] who reported (116 FTD) from Botor Tolay district Jimma Zone Ethiopia (eoverall finding of this study is lower than the finding of Ayeleet al [43] from Daramallo district Ethiopia with fliestrapday of 1914 and 1497 recorded from selected different studysites of Arbaminch by [44] In contrast to this the lower(014 fliestrapday) density was recorded by Zemedkun et al[32] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zone southernEthiopia (is difference might be ascribed to somewhatagroecological differences and season in the study area

5 Conclusions

(e finding of this study showed that trypanosomosis is oneof the challenging diseases affecting the agricultural activityof farmers and it results in getting low income from cattlerearing in the study areas T vivax and T congolense werethe type of parasite species recorded in the study areas andthe highest proportion was observed as T vivax (is studyalso indicates that there was a significant association be-tween the prevalence of trypanosomosis and risk factors vizbody condition and anaemic status of the animal Howeverage group sex and study sites (districts) did not significantlyaffect the prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study areas(emean PCV value of infected animal was lower comparedto that of the normal animal and significant differences wererecorded (e Glossina species particularly G tachinoidesandG morsitanswere the type ofGlossina species existing inthe study areas and the former has dominantly existed in thestudy areas (erefore the veterinarians have to continueproviding the appropriate medicationtreatment for theinfected animals per appropriate recommendation andBedele NTTICC has to take more measures to control thedensity and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana districtthan others due to high flies per trap per day observed inDabo Hana district

Data Availability

(e data used to support the findings of this study are in-cluded within the article

Disclosure

(e research was performed at National Tsetse and Try-panosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre BedeleEthiopia as part of the employment of one author

Conflicts of Interest

(e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

(e authors would like to extend special thanks for financialsupport received from NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia and allstaff members of National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis

6 Veterinary Medicine International

Investigation and Control Centre Bedele Ethiopia whocontributed to this study (e authors also register specialthanks for Dr Bikila Tolera Shibiru Alemayehu and BirukBosore at NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia for their guidanceand special supports

References

[1] A A Abayneh ldquoStudy on prevalence of bovine trypanoso-mosis and tsetse density in Kindo Koysha Woreda of WolaitaZone Ethiopiardquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 2018

[2] Z Tesfaheywet and Z Abraham ldquoPrevalence of bovine try-panosomosis in selected district of Arbaminch SNNPREthiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 8 no 2 pp 168ndash173 2012

[3] H Kumar M P Gupta P K Sidhu et al ldquoAn outbreak ofacute Trypanosoma evansi infection in crossbred cattle inPunjab Indiardquo Journal of Applied Animal Research vol 40no 3 pp 256ndash259 2012

[4] S Mulaw A Mekonnen and F Abebe ldquoStudy on theprevalence of major trypanosomes affecting bovine in tsetseinfested Asosa district of Benishangul Gumuz regional statewestern Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 7 no 4 pp 330ndash336 2011

[5] G Abebe and Y Jobre ldquoTrypanosomiasis a treat to cattleproduction in Ethiopiardquo Revue de Medecine Veterinairevol 147 pp 897ndash902 1996

[6] National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation andControl Centre NTTICC Annual Report on Tsetse andTrypanosomosis Survey Bedelle Ethiopia National Tsetse andTrypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre NTTICCBedelle Ethiopia 2004

[7] A Meberate B Menjeta M Vreysen B Bencha andGWoldyes ldquo(e distribution and relative abundance of tsetseflies in the Southern Rift valley of Ethiopia preliminary surveyresultsrdquo in Proceedings of the 25th meeting of the InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Controlvol 120 pp 202ndash213 Mombasa Kenya September 2000

[8] G Abebe ldquoTrypanosomosis in Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal ofBiomedical Science vol 4 no 1 pp 75ndash121 2005

[9] STEP Ministry of Science and Technology Southern TsetseEradication Project (Step) Field Operation Manual of TsetseAnd Trypanosomosis Control and Monitoring Addis AbabaEthiopia STEP Ministry of Science and Technology NewDelhi India 2012

[10] M Keno ldquo(e current situation of tsetse and trypanosomiasisin Ethiopiardquo in Proceeding of 28th Meeting of InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control(ISCTRC) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentVeterinary Service Department Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2005

[11] M Tesfaye Report of Trypanosome Infection Rate in DidessaValley from Bedele 2002

[12] Livestock Development and Marketing Agency (LDMA)Annual Progress Report Livestock Development and Mar-keting Agency Oromia Ethiopia 2010

[13] Central Statistical Authority CSA Livestock Population ofEthiopian Central Statistical Authority Addis AbabaEthiopia 2018

[14] C Pasquini T Spurgeno and S Pasquini Anatomy of Do-mestic Animals Systematic and Regional Approach Vol 255Sudz Publishing Philomath OR USA 10th edition 2003

[15] M Nicholson and M Butterworth A Guide to ConditionScoring of Zebu Cattle pp 3ndash29 International Livestockcentre for Africa Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1986

[16] Socioeconomic Data Dabo Hana District Annual ReportKone 2012

[17] Buno Bedele Zone Livestock and Fisheries DevelopmentOffice Annual report 2018

[18] Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Of-fice CWARDO Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Office Report 2015

[19] M (rusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2007

[20] M (rustfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black Well ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2005

[21] M Murray P K Murray and W I M McIntyre ldquoAn im-proved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of Africantrypanosomiasisrdquo Transactions of the Royal Society of TropicalMedicine and Hygiene vol 71 no 4 pp 325-326 1977

[22] J Paris M Murray and F Mcodimba ldquoA comparativeevaluation of the parasitological technique currently availablefor the diagnosis of African trypanosomosis in cattlerdquo ActaTropica vol 39 no 4 pp 307ndash316 1982

[23] P T Woo ldquo(e haematocrit centrifuge technique for thediagnosis of African trypanosomiasisrdquo Acta Tropica vol 27no 4 pp 384ndash386 1970

[24] P Van den Bossche W Shumba and P Makhambera ldquo(edistribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis inMalawirdquo Veterinary Parasitology vol 88 no 3-4 pp 163ndash176 2000

[25] S G A Leak Tsetse Biology and Ecology 1eir Role in theEpidemiology of Trypanosomosis Vol 568 CAB InternationalNairobi Kenya 1999

[26] S G A Leak K A Woume C Colardeue et al Determi-nation of Tsetse Challenge and its Relationship with Trypa-nosomosis Prevalence in Livestock Production in Tsetse InfestedAreas of Africa ATLN Nairobi Kenya 1987

[27] M Adane and M Gezahagne ldquoBovine trypanosomosis inthree districts of east gojjam zone bordering the blue nile riverin Ethiopiardquo Journal of Infection in Developing Countriesvol 1 no 3 pp 321ndash325 2007

[28] T Abebayehu and T Biniam ldquoBovine trypanosomosis and itsvectors in two districts of Bench Maji zone southwesternEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 42pp 1757ndash1762 2010

[29] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash42 2012

[30] T Marta K Bedaso K Gutu and G Eshetu ldquoPrevalence ofbovine trypanosomosis and its vector apparent density inChora district of illuababora western Oromia EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 7 pp 64ndash71 2016

[31] B Eskziaw T Alebachew B Amare T Ayichew andG Abebaw ldquoA study on cattle trypanosomosis and its vectorsin Gimbo and Guraferda districts of Southwest EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 9 pp 112ndash119 2016

[32] M Melkamu A Sisay K Jelalu M Yimer and A AshebrldquoVector identification and bovine trypanosomosis in Edjadistrict south Ethiopiardquo Livestock Research for Rural De-velopment vol 29 no 5 2017

[33] L Megersa B Feyisa A Dereje and M Behablom ldquoPreva-lence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetsefly in botor Tolay district Jimma zone Ethiopiardquo BiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 13 no 3pp 9976ndash9983 2019

Veterinary Medicine International 7

[34] F Tewodros T Mitiku M Tadegegn and C MershaldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution ofvectors in Hawa Gelan district Oromia region EthiopiardquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 9 no 3 pp 297ndash302 2012

[35] G Zemedkun T Ayichew and T Alebachew ldquoStudy onprevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of itsvectors in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone southernEthiopiardquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthvol 8 no 9 pp 128ndash135 2016

[36] G M Urquhart J Armour J l Duncan A M Dunn andF W Jennings Veterinary Parasitology Blackwell scienceLtd Hoboken NJ USA 2nd edition 1996

[37] L E Stephen A Veterinary Perspective Vol 551 Pgromonpress Oxford UK 1986

[38] FAO Food Agriculture and Food Security the Global Di-mension FAO Rome Italy 2002

[39] P Van den Bossche and G J Rowlands ldquo(e relationshipbetween the parasitological prevalence of trypanosomal in-fections in cattle and herd average packed cell volumerdquo ActaTropica vol 78 no 2 pp 163ndash170 2001

[40] D D Whitelaw P R Gardiner and M Murray ldquoExtravas-cular foci of Trypanosoma vivax in goats the central nervoussystem and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources ofrelapse infections after chemotherapyrdquo Parasitology vol 97no 1 pp 51ndash61 1988

[41] C A Hoare ldquo(e trypanosomosis of mammals a zoologicalmonographrdquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 1972

[42] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationFAO ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis informationrdquo PAAT Pro-gramme Against African Trypanosomosis vol 38 no 1 2015

[43] T Ayele D Ephrem K Elias B Tamiru and D GizawldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vector densityin Daramallo district southwestern Ethiopiardquo Journal ofVeterinary Advances vol 2 no 6 pp 266ndash272 2010

[44] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash41 2012

8 Veterinary Medicine International

the rock and examined under the microscope with the oilimmersion objective lens (is technique is the most sen-sitive of the parasitological tests for the detection of T vivaxand T congolense [21 22] However the microcentrifugationtechnique [23] is several times more sensitive than thin-stained blood smear for diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis

213 Measurement of Packed Cell Volume (PCV) Bloodsamples were obtained by puncturing the marginal ear veinwith a lancet and collected directly into a capillary tube (ecapillary tubes were placed in a microhaematocrit centrifugewith sealed end outermost (e tube was loaded symmet-rically to ensure good balance After screwing the rotarycover and closing the centrifuge lid the specimens wereallowed to centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 5min Tubes werethen placed in haematocrit and the readings were expressedas a percentage of packed red cells to the total volume ofwhole blood Animals with PCV le24 were considered asanaemic [24]

214 Entomological Survey A total of 137 monopyramidal11 Ngu and 12 biconical traps were positioned in twelvepeasant associations of the selected three districts Each ofthem was placed with an approximate interval of 100ndash200mfor 48 hrs in watering and grazing points in which the flyand the vector are believed to have frequent contacts Amixture of acetone octanol and cow urine was used as a baitto attract the flies (en after 48 hrs of deployment tsetseflies in the cages were counted and identified based on theirhabitat and morphology to the genus and species level [25](e sex of tsetse flies was identified by observing the pos-terior end of the ventral aspect of the abdomen using a handlens Male flies were identified by their enlarged hypopygiumin the posterior ventral end of the abdomen (e apparentdensity of the tsetse fly was calculated as the number of tsetsecatchtrapday [26]

215 Data Analysis (e collected data were analyzed usingSPSS (version 20 0) Descriptive statistics was employed tomeasure the prevalence of trypanosomosis and existingparasite species in the study areas (e chi-square test wasemployed to test the significant difference of prevalence oftrypanosomosis and mean PCV values in association with

factors such as sampling areas (districts) age body condi-tion sex and anaemic status of the studied animals (eindependent t-test was utilized to compare the mean PCVvalues of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals A singlefactor ANOVA was employed to test the mean PCV valuesof an animal infected with different parasite species andnoninfected animal Differences between parameters weretested for significance at probability levels of Plt 005 and95 confidence interval (e apparent density of the tsetsefly was calculated as the number of tsetse catchtrapday

3 Result and Discussion

31 Result

311 Parasitological Findings From a total of 1046 cattle 36of themwere diagnosed as positive for infection using a buffycoat technique with an overall prevalence of 344 Amongthe overall infected animals 278 282 and 449 of themwere found in Chewaka Meko and Dabo districts T vivax(5278) was the most prevalent trypanosome species andthe rest (4722) was recorded as T congolense species(Table 2)

312 Prevalence in Association to Different FactorsEffect of different associated factors on the prevalence oftrypanosomosis is indicated in Table 3 (e prevalence oftrypanosomosis in sampling areas of Chewaka Meko andDabo Hana districts was 278 282 and 449 re-spectively and it was not significantly different (Pgt 005)across the districts Similarly there was no significant dif-ference among the different sex and age group of cattle intrypanosomosis infection Among 1046 sampled animals547 284 and 147 prevalence of bovine trypanoso-mosis was recorded as a poor medium and good bodycondition respectively (e difference (Plt 005) betweenpoor medium and good animals in body condition wasstatistically significant Among the total examined animal630 and 416 of them were nonanaemic and anaemic cattleand they were diagnosed as a positive for trypanosomosiswith the proportion of 175 and 601 respectively (eassociation between being anaemic and nonanaemic animalsignificantly influence the prevalence of trypanosomosis atPlt 005

Table 1 Geographical information of the studied districts

VariablesBuno Bedele zone

Dabo Hana Meko ChewakaAltitude (m) 1773 2226 900ndash1400Highland () 10 533 11Midland () 66 233 224Lowland () 24 233 666Latitude N08deg67prime30PrimendashN08deg71prime21Prime N08deg41prime25Prime N08deg54prime40PrimeLongitude E36deg41prime89PrimendashE36deg40prime33Prime E36deg1prime44Prime E36deg09prime18PrimeRainfall rangeaverage (mm) 1131 1200 1000ndash1100Temperature rangeaverage (degC) 18ndash24 8ndash28 24Distance from Addis Ababa (km) 534 566 552Sources [16] [17] [18]

Veterinary Medicine International 3

313 Hematological Results of Infected and NoninfectedAnimals (e recorded mean PCV value of aparasitaemicand parasitaemic animals indicated that out of 1046 ex-amined animals 36 of them were found as anaemic(parasitaemic) animals and their mean PCV value wasstatistically (Plt 005) lower than that of aparasitaemic(noninfected) animals (e observed mean PCV value ofanimals infected with T vivax and noninfected animal wasstatistically different at Plt 005 and insignificant differ-ences (Pgt 005) were observed between animal infectedwith T congolense and T vivax as well as noninfected(Table 4)

314 Entomological Survey A total of 160 traps weredeployed for two consecutive days at 12 peasant associationrsquos(PArsquos) in three selected districts and a total of 1751 Glossinaspecies of flies were caught Among the caught flies 186and 814 of them were G morsitans and G tachinoidesrespectively (e overall apparent tsetse fly density was 182fliestrapdays (e fliesrsquo density per different study sites was273 033 and 1165 fliestrapdays in Chewaka Meko andDabo Hana districts respectively (e highest density of flies

trapdays was recorded in the Dabo Hana district and lowestin Meko district Among the caught flies 329 and 671 ofthe flies were male and female respectively (Table 5)

4 Discussion

(is study had revealed the overall prevalence of trypano-somosis in the study areas was 344 (e result of thisfinding was almost in line with Adane and Gezahagne [27]who reported a 35 prevalence of trypanosomosis in Dejendistrict Amhara Region Ethiopia (e result of this findingwas lower compared to other studies conducted somewhereelse within the same country which varies from 443 to1497 in a year between 2012 and 2019 [1 28ndash33] (eoverall low record of the prevalence of trypanosomosis maybe due to the impact of parasite and vector control practiceshave been working by Bedele NTTICC (Bedele NationalTsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and ControlCentre) and the geographical location of the study areaswhich have equal access for getting an extension service tothe farmers regarding how to control the distribution ofvectors (tsetse flies) disease control and treatments used fortreating the infected animal(e suggestions are similar with

Table 2 (e overall prevalence of trypanosome in the study areas

Variables Description Number of examined Prevalence in number ()

Districts

Chewaka district 432 12 (278)Meko district 213 6 (282)Dabo district 401 18 (449)

Total 1046 36 (344)

Parasite speciesT vivax 19 (5278)

T congolense 17 (4722)Total 36 (10000)

Table 3 (e prevalence of trypanosome and effect of associated risk factors in the study areas

Factor Number of animals examined Prevalence in number () χ2 P valueStudy sitesChewaka 432 12 (278)

2146 0342Meko 213 6 (282)Dabo Hana 401 18 (449)

StatusNonanaemic 630 11 (175) 13705 0000lowastAneamic 416 25 (601)

SexMale 652 20 (353) 0729 0393Female 394 16 (330)

Body conditionPoor 274 20 (547)

16705 0000lowastMedium 704 15 (284)Good 68 1 (147)

Age1 year 58 5 (690)

10207 0070

2 years 265 13 (415)3 years 425 12 (329)4 years 211 6 (332)5 years 85 0 (000)6 years 2 0 (000)

χ 2 chi-square Pge 005nonsignificant and Plt 005 significant lowastindicates differences along the column

4 Veterinary Medicine International

[5 8] who stated that the prevalence varies from locality tolocality depending on activities which were intended tocontrol the impact of the disease

(e present study in terms of Trypanosome species is inagreement with the findings reported by Tewodros [34] whoreported the highest proportion of T vivax from HawaGelan district Oromia Region Ethiopia According to hisreport 4585 and 3333 of T vivax and T congolensewere recorded respectively In contrast to this the highestproportion of T congolense was recorded on the report ofMegersa et al [33] and Marta et al [30] who reported a highproportion of T congolense from Botor Tolay and Choradistricts of Oromia Region Ethiopia respectively

(e significant difference was not observed in theprevalence of trypanosomosis between animals sampledfrom the study districts during a study period (Pgt 005)(efinding of this study is in agreement with the study ofZemedkun [35] and Abayneh [1] those who reported fromKindo Koysha district of Wolayita Zone and three selecteddistricts of Wolayita Zone Ethiopia In contrast to this asignificant difference among different study site was re-ported by Abebayehu and Biniam [28] from two districts ofBench Maji Zone southwestern Ethiopia (e observedinsignificant result could be due to alike controlling mea-sures that had been taken to control the tsetse flies densitiesby Bedele NTTICC the geographical location of districtsbeing adjacent to each other and having the same flies beltand the same treating strategies (is is similar with thesuggestion provided by [5 8] who stated that the prevalencevaries from locality to locality depending on activities whichwere intended to control the impact of the disease and way oftreating the infected animal

Among the total (37) infected animals 6944 and 3056of them were anaemic and nonanaemic cattle and thedifference was statistically significant at Plt 005 (e resultof this finding is in agreement with the finding of Marta et al[30] who reported that the highest prevalence of

trypanosomosis from anaemic cattle in Chora districts ofOromia Region Ethiopia (e higher prevalence of infectedanimal in association to being anaemic might be attributedto the sampled animals which got diseases such as hel-minthosis tick-borne diseases and nutritional imbalancesand it is in accordance to the suggestion provided by [28]

(e significant difference was not observed in theprevalence of trypanosomosis between the different agegroups of cattle during the study period (e finding of thisstudy is in line with the study reported by [1 31 34] (eyfound an insignificant effect of age on prevalence of try-panosomosis on cattle sample from three selected districts ofWolayita Zone Kindo Koysha district ofWolayita Zone andHawa Gelan district of Oromia Region Ethiopia respec-tively However the study reported by [30 33] indicated thatthere is a significant difference in the prevalence of trypa-nosomosis among the different age groups of sampled an-imals in the study areas (is might be due to similarregulatory measures that had been taken to control the tsetseflies densities by Bedele NTTICC and similar extensionservices concerning disease control and treating all agegroups of infected animals (e suggestion is alike to [5 8]who stated that the prevalence varies from locality to localitydepending on activities which were intended to control theimpact of the disease

(ere was no significant difference (Pgt 005) betweenanimals of different sex group (e result of this finding is inagreement to the study reported by Eskziaw et al [31] fromGimbo and Guraferda districts of southern EthiopiaMegersa et al [33] from Botor Tolay district of Jimma ZoneEthiopia and Marta et al [30] from Chora district ofsouthwestern Oromia Ethiopia However a significantdifference was recorded by Zemedkun et al [35] from threeselected districts of Wolayita Zone southern Ethiopia (iscould be attributed to similar controlling measures that hadbeen taken to control the tsetse flies densities by BedeleNTTICC and alike extension services concerning disease

Table 5 Apparent density of flies caught during the study period

Study sites No of PArsquos Altitude range No traps No daysGlossina species

G morsitans G tachinoidesTotal FTD

Male Female Male FemaleChewaka 6 1129ndash1355 60 2 81 124 52 70 327 273Meko 3 1420ndash1593 40 2 6 20 0 0 26 033Dabo Hana 3 1268ndash1506 60 2 27 67 410 894 1398 1165Total 12 mdash 160 6 114 211 462 964 1751 182FTD flytrapday

Table 4 Mean PCV value of aparasitaemic and parasitaemic animals and parasite species

Variable Description Frequency Mean PCVplusmn SE t F P value

Result of BCT Parasitaemic 36 2222plusmn 092 4462 0000lowastAparasitaemic 1010 2618plusmn 016

PSANIT vivax 19 21526plusmn 120a

9532 0000lowastT congolense 17 23412plusmn 127abNoninfected 1010 26179plusmn 017b

ab(e values across the column with different superscripts are significantly different from each other (Plt 005) BCT buffy coat technique and PSA-NI parasite species and noninfected lowastindicates differences along the column

Veterinary Medicine International 5

control and treating all sex groups of infected animals (esuggestion is similar to [5 8] who stated that the prevalencevaries from locality to locality depending on activities whichwere intended to control the impact of the disease

(e prevalence of trypanosomosis was statistically dif-ferent (Plt 005) across a different group of body condition(e result of this finding is consistent to the study reportedby Zemedkun et al [35] andMegersa et al [33] who reportedthat there was a significant difference in the prevalence oftrypanosomosis among cattle categorized according to theirbody condition from Kindo Koysha district of WolayitaZone and Botor Tolay district of Jimma Zone Ethiopiarespectively In contrast to this the insignificant effect ofbody condition on the prevalence of trypanosomosis oncattle from Kindo Koysha district of Wolayita ZoneEthiopia is recorded by [1] (ese differences might be dueto the disease which itself results in progressive emaciationof infected animals [36ndash38]

Among the total (1046) examined animal 36 of themwere parasitemic and they were found to be anaemic(PCVle 24) compared to aparasitemic animals and thedifference was statistically significant (Plt 005)(e result ofthis finding is in accordance to the study reported by Vanden Bossche and Rowlands [39] who stated that the averagePCV of parasitologically negative animals was significantlyhigher than that of parasitologically positive animals (ustrypanosomosis may be involved in adversely lowering thePCV value of infected animals (e low PCV value of in-fected animals may be due to the animals that were gettingsick with diseases such as helminthosis tick-borne diseasesand dietary disparities It is similar to the suggestion pro-vided by [28] Similarly the mean PCV value of animalinfected with parasites T vivax and noninfected animalswere significantly different (Plt 005) However insignifi-cant difference (Pgt 005) was also recorded between aninfected animal with T congolense and the rest noninfectedand animal infected with the T vivax (e result of thisfinding is in agreement with the study report of Zemedkunet al [35] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zonesouthern Ethiopia (is can be due to T vivax attacks othertissues beside to blood such as the lymph node eyes andheart but T congolense limited in the blood that might beresulted for low PCV value compared to the T vivax andthis is in line with the suggestion given on the study report of[35 37 40 41]

(e apparent density of tsetse flies was about 182 fliestrapday Different types of traps were designed to catchdifferent species of tsetse flies (e traps availability is in-dicated based on their efficiency for those species for whichthe trap has been tested and recommended [42] Among thetotal 1751 (Glossina species) 186 (G morsitans) and 814(G tachinoides) were caught during two consecutive trap-ping days Among a total of 160 traps 137 11 and 12 ofthem were monopyramidal Ngu and biconical traps re-spectively and each of them had different efficiency incatching different species of Glossina species (e apparenttsetse fly density recorded from Chewaka district (273) isclose to the report of Abebayehu and Biniam [28] whoreported 283 from two districts of BenchMaji Zone western

Ethiopia However the highest density was observed inDabo Hana district (1165 FTD) and it is also in agreementto the finding of Megersa et al [33] who reported (116 FTD) from Botor Tolay district Jimma Zone Ethiopia (eoverall finding of this study is lower than the finding of Ayeleet al [43] from Daramallo district Ethiopia with fliestrapday of 1914 and 1497 recorded from selected different studysites of Arbaminch by [44] In contrast to this the lower(014 fliestrapday) density was recorded by Zemedkun et al[32] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zone southernEthiopia (is difference might be ascribed to somewhatagroecological differences and season in the study area

5 Conclusions

(e finding of this study showed that trypanosomosis is oneof the challenging diseases affecting the agricultural activityof farmers and it results in getting low income from cattlerearing in the study areas T vivax and T congolense werethe type of parasite species recorded in the study areas andthe highest proportion was observed as T vivax (is studyalso indicates that there was a significant association be-tween the prevalence of trypanosomosis and risk factors vizbody condition and anaemic status of the animal Howeverage group sex and study sites (districts) did not significantlyaffect the prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study areas(emean PCV value of infected animal was lower comparedto that of the normal animal and significant differences wererecorded (e Glossina species particularly G tachinoidesandG morsitanswere the type ofGlossina species existing inthe study areas and the former has dominantly existed in thestudy areas (erefore the veterinarians have to continueproviding the appropriate medicationtreatment for theinfected animals per appropriate recommendation andBedele NTTICC has to take more measures to control thedensity and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana districtthan others due to high flies per trap per day observed inDabo Hana district

Data Availability

(e data used to support the findings of this study are in-cluded within the article

Disclosure

(e research was performed at National Tsetse and Try-panosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre BedeleEthiopia as part of the employment of one author

Conflicts of Interest

(e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

(e authors would like to extend special thanks for financialsupport received from NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia and allstaff members of National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis

6 Veterinary Medicine International

Investigation and Control Centre Bedele Ethiopia whocontributed to this study (e authors also register specialthanks for Dr Bikila Tolera Shibiru Alemayehu and BirukBosore at NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia for their guidanceand special supports

References

[1] A A Abayneh ldquoStudy on prevalence of bovine trypanoso-mosis and tsetse density in Kindo Koysha Woreda of WolaitaZone Ethiopiardquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 2018

[2] Z Tesfaheywet and Z Abraham ldquoPrevalence of bovine try-panosomosis in selected district of Arbaminch SNNPREthiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 8 no 2 pp 168ndash173 2012

[3] H Kumar M P Gupta P K Sidhu et al ldquoAn outbreak ofacute Trypanosoma evansi infection in crossbred cattle inPunjab Indiardquo Journal of Applied Animal Research vol 40no 3 pp 256ndash259 2012

[4] S Mulaw A Mekonnen and F Abebe ldquoStudy on theprevalence of major trypanosomes affecting bovine in tsetseinfested Asosa district of Benishangul Gumuz regional statewestern Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 7 no 4 pp 330ndash336 2011

[5] G Abebe and Y Jobre ldquoTrypanosomiasis a treat to cattleproduction in Ethiopiardquo Revue de Medecine Veterinairevol 147 pp 897ndash902 1996

[6] National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation andControl Centre NTTICC Annual Report on Tsetse andTrypanosomosis Survey Bedelle Ethiopia National Tsetse andTrypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre NTTICCBedelle Ethiopia 2004

[7] A Meberate B Menjeta M Vreysen B Bencha andGWoldyes ldquo(e distribution and relative abundance of tsetseflies in the Southern Rift valley of Ethiopia preliminary surveyresultsrdquo in Proceedings of the 25th meeting of the InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Controlvol 120 pp 202ndash213 Mombasa Kenya September 2000

[8] G Abebe ldquoTrypanosomosis in Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal ofBiomedical Science vol 4 no 1 pp 75ndash121 2005

[9] STEP Ministry of Science and Technology Southern TsetseEradication Project (Step) Field Operation Manual of TsetseAnd Trypanosomosis Control and Monitoring Addis AbabaEthiopia STEP Ministry of Science and Technology NewDelhi India 2012

[10] M Keno ldquo(e current situation of tsetse and trypanosomiasisin Ethiopiardquo in Proceeding of 28th Meeting of InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control(ISCTRC) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentVeterinary Service Department Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2005

[11] M Tesfaye Report of Trypanosome Infection Rate in DidessaValley from Bedele 2002

[12] Livestock Development and Marketing Agency (LDMA)Annual Progress Report Livestock Development and Mar-keting Agency Oromia Ethiopia 2010

[13] Central Statistical Authority CSA Livestock Population ofEthiopian Central Statistical Authority Addis AbabaEthiopia 2018

[14] C Pasquini T Spurgeno and S Pasquini Anatomy of Do-mestic Animals Systematic and Regional Approach Vol 255Sudz Publishing Philomath OR USA 10th edition 2003

[15] M Nicholson and M Butterworth A Guide to ConditionScoring of Zebu Cattle pp 3ndash29 International Livestockcentre for Africa Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1986

[16] Socioeconomic Data Dabo Hana District Annual ReportKone 2012

[17] Buno Bedele Zone Livestock and Fisheries DevelopmentOffice Annual report 2018

[18] Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Of-fice CWARDO Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Office Report 2015

[19] M (rusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2007

[20] M (rustfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black Well ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2005

[21] M Murray P K Murray and W I M McIntyre ldquoAn im-proved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of Africantrypanosomiasisrdquo Transactions of the Royal Society of TropicalMedicine and Hygiene vol 71 no 4 pp 325-326 1977

[22] J Paris M Murray and F Mcodimba ldquoA comparativeevaluation of the parasitological technique currently availablefor the diagnosis of African trypanosomosis in cattlerdquo ActaTropica vol 39 no 4 pp 307ndash316 1982

[23] P T Woo ldquo(e haematocrit centrifuge technique for thediagnosis of African trypanosomiasisrdquo Acta Tropica vol 27no 4 pp 384ndash386 1970

[24] P Van den Bossche W Shumba and P Makhambera ldquo(edistribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis inMalawirdquo Veterinary Parasitology vol 88 no 3-4 pp 163ndash176 2000

[25] S G A Leak Tsetse Biology and Ecology 1eir Role in theEpidemiology of Trypanosomosis Vol 568 CAB InternationalNairobi Kenya 1999

[26] S G A Leak K A Woume C Colardeue et al Determi-nation of Tsetse Challenge and its Relationship with Trypa-nosomosis Prevalence in Livestock Production in Tsetse InfestedAreas of Africa ATLN Nairobi Kenya 1987

[27] M Adane and M Gezahagne ldquoBovine trypanosomosis inthree districts of east gojjam zone bordering the blue nile riverin Ethiopiardquo Journal of Infection in Developing Countriesvol 1 no 3 pp 321ndash325 2007

[28] T Abebayehu and T Biniam ldquoBovine trypanosomosis and itsvectors in two districts of Bench Maji zone southwesternEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 42pp 1757ndash1762 2010

[29] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash42 2012

[30] T Marta K Bedaso K Gutu and G Eshetu ldquoPrevalence ofbovine trypanosomosis and its vector apparent density inChora district of illuababora western Oromia EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 7 pp 64ndash71 2016

[31] B Eskziaw T Alebachew B Amare T Ayichew andG Abebaw ldquoA study on cattle trypanosomosis and its vectorsin Gimbo and Guraferda districts of Southwest EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 9 pp 112ndash119 2016

[32] M Melkamu A Sisay K Jelalu M Yimer and A AshebrldquoVector identification and bovine trypanosomosis in Edjadistrict south Ethiopiardquo Livestock Research for Rural De-velopment vol 29 no 5 2017

[33] L Megersa B Feyisa A Dereje and M Behablom ldquoPreva-lence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetsefly in botor Tolay district Jimma zone Ethiopiardquo BiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 13 no 3pp 9976ndash9983 2019

Veterinary Medicine International 7

[34] F Tewodros T Mitiku M Tadegegn and C MershaldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution ofvectors in Hawa Gelan district Oromia region EthiopiardquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 9 no 3 pp 297ndash302 2012

[35] G Zemedkun T Ayichew and T Alebachew ldquoStudy onprevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of itsvectors in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone southernEthiopiardquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthvol 8 no 9 pp 128ndash135 2016

[36] G M Urquhart J Armour J l Duncan A M Dunn andF W Jennings Veterinary Parasitology Blackwell scienceLtd Hoboken NJ USA 2nd edition 1996

[37] L E Stephen A Veterinary Perspective Vol 551 Pgromonpress Oxford UK 1986

[38] FAO Food Agriculture and Food Security the Global Di-mension FAO Rome Italy 2002

[39] P Van den Bossche and G J Rowlands ldquo(e relationshipbetween the parasitological prevalence of trypanosomal in-fections in cattle and herd average packed cell volumerdquo ActaTropica vol 78 no 2 pp 163ndash170 2001

[40] D D Whitelaw P R Gardiner and M Murray ldquoExtravas-cular foci of Trypanosoma vivax in goats the central nervoussystem and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources ofrelapse infections after chemotherapyrdquo Parasitology vol 97no 1 pp 51ndash61 1988

[41] C A Hoare ldquo(e trypanosomosis of mammals a zoologicalmonographrdquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 1972

[42] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationFAO ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis informationrdquo PAAT Pro-gramme Against African Trypanosomosis vol 38 no 1 2015

[43] T Ayele D Ephrem K Elias B Tamiru and D GizawldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vector densityin Daramallo district southwestern Ethiopiardquo Journal ofVeterinary Advances vol 2 no 6 pp 266ndash272 2010

[44] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash41 2012

8 Veterinary Medicine International

313 Hematological Results of Infected and NoninfectedAnimals (e recorded mean PCV value of aparasitaemicand parasitaemic animals indicated that out of 1046 ex-amined animals 36 of them were found as anaemic(parasitaemic) animals and their mean PCV value wasstatistically (Plt 005) lower than that of aparasitaemic(noninfected) animals (e observed mean PCV value ofanimals infected with T vivax and noninfected animal wasstatistically different at Plt 005 and insignificant differ-ences (Pgt 005) were observed between animal infectedwith T congolense and T vivax as well as noninfected(Table 4)

314 Entomological Survey A total of 160 traps weredeployed for two consecutive days at 12 peasant associationrsquos(PArsquos) in three selected districts and a total of 1751 Glossinaspecies of flies were caught Among the caught flies 186and 814 of them were G morsitans and G tachinoidesrespectively (e overall apparent tsetse fly density was 182fliestrapdays (e fliesrsquo density per different study sites was273 033 and 1165 fliestrapdays in Chewaka Meko andDabo Hana districts respectively (e highest density of flies

trapdays was recorded in the Dabo Hana district and lowestin Meko district Among the caught flies 329 and 671 ofthe flies were male and female respectively (Table 5)

4 Discussion

(is study had revealed the overall prevalence of trypano-somosis in the study areas was 344 (e result of thisfinding was almost in line with Adane and Gezahagne [27]who reported a 35 prevalence of trypanosomosis in Dejendistrict Amhara Region Ethiopia (e result of this findingwas lower compared to other studies conducted somewhereelse within the same country which varies from 443 to1497 in a year between 2012 and 2019 [1 28ndash33] (eoverall low record of the prevalence of trypanosomosis maybe due to the impact of parasite and vector control practiceshave been working by Bedele NTTICC (Bedele NationalTsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and ControlCentre) and the geographical location of the study areaswhich have equal access for getting an extension service tothe farmers regarding how to control the distribution ofvectors (tsetse flies) disease control and treatments used fortreating the infected animal(e suggestions are similar with

Table 2 (e overall prevalence of trypanosome in the study areas

Variables Description Number of examined Prevalence in number ()

Districts

Chewaka district 432 12 (278)Meko district 213 6 (282)Dabo district 401 18 (449)

Total 1046 36 (344)

Parasite speciesT vivax 19 (5278)

T congolense 17 (4722)Total 36 (10000)

Table 3 (e prevalence of trypanosome and effect of associated risk factors in the study areas

Factor Number of animals examined Prevalence in number () χ2 P valueStudy sitesChewaka 432 12 (278)

2146 0342Meko 213 6 (282)Dabo Hana 401 18 (449)

StatusNonanaemic 630 11 (175) 13705 0000lowastAneamic 416 25 (601)

SexMale 652 20 (353) 0729 0393Female 394 16 (330)

Body conditionPoor 274 20 (547)

16705 0000lowastMedium 704 15 (284)Good 68 1 (147)

Age1 year 58 5 (690)

10207 0070

2 years 265 13 (415)3 years 425 12 (329)4 years 211 6 (332)5 years 85 0 (000)6 years 2 0 (000)

χ 2 chi-square Pge 005nonsignificant and Plt 005 significant lowastindicates differences along the column

4 Veterinary Medicine International

[5 8] who stated that the prevalence varies from locality tolocality depending on activities which were intended tocontrol the impact of the disease

(e present study in terms of Trypanosome species is inagreement with the findings reported by Tewodros [34] whoreported the highest proportion of T vivax from HawaGelan district Oromia Region Ethiopia According to hisreport 4585 and 3333 of T vivax and T congolensewere recorded respectively In contrast to this the highestproportion of T congolense was recorded on the report ofMegersa et al [33] and Marta et al [30] who reported a highproportion of T congolense from Botor Tolay and Choradistricts of Oromia Region Ethiopia respectively

(e significant difference was not observed in theprevalence of trypanosomosis between animals sampledfrom the study districts during a study period (Pgt 005)(efinding of this study is in agreement with the study ofZemedkun [35] and Abayneh [1] those who reported fromKindo Koysha district of Wolayita Zone and three selecteddistricts of Wolayita Zone Ethiopia In contrast to this asignificant difference among different study site was re-ported by Abebayehu and Biniam [28] from two districts ofBench Maji Zone southwestern Ethiopia (e observedinsignificant result could be due to alike controlling mea-sures that had been taken to control the tsetse flies densitiesby Bedele NTTICC the geographical location of districtsbeing adjacent to each other and having the same flies beltand the same treating strategies (is is similar with thesuggestion provided by [5 8] who stated that the prevalencevaries from locality to locality depending on activities whichwere intended to control the impact of the disease and way oftreating the infected animal

Among the total (37) infected animals 6944 and 3056of them were anaemic and nonanaemic cattle and thedifference was statistically significant at Plt 005 (e resultof this finding is in agreement with the finding of Marta et al[30] who reported that the highest prevalence of

trypanosomosis from anaemic cattle in Chora districts ofOromia Region Ethiopia (e higher prevalence of infectedanimal in association to being anaemic might be attributedto the sampled animals which got diseases such as hel-minthosis tick-borne diseases and nutritional imbalancesand it is in accordance to the suggestion provided by [28]

(e significant difference was not observed in theprevalence of trypanosomosis between the different agegroups of cattle during the study period (e finding of thisstudy is in line with the study reported by [1 31 34] (eyfound an insignificant effect of age on prevalence of try-panosomosis on cattle sample from three selected districts ofWolayita Zone Kindo Koysha district ofWolayita Zone andHawa Gelan district of Oromia Region Ethiopia respec-tively However the study reported by [30 33] indicated thatthere is a significant difference in the prevalence of trypa-nosomosis among the different age groups of sampled an-imals in the study areas (is might be due to similarregulatory measures that had been taken to control the tsetseflies densities by Bedele NTTICC and similar extensionservices concerning disease control and treating all agegroups of infected animals (e suggestion is alike to [5 8]who stated that the prevalence varies from locality to localitydepending on activities which were intended to control theimpact of the disease

(ere was no significant difference (Pgt 005) betweenanimals of different sex group (e result of this finding is inagreement to the study reported by Eskziaw et al [31] fromGimbo and Guraferda districts of southern EthiopiaMegersa et al [33] from Botor Tolay district of Jimma ZoneEthiopia and Marta et al [30] from Chora district ofsouthwestern Oromia Ethiopia However a significantdifference was recorded by Zemedkun et al [35] from threeselected districts of Wolayita Zone southern Ethiopia (iscould be attributed to similar controlling measures that hadbeen taken to control the tsetse flies densities by BedeleNTTICC and alike extension services concerning disease

Table 5 Apparent density of flies caught during the study period

Study sites No of PArsquos Altitude range No traps No daysGlossina species

G morsitans G tachinoidesTotal FTD

Male Female Male FemaleChewaka 6 1129ndash1355 60 2 81 124 52 70 327 273Meko 3 1420ndash1593 40 2 6 20 0 0 26 033Dabo Hana 3 1268ndash1506 60 2 27 67 410 894 1398 1165Total 12 mdash 160 6 114 211 462 964 1751 182FTD flytrapday

Table 4 Mean PCV value of aparasitaemic and parasitaemic animals and parasite species

Variable Description Frequency Mean PCVplusmn SE t F P value

Result of BCT Parasitaemic 36 2222plusmn 092 4462 0000lowastAparasitaemic 1010 2618plusmn 016

PSANIT vivax 19 21526plusmn 120a

9532 0000lowastT congolense 17 23412plusmn 127abNoninfected 1010 26179plusmn 017b

ab(e values across the column with different superscripts are significantly different from each other (Plt 005) BCT buffy coat technique and PSA-NI parasite species and noninfected lowastindicates differences along the column

Veterinary Medicine International 5

control and treating all sex groups of infected animals (esuggestion is similar to [5 8] who stated that the prevalencevaries from locality to locality depending on activities whichwere intended to control the impact of the disease

(e prevalence of trypanosomosis was statistically dif-ferent (Plt 005) across a different group of body condition(e result of this finding is consistent to the study reportedby Zemedkun et al [35] andMegersa et al [33] who reportedthat there was a significant difference in the prevalence oftrypanosomosis among cattle categorized according to theirbody condition from Kindo Koysha district of WolayitaZone and Botor Tolay district of Jimma Zone Ethiopiarespectively In contrast to this the insignificant effect ofbody condition on the prevalence of trypanosomosis oncattle from Kindo Koysha district of Wolayita ZoneEthiopia is recorded by [1] (ese differences might be dueto the disease which itself results in progressive emaciationof infected animals [36ndash38]

Among the total (1046) examined animal 36 of themwere parasitemic and they were found to be anaemic(PCVle 24) compared to aparasitemic animals and thedifference was statistically significant (Plt 005)(e result ofthis finding is in accordance to the study reported by Vanden Bossche and Rowlands [39] who stated that the averagePCV of parasitologically negative animals was significantlyhigher than that of parasitologically positive animals (ustrypanosomosis may be involved in adversely lowering thePCV value of infected animals (e low PCV value of in-fected animals may be due to the animals that were gettingsick with diseases such as helminthosis tick-borne diseasesand dietary disparities It is similar to the suggestion pro-vided by [28] Similarly the mean PCV value of animalinfected with parasites T vivax and noninfected animalswere significantly different (Plt 005) However insignifi-cant difference (Pgt 005) was also recorded between aninfected animal with T congolense and the rest noninfectedand animal infected with the T vivax (e result of thisfinding is in agreement with the study report of Zemedkunet al [35] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zonesouthern Ethiopia (is can be due to T vivax attacks othertissues beside to blood such as the lymph node eyes andheart but T congolense limited in the blood that might beresulted for low PCV value compared to the T vivax andthis is in line with the suggestion given on the study report of[35 37 40 41]

(e apparent density of tsetse flies was about 182 fliestrapday Different types of traps were designed to catchdifferent species of tsetse flies (e traps availability is in-dicated based on their efficiency for those species for whichthe trap has been tested and recommended [42] Among thetotal 1751 (Glossina species) 186 (G morsitans) and 814(G tachinoides) were caught during two consecutive trap-ping days Among a total of 160 traps 137 11 and 12 ofthem were monopyramidal Ngu and biconical traps re-spectively and each of them had different efficiency incatching different species of Glossina species (e apparenttsetse fly density recorded from Chewaka district (273) isclose to the report of Abebayehu and Biniam [28] whoreported 283 from two districts of BenchMaji Zone western

Ethiopia However the highest density was observed inDabo Hana district (1165 FTD) and it is also in agreementto the finding of Megersa et al [33] who reported (116 FTD) from Botor Tolay district Jimma Zone Ethiopia (eoverall finding of this study is lower than the finding of Ayeleet al [43] from Daramallo district Ethiopia with fliestrapday of 1914 and 1497 recorded from selected different studysites of Arbaminch by [44] In contrast to this the lower(014 fliestrapday) density was recorded by Zemedkun et al[32] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zone southernEthiopia (is difference might be ascribed to somewhatagroecological differences and season in the study area

5 Conclusions

(e finding of this study showed that trypanosomosis is oneof the challenging diseases affecting the agricultural activityof farmers and it results in getting low income from cattlerearing in the study areas T vivax and T congolense werethe type of parasite species recorded in the study areas andthe highest proportion was observed as T vivax (is studyalso indicates that there was a significant association be-tween the prevalence of trypanosomosis and risk factors vizbody condition and anaemic status of the animal Howeverage group sex and study sites (districts) did not significantlyaffect the prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study areas(emean PCV value of infected animal was lower comparedto that of the normal animal and significant differences wererecorded (e Glossina species particularly G tachinoidesandG morsitanswere the type ofGlossina species existing inthe study areas and the former has dominantly existed in thestudy areas (erefore the veterinarians have to continueproviding the appropriate medicationtreatment for theinfected animals per appropriate recommendation andBedele NTTICC has to take more measures to control thedensity and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana districtthan others due to high flies per trap per day observed inDabo Hana district

Data Availability

(e data used to support the findings of this study are in-cluded within the article

Disclosure

(e research was performed at National Tsetse and Try-panosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre BedeleEthiopia as part of the employment of one author

Conflicts of Interest

(e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

(e authors would like to extend special thanks for financialsupport received from NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia and allstaff members of National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis

6 Veterinary Medicine International

Investigation and Control Centre Bedele Ethiopia whocontributed to this study (e authors also register specialthanks for Dr Bikila Tolera Shibiru Alemayehu and BirukBosore at NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia for their guidanceand special supports

References

[1] A A Abayneh ldquoStudy on prevalence of bovine trypanoso-mosis and tsetse density in Kindo Koysha Woreda of WolaitaZone Ethiopiardquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 2018

[2] Z Tesfaheywet and Z Abraham ldquoPrevalence of bovine try-panosomosis in selected district of Arbaminch SNNPREthiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 8 no 2 pp 168ndash173 2012

[3] H Kumar M P Gupta P K Sidhu et al ldquoAn outbreak ofacute Trypanosoma evansi infection in crossbred cattle inPunjab Indiardquo Journal of Applied Animal Research vol 40no 3 pp 256ndash259 2012

[4] S Mulaw A Mekonnen and F Abebe ldquoStudy on theprevalence of major trypanosomes affecting bovine in tsetseinfested Asosa district of Benishangul Gumuz regional statewestern Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 7 no 4 pp 330ndash336 2011

[5] G Abebe and Y Jobre ldquoTrypanosomiasis a treat to cattleproduction in Ethiopiardquo Revue de Medecine Veterinairevol 147 pp 897ndash902 1996

[6] National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation andControl Centre NTTICC Annual Report on Tsetse andTrypanosomosis Survey Bedelle Ethiopia National Tsetse andTrypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre NTTICCBedelle Ethiopia 2004

[7] A Meberate B Menjeta M Vreysen B Bencha andGWoldyes ldquo(e distribution and relative abundance of tsetseflies in the Southern Rift valley of Ethiopia preliminary surveyresultsrdquo in Proceedings of the 25th meeting of the InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Controlvol 120 pp 202ndash213 Mombasa Kenya September 2000

[8] G Abebe ldquoTrypanosomosis in Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal ofBiomedical Science vol 4 no 1 pp 75ndash121 2005

[9] STEP Ministry of Science and Technology Southern TsetseEradication Project (Step) Field Operation Manual of TsetseAnd Trypanosomosis Control and Monitoring Addis AbabaEthiopia STEP Ministry of Science and Technology NewDelhi India 2012

[10] M Keno ldquo(e current situation of tsetse and trypanosomiasisin Ethiopiardquo in Proceeding of 28th Meeting of InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control(ISCTRC) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentVeterinary Service Department Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2005

[11] M Tesfaye Report of Trypanosome Infection Rate in DidessaValley from Bedele 2002

[12] Livestock Development and Marketing Agency (LDMA)Annual Progress Report Livestock Development and Mar-keting Agency Oromia Ethiopia 2010

[13] Central Statistical Authority CSA Livestock Population ofEthiopian Central Statistical Authority Addis AbabaEthiopia 2018

[14] C Pasquini T Spurgeno and S Pasquini Anatomy of Do-mestic Animals Systematic and Regional Approach Vol 255Sudz Publishing Philomath OR USA 10th edition 2003

[15] M Nicholson and M Butterworth A Guide to ConditionScoring of Zebu Cattle pp 3ndash29 International Livestockcentre for Africa Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1986

[16] Socioeconomic Data Dabo Hana District Annual ReportKone 2012

[17] Buno Bedele Zone Livestock and Fisheries DevelopmentOffice Annual report 2018

[18] Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Of-fice CWARDO Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Office Report 2015

[19] M (rusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2007

[20] M (rustfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black Well ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2005

[21] M Murray P K Murray and W I M McIntyre ldquoAn im-proved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of Africantrypanosomiasisrdquo Transactions of the Royal Society of TropicalMedicine and Hygiene vol 71 no 4 pp 325-326 1977

[22] J Paris M Murray and F Mcodimba ldquoA comparativeevaluation of the parasitological technique currently availablefor the diagnosis of African trypanosomosis in cattlerdquo ActaTropica vol 39 no 4 pp 307ndash316 1982

[23] P T Woo ldquo(e haematocrit centrifuge technique for thediagnosis of African trypanosomiasisrdquo Acta Tropica vol 27no 4 pp 384ndash386 1970

[24] P Van den Bossche W Shumba and P Makhambera ldquo(edistribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis inMalawirdquo Veterinary Parasitology vol 88 no 3-4 pp 163ndash176 2000

[25] S G A Leak Tsetse Biology and Ecology 1eir Role in theEpidemiology of Trypanosomosis Vol 568 CAB InternationalNairobi Kenya 1999

[26] S G A Leak K A Woume C Colardeue et al Determi-nation of Tsetse Challenge and its Relationship with Trypa-nosomosis Prevalence in Livestock Production in Tsetse InfestedAreas of Africa ATLN Nairobi Kenya 1987

[27] M Adane and M Gezahagne ldquoBovine trypanosomosis inthree districts of east gojjam zone bordering the blue nile riverin Ethiopiardquo Journal of Infection in Developing Countriesvol 1 no 3 pp 321ndash325 2007

[28] T Abebayehu and T Biniam ldquoBovine trypanosomosis and itsvectors in two districts of Bench Maji zone southwesternEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 42pp 1757ndash1762 2010

[29] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash42 2012

[30] T Marta K Bedaso K Gutu and G Eshetu ldquoPrevalence ofbovine trypanosomosis and its vector apparent density inChora district of illuababora western Oromia EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 7 pp 64ndash71 2016

[31] B Eskziaw T Alebachew B Amare T Ayichew andG Abebaw ldquoA study on cattle trypanosomosis and its vectorsin Gimbo and Guraferda districts of Southwest EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 9 pp 112ndash119 2016

[32] M Melkamu A Sisay K Jelalu M Yimer and A AshebrldquoVector identification and bovine trypanosomosis in Edjadistrict south Ethiopiardquo Livestock Research for Rural De-velopment vol 29 no 5 2017

[33] L Megersa B Feyisa A Dereje and M Behablom ldquoPreva-lence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetsefly in botor Tolay district Jimma zone Ethiopiardquo BiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 13 no 3pp 9976ndash9983 2019

Veterinary Medicine International 7

[34] F Tewodros T Mitiku M Tadegegn and C MershaldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution ofvectors in Hawa Gelan district Oromia region EthiopiardquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 9 no 3 pp 297ndash302 2012

[35] G Zemedkun T Ayichew and T Alebachew ldquoStudy onprevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of itsvectors in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone southernEthiopiardquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthvol 8 no 9 pp 128ndash135 2016

[36] G M Urquhart J Armour J l Duncan A M Dunn andF W Jennings Veterinary Parasitology Blackwell scienceLtd Hoboken NJ USA 2nd edition 1996

[37] L E Stephen A Veterinary Perspective Vol 551 Pgromonpress Oxford UK 1986

[38] FAO Food Agriculture and Food Security the Global Di-mension FAO Rome Italy 2002

[39] P Van den Bossche and G J Rowlands ldquo(e relationshipbetween the parasitological prevalence of trypanosomal in-fections in cattle and herd average packed cell volumerdquo ActaTropica vol 78 no 2 pp 163ndash170 2001

[40] D D Whitelaw P R Gardiner and M Murray ldquoExtravas-cular foci of Trypanosoma vivax in goats the central nervoussystem and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources ofrelapse infections after chemotherapyrdquo Parasitology vol 97no 1 pp 51ndash61 1988

[41] C A Hoare ldquo(e trypanosomosis of mammals a zoologicalmonographrdquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 1972

[42] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationFAO ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis informationrdquo PAAT Pro-gramme Against African Trypanosomosis vol 38 no 1 2015

[43] T Ayele D Ephrem K Elias B Tamiru and D GizawldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vector densityin Daramallo district southwestern Ethiopiardquo Journal ofVeterinary Advances vol 2 no 6 pp 266ndash272 2010

[44] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash41 2012

8 Veterinary Medicine International

[5 8] who stated that the prevalence varies from locality tolocality depending on activities which were intended tocontrol the impact of the disease

(e present study in terms of Trypanosome species is inagreement with the findings reported by Tewodros [34] whoreported the highest proportion of T vivax from HawaGelan district Oromia Region Ethiopia According to hisreport 4585 and 3333 of T vivax and T congolensewere recorded respectively In contrast to this the highestproportion of T congolense was recorded on the report ofMegersa et al [33] and Marta et al [30] who reported a highproportion of T congolense from Botor Tolay and Choradistricts of Oromia Region Ethiopia respectively

(e significant difference was not observed in theprevalence of trypanosomosis between animals sampledfrom the study districts during a study period (Pgt 005)(efinding of this study is in agreement with the study ofZemedkun [35] and Abayneh [1] those who reported fromKindo Koysha district of Wolayita Zone and three selecteddistricts of Wolayita Zone Ethiopia In contrast to this asignificant difference among different study site was re-ported by Abebayehu and Biniam [28] from two districts ofBench Maji Zone southwestern Ethiopia (e observedinsignificant result could be due to alike controlling mea-sures that had been taken to control the tsetse flies densitiesby Bedele NTTICC the geographical location of districtsbeing adjacent to each other and having the same flies beltand the same treating strategies (is is similar with thesuggestion provided by [5 8] who stated that the prevalencevaries from locality to locality depending on activities whichwere intended to control the impact of the disease and way oftreating the infected animal

Among the total (37) infected animals 6944 and 3056of them were anaemic and nonanaemic cattle and thedifference was statistically significant at Plt 005 (e resultof this finding is in agreement with the finding of Marta et al[30] who reported that the highest prevalence of

trypanosomosis from anaemic cattle in Chora districts ofOromia Region Ethiopia (e higher prevalence of infectedanimal in association to being anaemic might be attributedto the sampled animals which got diseases such as hel-minthosis tick-borne diseases and nutritional imbalancesand it is in accordance to the suggestion provided by [28]

(e significant difference was not observed in theprevalence of trypanosomosis between the different agegroups of cattle during the study period (e finding of thisstudy is in line with the study reported by [1 31 34] (eyfound an insignificant effect of age on prevalence of try-panosomosis on cattle sample from three selected districts ofWolayita Zone Kindo Koysha district ofWolayita Zone andHawa Gelan district of Oromia Region Ethiopia respec-tively However the study reported by [30 33] indicated thatthere is a significant difference in the prevalence of trypa-nosomosis among the different age groups of sampled an-imals in the study areas (is might be due to similarregulatory measures that had been taken to control the tsetseflies densities by Bedele NTTICC and similar extensionservices concerning disease control and treating all agegroups of infected animals (e suggestion is alike to [5 8]who stated that the prevalence varies from locality to localitydepending on activities which were intended to control theimpact of the disease

(ere was no significant difference (Pgt 005) betweenanimals of different sex group (e result of this finding is inagreement to the study reported by Eskziaw et al [31] fromGimbo and Guraferda districts of southern EthiopiaMegersa et al [33] from Botor Tolay district of Jimma ZoneEthiopia and Marta et al [30] from Chora district ofsouthwestern Oromia Ethiopia However a significantdifference was recorded by Zemedkun et al [35] from threeselected districts of Wolayita Zone southern Ethiopia (iscould be attributed to similar controlling measures that hadbeen taken to control the tsetse flies densities by BedeleNTTICC and alike extension services concerning disease

Table 5 Apparent density of flies caught during the study period

Study sites No of PArsquos Altitude range No traps No daysGlossina species

G morsitans G tachinoidesTotal FTD

Male Female Male FemaleChewaka 6 1129ndash1355 60 2 81 124 52 70 327 273Meko 3 1420ndash1593 40 2 6 20 0 0 26 033Dabo Hana 3 1268ndash1506 60 2 27 67 410 894 1398 1165Total 12 mdash 160 6 114 211 462 964 1751 182FTD flytrapday

Table 4 Mean PCV value of aparasitaemic and parasitaemic animals and parasite species

Variable Description Frequency Mean PCVplusmn SE t F P value

Result of BCT Parasitaemic 36 2222plusmn 092 4462 0000lowastAparasitaemic 1010 2618plusmn 016

PSANIT vivax 19 21526plusmn 120a

9532 0000lowastT congolense 17 23412plusmn 127abNoninfected 1010 26179plusmn 017b

ab(e values across the column with different superscripts are significantly different from each other (Plt 005) BCT buffy coat technique and PSA-NI parasite species and noninfected lowastindicates differences along the column

Veterinary Medicine International 5

control and treating all sex groups of infected animals (esuggestion is similar to [5 8] who stated that the prevalencevaries from locality to locality depending on activities whichwere intended to control the impact of the disease

(e prevalence of trypanosomosis was statistically dif-ferent (Plt 005) across a different group of body condition(e result of this finding is consistent to the study reportedby Zemedkun et al [35] andMegersa et al [33] who reportedthat there was a significant difference in the prevalence oftrypanosomosis among cattle categorized according to theirbody condition from Kindo Koysha district of WolayitaZone and Botor Tolay district of Jimma Zone Ethiopiarespectively In contrast to this the insignificant effect ofbody condition on the prevalence of trypanosomosis oncattle from Kindo Koysha district of Wolayita ZoneEthiopia is recorded by [1] (ese differences might be dueto the disease which itself results in progressive emaciationof infected animals [36ndash38]

Among the total (1046) examined animal 36 of themwere parasitemic and they were found to be anaemic(PCVle 24) compared to aparasitemic animals and thedifference was statistically significant (Plt 005)(e result ofthis finding is in accordance to the study reported by Vanden Bossche and Rowlands [39] who stated that the averagePCV of parasitologically negative animals was significantlyhigher than that of parasitologically positive animals (ustrypanosomosis may be involved in adversely lowering thePCV value of infected animals (e low PCV value of in-fected animals may be due to the animals that were gettingsick with diseases such as helminthosis tick-borne diseasesand dietary disparities It is similar to the suggestion pro-vided by [28] Similarly the mean PCV value of animalinfected with parasites T vivax and noninfected animalswere significantly different (Plt 005) However insignifi-cant difference (Pgt 005) was also recorded between aninfected animal with T congolense and the rest noninfectedand animal infected with the T vivax (e result of thisfinding is in agreement with the study report of Zemedkunet al [35] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zonesouthern Ethiopia (is can be due to T vivax attacks othertissues beside to blood such as the lymph node eyes andheart but T congolense limited in the blood that might beresulted for low PCV value compared to the T vivax andthis is in line with the suggestion given on the study report of[35 37 40 41]

(e apparent density of tsetse flies was about 182 fliestrapday Different types of traps were designed to catchdifferent species of tsetse flies (e traps availability is in-dicated based on their efficiency for those species for whichthe trap has been tested and recommended [42] Among thetotal 1751 (Glossina species) 186 (G morsitans) and 814(G tachinoides) were caught during two consecutive trap-ping days Among a total of 160 traps 137 11 and 12 ofthem were monopyramidal Ngu and biconical traps re-spectively and each of them had different efficiency incatching different species of Glossina species (e apparenttsetse fly density recorded from Chewaka district (273) isclose to the report of Abebayehu and Biniam [28] whoreported 283 from two districts of BenchMaji Zone western

Ethiopia However the highest density was observed inDabo Hana district (1165 FTD) and it is also in agreementto the finding of Megersa et al [33] who reported (116 FTD) from Botor Tolay district Jimma Zone Ethiopia (eoverall finding of this study is lower than the finding of Ayeleet al [43] from Daramallo district Ethiopia with fliestrapday of 1914 and 1497 recorded from selected different studysites of Arbaminch by [44] In contrast to this the lower(014 fliestrapday) density was recorded by Zemedkun et al[32] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zone southernEthiopia (is difference might be ascribed to somewhatagroecological differences and season in the study area

5 Conclusions

(e finding of this study showed that trypanosomosis is oneof the challenging diseases affecting the agricultural activityof farmers and it results in getting low income from cattlerearing in the study areas T vivax and T congolense werethe type of parasite species recorded in the study areas andthe highest proportion was observed as T vivax (is studyalso indicates that there was a significant association be-tween the prevalence of trypanosomosis and risk factors vizbody condition and anaemic status of the animal Howeverage group sex and study sites (districts) did not significantlyaffect the prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study areas(emean PCV value of infected animal was lower comparedto that of the normal animal and significant differences wererecorded (e Glossina species particularly G tachinoidesandG morsitanswere the type ofGlossina species existing inthe study areas and the former has dominantly existed in thestudy areas (erefore the veterinarians have to continueproviding the appropriate medicationtreatment for theinfected animals per appropriate recommendation andBedele NTTICC has to take more measures to control thedensity and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana districtthan others due to high flies per trap per day observed inDabo Hana district

Data Availability

(e data used to support the findings of this study are in-cluded within the article

Disclosure

(e research was performed at National Tsetse and Try-panosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre BedeleEthiopia as part of the employment of one author

Conflicts of Interest

(e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

(e authors would like to extend special thanks for financialsupport received from NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia and allstaff members of National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis

6 Veterinary Medicine International

Investigation and Control Centre Bedele Ethiopia whocontributed to this study (e authors also register specialthanks for Dr Bikila Tolera Shibiru Alemayehu and BirukBosore at NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia for their guidanceand special supports

References

[1] A A Abayneh ldquoStudy on prevalence of bovine trypanoso-mosis and tsetse density in Kindo Koysha Woreda of WolaitaZone Ethiopiardquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 2018

[2] Z Tesfaheywet and Z Abraham ldquoPrevalence of bovine try-panosomosis in selected district of Arbaminch SNNPREthiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 8 no 2 pp 168ndash173 2012

[3] H Kumar M P Gupta P K Sidhu et al ldquoAn outbreak ofacute Trypanosoma evansi infection in crossbred cattle inPunjab Indiardquo Journal of Applied Animal Research vol 40no 3 pp 256ndash259 2012

[4] S Mulaw A Mekonnen and F Abebe ldquoStudy on theprevalence of major trypanosomes affecting bovine in tsetseinfested Asosa district of Benishangul Gumuz regional statewestern Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 7 no 4 pp 330ndash336 2011

[5] G Abebe and Y Jobre ldquoTrypanosomiasis a treat to cattleproduction in Ethiopiardquo Revue de Medecine Veterinairevol 147 pp 897ndash902 1996

[6] National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation andControl Centre NTTICC Annual Report on Tsetse andTrypanosomosis Survey Bedelle Ethiopia National Tsetse andTrypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre NTTICCBedelle Ethiopia 2004

[7] A Meberate B Menjeta M Vreysen B Bencha andGWoldyes ldquo(e distribution and relative abundance of tsetseflies in the Southern Rift valley of Ethiopia preliminary surveyresultsrdquo in Proceedings of the 25th meeting of the InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Controlvol 120 pp 202ndash213 Mombasa Kenya September 2000

[8] G Abebe ldquoTrypanosomosis in Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal ofBiomedical Science vol 4 no 1 pp 75ndash121 2005

[9] STEP Ministry of Science and Technology Southern TsetseEradication Project (Step) Field Operation Manual of TsetseAnd Trypanosomosis Control and Monitoring Addis AbabaEthiopia STEP Ministry of Science and Technology NewDelhi India 2012

[10] M Keno ldquo(e current situation of tsetse and trypanosomiasisin Ethiopiardquo in Proceeding of 28th Meeting of InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control(ISCTRC) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentVeterinary Service Department Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2005

[11] M Tesfaye Report of Trypanosome Infection Rate in DidessaValley from Bedele 2002

[12] Livestock Development and Marketing Agency (LDMA)Annual Progress Report Livestock Development and Mar-keting Agency Oromia Ethiopia 2010

[13] Central Statistical Authority CSA Livestock Population ofEthiopian Central Statistical Authority Addis AbabaEthiopia 2018

[14] C Pasquini T Spurgeno and S Pasquini Anatomy of Do-mestic Animals Systematic and Regional Approach Vol 255Sudz Publishing Philomath OR USA 10th edition 2003

[15] M Nicholson and M Butterworth A Guide to ConditionScoring of Zebu Cattle pp 3ndash29 International Livestockcentre for Africa Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1986

[16] Socioeconomic Data Dabo Hana District Annual ReportKone 2012

[17] Buno Bedele Zone Livestock and Fisheries DevelopmentOffice Annual report 2018

[18] Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Of-fice CWARDO Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Office Report 2015

[19] M (rusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2007

[20] M (rustfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black Well ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2005

[21] M Murray P K Murray and W I M McIntyre ldquoAn im-proved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of Africantrypanosomiasisrdquo Transactions of the Royal Society of TropicalMedicine and Hygiene vol 71 no 4 pp 325-326 1977

[22] J Paris M Murray and F Mcodimba ldquoA comparativeevaluation of the parasitological technique currently availablefor the diagnosis of African trypanosomosis in cattlerdquo ActaTropica vol 39 no 4 pp 307ndash316 1982

[23] P T Woo ldquo(e haematocrit centrifuge technique for thediagnosis of African trypanosomiasisrdquo Acta Tropica vol 27no 4 pp 384ndash386 1970

[24] P Van den Bossche W Shumba and P Makhambera ldquo(edistribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis inMalawirdquo Veterinary Parasitology vol 88 no 3-4 pp 163ndash176 2000

[25] S G A Leak Tsetse Biology and Ecology 1eir Role in theEpidemiology of Trypanosomosis Vol 568 CAB InternationalNairobi Kenya 1999

[26] S G A Leak K A Woume C Colardeue et al Determi-nation of Tsetse Challenge and its Relationship with Trypa-nosomosis Prevalence in Livestock Production in Tsetse InfestedAreas of Africa ATLN Nairobi Kenya 1987

[27] M Adane and M Gezahagne ldquoBovine trypanosomosis inthree districts of east gojjam zone bordering the blue nile riverin Ethiopiardquo Journal of Infection in Developing Countriesvol 1 no 3 pp 321ndash325 2007

[28] T Abebayehu and T Biniam ldquoBovine trypanosomosis and itsvectors in two districts of Bench Maji zone southwesternEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 42pp 1757ndash1762 2010

[29] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash42 2012

[30] T Marta K Bedaso K Gutu and G Eshetu ldquoPrevalence ofbovine trypanosomosis and its vector apparent density inChora district of illuababora western Oromia EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 7 pp 64ndash71 2016

[31] B Eskziaw T Alebachew B Amare T Ayichew andG Abebaw ldquoA study on cattle trypanosomosis and its vectorsin Gimbo and Guraferda districts of Southwest EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 9 pp 112ndash119 2016

[32] M Melkamu A Sisay K Jelalu M Yimer and A AshebrldquoVector identification and bovine trypanosomosis in Edjadistrict south Ethiopiardquo Livestock Research for Rural De-velopment vol 29 no 5 2017

[33] L Megersa B Feyisa A Dereje and M Behablom ldquoPreva-lence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetsefly in botor Tolay district Jimma zone Ethiopiardquo BiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 13 no 3pp 9976ndash9983 2019

Veterinary Medicine International 7

[34] F Tewodros T Mitiku M Tadegegn and C MershaldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution ofvectors in Hawa Gelan district Oromia region EthiopiardquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 9 no 3 pp 297ndash302 2012

[35] G Zemedkun T Ayichew and T Alebachew ldquoStudy onprevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of itsvectors in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone southernEthiopiardquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthvol 8 no 9 pp 128ndash135 2016

[36] G M Urquhart J Armour J l Duncan A M Dunn andF W Jennings Veterinary Parasitology Blackwell scienceLtd Hoboken NJ USA 2nd edition 1996

[37] L E Stephen A Veterinary Perspective Vol 551 Pgromonpress Oxford UK 1986

[38] FAO Food Agriculture and Food Security the Global Di-mension FAO Rome Italy 2002

[39] P Van den Bossche and G J Rowlands ldquo(e relationshipbetween the parasitological prevalence of trypanosomal in-fections in cattle and herd average packed cell volumerdquo ActaTropica vol 78 no 2 pp 163ndash170 2001

[40] D D Whitelaw P R Gardiner and M Murray ldquoExtravas-cular foci of Trypanosoma vivax in goats the central nervoussystem and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources ofrelapse infections after chemotherapyrdquo Parasitology vol 97no 1 pp 51ndash61 1988

[41] C A Hoare ldquo(e trypanosomosis of mammals a zoologicalmonographrdquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 1972

[42] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationFAO ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis informationrdquo PAAT Pro-gramme Against African Trypanosomosis vol 38 no 1 2015

[43] T Ayele D Ephrem K Elias B Tamiru and D GizawldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vector densityin Daramallo district southwestern Ethiopiardquo Journal ofVeterinary Advances vol 2 no 6 pp 266ndash272 2010

[44] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash41 2012

8 Veterinary Medicine International

control and treating all sex groups of infected animals (esuggestion is similar to [5 8] who stated that the prevalencevaries from locality to locality depending on activities whichwere intended to control the impact of the disease

(e prevalence of trypanosomosis was statistically dif-ferent (Plt 005) across a different group of body condition(e result of this finding is consistent to the study reportedby Zemedkun et al [35] andMegersa et al [33] who reportedthat there was a significant difference in the prevalence oftrypanosomosis among cattle categorized according to theirbody condition from Kindo Koysha district of WolayitaZone and Botor Tolay district of Jimma Zone Ethiopiarespectively In contrast to this the insignificant effect ofbody condition on the prevalence of trypanosomosis oncattle from Kindo Koysha district of Wolayita ZoneEthiopia is recorded by [1] (ese differences might be dueto the disease which itself results in progressive emaciationof infected animals [36ndash38]

Among the total (1046) examined animal 36 of themwere parasitemic and they were found to be anaemic(PCVle 24) compared to aparasitemic animals and thedifference was statistically significant (Plt 005)(e result ofthis finding is in accordance to the study reported by Vanden Bossche and Rowlands [39] who stated that the averagePCV of parasitologically negative animals was significantlyhigher than that of parasitologically positive animals (ustrypanosomosis may be involved in adversely lowering thePCV value of infected animals (e low PCV value of in-fected animals may be due to the animals that were gettingsick with diseases such as helminthosis tick-borne diseasesand dietary disparities It is similar to the suggestion pro-vided by [28] Similarly the mean PCV value of animalinfected with parasites T vivax and noninfected animalswere significantly different (Plt 005) However insignifi-cant difference (Pgt 005) was also recorded between aninfected animal with T congolense and the rest noninfectedand animal infected with the T vivax (e result of thisfinding is in agreement with the study report of Zemedkunet al [35] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zonesouthern Ethiopia (is can be due to T vivax attacks othertissues beside to blood such as the lymph node eyes andheart but T congolense limited in the blood that might beresulted for low PCV value compared to the T vivax andthis is in line with the suggestion given on the study report of[35 37 40 41]

(e apparent density of tsetse flies was about 182 fliestrapday Different types of traps were designed to catchdifferent species of tsetse flies (e traps availability is in-dicated based on their efficiency for those species for whichthe trap has been tested and recommended [42] Among thetotal 1751 (Glossina species) 186 (G morsitans) and 814(G tachinoides) were caught during two consecutive trap-ping days Among a total of 160 traps 137 11 and 12 ofthem were monopyramidal Ngu and biconical traps re-spectively and each of them had different efficiency incatching different species of Glossina species (e apparenttsetse fly density recorded from Chewaka district (273) isclose to the report of Abebayehu and Biniam [28] whoreported 283 from two districts of BenchMaji Zone western

Ethiopia However the highest density was observed inDabo Hana district (1165 FTD) and it is also in agreementto the finding of Megersa et al [33] who reported (116 FTD) from Botor Tolay district Jimma Zone Ethiopia (eoverall finding of this study is lower than the finding of Ayeleet al [43] from Daramallo district Ethiopia with fliestrapday of 1914 and 1497 recorded from selected different studysites of Arbaminch by [44] In contrast to this the lower(014 fliestrapday) density was recorded by Zemedkun et al[32] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zone southernEthiopia (is difference might be ascribed to somewhatagroecological differences and season in the study area

5 Conclusions

(e finding of this study showed that trypanosomosis is oneof the challenging diseases affecting the agricultural activityof farmers and it results in getting low income from cattlerearing in the study areas T vivax and T congolense werethe type of parasite species recorded in the study areas andthe highest proportion was observed as T vivax (is studyalso indicates that there was a significant association be-tween the prevalence of trypanosomosis and risk factors vizbody condition and anaemic status of the animal Howeverage group sex and study sites (districts) did not significantlyaffect the prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study areas(emean PCV value of infected animal was lower comparedto that of the normal animal and significant differences wererecorded (e Glossina species particularly G tachinoidesandG morsitanswere the type ofGlossina species existing inthe study areas and the former has dominantly existed in thestudy areas (erefore the veterinarians have to continueproviding the appropriate medicationtreatment for theinfected animals per appropriate recommendation andBedele NTTICC has to take more measures to control thedensity and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana districtthan others due to high flies per trap per day observed inDabo Hana district

Data Availability

(e data used to support the findings of this study are in-cluded within the article

Disclosure

(e research was performed at National Tsetse and Try-panosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre BedeleEthiopia as part of the employment of one author

Conflicts of Interest

(e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

(e authors would like to extend special thanks for financialsupport received from NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia and allstaff members of National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis

6 Veterinary Medicine International

Investigation and Control Centre Bedele Ethiopia whocontributed to this study (e authors also register specialthanks for Dr Bikila Tolera Shibiru Alemayehu and BirukBosore at NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia for their guidanceand special supports

References

[1] A A Abayneh ldquoStudy on prevalence of bovine trypanoso-mosis and tsetse density in Kindo Koysha Woreda of WolaitaZone Ethiopiardquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 2018

[2] Z Tesfaheywet and Z Abraham ldquoPrevalence of bovine try-panosomosis in selected district of Arbaminch SNNPREthiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 8 no 2 pp 168ndash173 2012

[3] H Kumar M P Gupta P K Sidhu et al ldquoAn outbreak ofacute Trypanosoma evansi infection in crossbred cattle inPunjab Indiardquo Journal of Applied Animal Research vol 40no 3 pp 256ndash259 2012

[4] S Mulaw A Mekonnen and F Abebe ldquoStudy on theprevalence of major trypanosomes affecting bovine in tsetseinfested Asosa district of Benishangul Gumuz regional statewestern Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 7 no 4 pp 330ndash336 2011

[5] G Abebe and Y Jobre ldquoTrypanosomiasis a treat to cattleproduction in Ethiopiardquo Revue de Medecine Veterinairevol 147 pp 897ndash902 1996

[6] National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation andControl Centre NTTICC Annual Report on Tsetse andTrypanosomosis Survey Bedelle Ethiopia National Tsetse andTrypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre NTTICCBedelle Ethiopia 2004

[7] A Meberate B Menjeta M Vreysen B Bencha andGWoldyes ldquo(e distribution and relative abundance of tsetseflies in the Southern Rift valley of Ethiopia preliminary surveyresultsrdquo in Proceedings of the 25th meeting of the InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Controlvol 120 pp 202ndash213 Mombasa Kenya September 2000

[8] G Abebe ldquoTrypanosomosis in Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal ofBiomedical Science vol 4 no 1 pp 75ndash121 2005

[9] STEP Ministry of Science and Technology Southern TsetseEradication Project (Step) Field Operation Manual of TsetseAnd Trypanosomosis Control and Monitoring Addis AbabaEthiopia STEP Ministry of Science and Technology NewDelhi India 2012

[10] M Keno ldquo(e current situation of tsetse and trypanosomiasisin Ethiopiardquo in Proceeding of 28th Meeting of InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control(ISCTRC) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentVeterinary Service Department Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2005

[11] M Tesfaye Report of Trypanosome Infection Rate in DidessaValley from Bedele 2002

[12] Livestock Development and Marketing Agency (LDMA)Annual Progress Report Livestock Development and Mar-keting Agency Oromia Ethiopia 2010

[13] Central Statistical Authority CSA Livestock Population ofEthiopian Central Statistical Authority Addis AbabaEthiopia 2018

[14] C Pasquini T Spurgeno and S Pasquini Anatomy of Do-mestic Animals Systematic and Regional Approach Vol 255Sudz Publishing Philomath OR USA 10th edition 2003

[15] M Nicholson and M Butterworth A Guide to ConditionScoring of Zebu Cattle pp 3ndash29 International Livestockcentre for Africa Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1986

[16] Socioeconomic Data Dabo Hana District Annual ReportKone 2012

[17] Buno Bedele Zone Livestock and Fisheries DevelopmentOffice Annual report 2018

[18] Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Of-fice CWARDO Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Office Report 2015

[19] M (rusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2007

[20] M (rustfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black Well ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2005

[21] M Murray P K Murray and W I M McIntyre ldquoAn im-proved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of Africantrypanosomiasisrdquo Transactions of the Royal Society of TropicalMedicine and Hygiene vol 71 no 4 pp 325-326 1977

[22] J Paris M Murray and F Mcodimba ldquoA comparativeevaluation of the parasitological technique currently availablefor the diagnosis of African trypanosomosis in cattlerdquo ActaTropica vol 39 no 4 pp 307ndash316 1982

[23] P T Woo ldquo(e haematocrit centrifuge technique for thediagnosis of African trypanosomiasisrdquo Acta Tropica vol 27no 4 pp 384ndash386 1970

[24] P Van den Bossche W Shumba and P Makhambera ldquo(edistribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis inMalawirdquo Veterinary Parasitology vol 88 no 3-4 pp 163ndash176 2000

[25] S G A Leak Tsetse Biology and Ecology 1eir Role in theEpidemiology of Trypanosomosis Vol 568 CAB InternationalNairobi Kenya 1999

[26] S G A Leak K A Woume C Colardeue et al Determi-nation of Tsetse Challenge and its Relationship with Trypa-nosomosis Prevalence in Livestock Production in Tsetse InfestedAreas of Africa ATLN Nairobi Kenya 1987

[27] M Adane and M Gezahagne ldquoBovine trypanosomosis inthree districts of east gojjam zone bordering the blue nile riverin Ethiopiardquo Journal of Infection in Developing Countriesvol 1 no 3 pp 321ndash325 2007

[28] T Abebayehu and T Biniam ldquoBovine trypanosomosis and itsvectors in two districts of Bench Maji zone southwesternEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 42pp 1757ndash1762 2010

[29] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash42 2012

[30] T Marta K Bedaso K Gutu and G Eshetu ldquoPrevalence ofbovine trypanosomosis and its vector apparent density inChora district of illuababora western Oromia EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 7 pp 64ndash71 2016

[31] B Eskziaw T Alebachew B Amare T Ayichew andG Abebaw ldquoA study on cattle trypanosomosis and its vectorsin Gimbo and Guraferda districts of Southwest EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 9 pp 112ndash119 2016

[32] M Melkamu A Sisay K Jelalu M Yimer and A AshebrldquoVector identification and bovine trypanosomosis in Edjadistrict south Ethiopiardquo Livestock Research for Rural De-velopment vol 29 no 5 2017

[33] L Megersa B Feyisa A Dereje and M Behablom ldquoPreva-lence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetsefly in botor Tolay district Jimma zone Ethiopiardquo BiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 13 no 3pp 9976ndash9983 2019

Veterinary Medicine International 7

[34] F Tewodros T Mitiku M Tadegegn and C MershaldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution ofvectors in Hawa Gelan district Oromia region EthiopiardquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 9 no 3 pp 297ndash302 2012

[35] G Zemedkun T Ayichew and T Alebachew ldquoStudy onprevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of itsvectors in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone southernEthiopiardquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthvol 8 no 9 pp 128ndash135 2016

[36] G M Urquhart J Armour J l Duncan A M Dunn andF W Jennings Veterinary Parasitology Blackwell scienceLtd Hoboken NJ USA 2nd edition 1996

[37] L E Stephen A Veterinary Perspective Vol 551 Pgromonpress Oxford UK 1986

[38] FAO Food Agriculture and Food Security the Global Di-mension FAO Rome Italy 2002

[39] P Van den Bossche and G J Rowlands ldquo(e relationshipbetween the parasitological prevalence of trypanosomal in-fections in cattle and herd average packed cell volumerdquo ActaTropica vol 78 no 2 pp 163ndash170 2001

[40] D D Whitelaw P R Gardiner and M Murray ldquoExtravas-cular foci of Trypanosoma vivax in goats the central nervoussystem and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources ofrelapse infections after chemotherapyrdquo Parasitology vol 97no 1 pp 51ndash61 1988

[41] C A Hoare ldquo(e trypanosomosis of mammals a zoologicalmonographrdquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 1972

[42] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationFAO ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis informationrdquo PAAT Pro-gramme Against African Trypanosomosis vol 38 no 1 2015

[43] T Ayele D Ephrem K Elias B Tamiru and D GizawldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vector densityin Daramallo district southwestern Ethiopiardquo Journal ofVeterinary Advances vol 2 no 6 pp 266ndash272 2010

[44] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash41 2012

8 Veterinary Medicine International

Investigation and Control Centre Bedele Ethiopia whocontributed to this study (e authors also register specialthanks for Dr Bikila Tolera Shibiru Alemayehu and BirukBosore at NTTICC of Bedele Ethiopia for their guidanceand special supports

References

[1] A A Abayneh ldquoStudy on prevalence of bovine trypanoso-mosis and tsetse density in Kindo Koysha Woreda of WolaitaZone Ethiopiardquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 2018

[2] Z Tesfaheywet and Z Abraham ldquoPrevalence of bovine try-panosomosis in selected district of Arbaminch SNNPREthiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 8 no 2 pp 168ndash173 2012

[3] H Kumar M P Gupta P K Sidhu et al ldquoAn outbreak ofacute Trypanosoma evansi infection in crossbred cattle inPunjab Indiardquo Journal of Applied Animal Research vol 40no 3 pp 256ndash259 2012

[4] S Mulaw A Mekonnen and F Abebe ldquoStudy on theprevalence of major trypanosomes affecting bovine in tsetseinfested Asosa district of Benishangul Gumuz regional statewestern Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol 7 no 4 pp 330ndash336 2011

[5] G Abebe and Y Jobre ldquoTrypanosomiasis a treat to cattleproduction in Ethiopiardquo Revue de Medecine Veterinairevol 147 pp 897ndash902 1996

[6] National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation andControl Centre NTTICC Annual Report on Tsetse andTrypanosomosis Survey Bedelle Ethiopia National Tsetse andTrypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre NTTICCBedelle Ethiopia 2004

[7] A Meberate B Menjeta M Vreysen B Bencha andGWoldyes ldquo(e distribution and relative abundance of tsetseflies in the Southern Rift valley of Ethiopia preliminary surveyresultsrdquo in Proceedings of the 25th meeting of the InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Controlvol 120 pp 202ndash213 Mombasa Kenya September 2000

[8] G Abebe ldquoTrypanosomosis in Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal ofBiomedical Science vol 4 no 1 pp 75ndash121 2005

[9] STEP Ministry of Science and Technology Southern TsetseEradication Project (Step) Field Operation Manual of TsetseAnd Trypanosomosis Control and Monitoring Addis AbabaEthiopia STEP Ministry of Science and Technology NewDelhi India 2012

[10] M Keno ldquo(e current situation of tsetse and trypanosomiasisin Ethiopiardquo in Proceeding of 28th Meeting of InternationalScientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control(ISCTRC) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentVeterinary Service Department Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2005

[11] M Tesfaye Report of Trypanosome Infection Rate in DidessaValley from Bedele 2002

[12] Livestock Development and Marketing Agency (LDMA)Annual Progress Report Livestock Development and Mar-keting Agency Oromia Ethiopia 2010

[13] Central Statistical Authority CSA Livestock Population ofEthiopian Central Statistical Authority Addis AbabaEthiopia 2018

[14] C Pasquini T Spurgeno and S Pasquini Anatomy of Do-mestic Animals Systematic and Regional Approach Vol 255Sudz Publishing Philomath OR USA 10th edition 2003

[15] M Nicholson and M Butterworth A Guide to ConditionScoring of Zebu Cattle pp 3ndash29 International Livestockcentre for Africa Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1986

[16] Socioeconomic Data Dabo Hana District Annual ReportKone 2012

[17] Buno Bedele Zone Livestock and Fisheries DevelopmentOffice Annual report 2018

[18] Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Of-fice CWARDO Chewaka Woreda Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Office Report 2015

[19] M (rusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2007

[20] M (rustfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black Well ScienceOxford UK 3rd edition 2005

[21] M Murray P K Murray and W I M McIntyre ldquoAn im-proved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of Africantrypanosomiasisrdquo Transactions of the Royal Society of TropicalMedicine and Hygiene vol 71 no 4 pp 325-326 1977

[22] J Paris M Murray and F Mcodimba ldquoA comparativeevaluation of the parasitological technique currently availablefor the diagnosis of African trypanosomosis in cattlerdquo ActaTropica vol 39 no 4 pp 307ndash316 1982

[23] P T Woo ldquo(e haematocrit centrifuge technique for thediagnosis of African trypanosomiasisrdquo Acta Tropica vol 27no 4 pp 384ndash386 1970

[24] P Van den Bossche W Shumba and P Makhambera ldquo(edistribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis inMalawirdquo Veterinary Parasitology vol 88 no 3-4 pp 163ndash176 2000

[25] S G A Leak Tsetse Biology and Ecology 1eir Role in theEpidemiology of Trypanosomosis Vol 568 CAB InternationalNairobi Kenya 1999

[26] S G A Leak K A Woume C Colardeue et al Determi-nation of Tsetse Challenge and its Relationship with Trypa-nosomosis Prevalence in Livestock Production in Tsetse InfestedAreas of Africa ATLN Nairobi Kenya 1987

[27] M Adane and M Gezahagne ldquoBovine trypanosomosis inthree districts of east gojjam zone bordering the blue nile riverin Ethiopiardquo Journal of Infection in Developing Countriesvol 1 no 3 pp 321ndash325 2007

[28] T Abebayehu and T Biniam ldquoBovine trypanosomosis and itsvectors in two districts of Bench Maji zone southwesternEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 42pp 1757ndash1762 2010

[29] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash42 2012

[30] T Marta K Bedaso K Gutu and G Eshetu ldquoPrevalence ofbovine trypanosomosis and its vector apparent density inChora district of illuababora western Oromia EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 7 pp 64ndash71 2016

[31] B Eskziaw T Alebachew B Amare T Ayichew andG Abebaw ldquoA study on cattle trypanosomosis and its vectorsin Gimbo and Guraferda districts of Southwest EthiopiardquoJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health vol 8no 9 pp 112ndash119 2016

[32] M Melkamu A Sisay K Jelalu M Yimer and A AshebrldquoVector identification and bovine trypanosomosis in Edjadistrict south Ethiopiardquo Livestock Research for Rural De-velopment vol 29 no 5 2017

[33] L Megersa B Feyisa A Dereje and M Behablom ldquoPreva-lence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetsefly in botor Tolay district Jimma zone Ethiopiardquo BiomedicalJournal of Scientific amp Technical Research vol 13 no 3pp 9976ndash9983 2019

Veterinary Medicine International 7

[34] F Tewodros T Mitiku M Tadegegn and C MershaldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution ofvectors in Hawa Gelan district Oromia region EthiopiardquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 9 no 3 pp 297ndash302 2012

[35] G Zemedkun T Ayichew and T Alebachew ldquoStudy onprevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of itsvectors in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone southernEthiopiardquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthvol 8 no 9 pp 128ndash135 2016

[36] G M Urquhart J Armour J l Duncan A M Dunn andF W Jennings Veterinary Parasitology Blackwell scienceLtd Hoboken NJ USA 2nd edition 1996

[37] L E Stephen A Veterinary Perspective Vol 551 Pgromonpress Oxford UK 1986

[38] FAO Food Agriculture and Food Security the Global Di-mension FAO Rome Italy 2002

[39] P Van den Bossche and G J Rowlands ldquo(e relationshipbetween the parasitological prevalence of trypanosomal in-fections in cattle and herd average packed cell volumerdquo ActaTropica vol 78 no 2 pp 163ndash170 2001

[40] D D Whitelaw P R Gardiner and M Murray ldquoExtravas-cular foci of Trypanosoma vivax in goats the central nervoussystem and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources ofrelapse infections after chemotherapyrdquo Parasitology vol 97no 1 pp 51ndash61 1988

[41] C A Hoare ldquo(e trypanosomosis of mammals a zoologicalmonographrdquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 1972

[42] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationFAO ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis informationrdquo PAAT Pro-gramme Against African Trypanosomosis vol 38 no 1 2015

[43] T Ayele D Ephrem K Elias B Tamiru and D GizawldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vector densityin Daramallo district southwestern Ethiopiardquo Journal ofVeterinary Advances vol 2 no 6 pp 266ndash272 2010

[44] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash41 2012

8 Veterinary Medicine International

[34] F Tewodros T Mitiku M Tadegegn and C MershaldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution ofvectors in Hawa Gelan district Oromia region EthiopiardquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 9 no 3 pp 297ndash302 2012

[35] G Zemedkun T Ayichew and T Alebachew ldquoStudy onprevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of itsvectors in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone southernEthiopiardquo Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthvol 8 no 9 pp 128ndash135 2016

[36] G M Urquhart J Armour J l Duncan A M Dunn andF W Jennings Veterinary Parasitology Blackwell scienceLtd Hoboken NJ USA 2nd edition 1996

[37] L E Stephen A Veterinary Perspective Vol 551 Pgromonpress Oxford UK 1986

[38] FAO Food Agriculture and Food Security the Global Di-mension FAO Rome Italy 2002

[39] P Van den Bossche and G J Rowlands ldquo(e relationshipbetween the parasitological prevalence of trypanosomal in-fections in cattle and herd average packed cell volumerdquo ActaTropica vol 78 no 2 pp 163ndash170 2001

[40] D D Whitelaw P R Gardiner and M Murray ldquoExtravas-cular foci of Trypanosoma vivax in goats the central nervoussystem and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources ofrelapse infections after chemotherapyrdquo Parasitology vol 97no 1 pp 51ndash61 1988

[41] C A Hoare ldquo(e trypanosomosis of mammals a zoologicalmonographrdquo International Journal of Research Studies inBiosciences (IJRSB) vol 6 no 9 pp 28ndash34 1972

[42] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationFAO ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis informationrdquo PAAT Pro-gramme Against African Trypanosomosis vol 38 no 1 2015

[43] T Ayele D Ephrem K Elias B Tamiru and D GizawldquoPrevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vector densityin Daramallo district southwestern Ethiopiardquo Journal ofVeterinary Advances vol 2 no 6 pp 266ndash272 2010

[44] T Wondewosen T Dechasa and W Anteneh ldquoPrevalencestudy of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selectedvillages of Arbaminch Ethiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 no 3 pp 36ndash41 2012

8 Veterinary Medicine International