"SJSedtS^NCH VV

BOTANY SYLLABUSALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES

UNIT I

Classification (Bold and Wyne, 1978) of algae. Range of vegetative structure, cellular organization, thallus organization, plastid and pigments, life cycle patterns.UNIT - IIStructure and reproduction of following types: Nostoc, Volvox, Caulerpa, Chora, Cyclotella, Sargassum, Grocillaria.UNIT - IIIEconomic importance of algae, SCP, LSF (Liquid seaweed fertilizer), Mass cultivation of algae, BGA, Algal hydrocarbon, Hydrogen production, oxidation ponds.

UNIT - IVGeneral characteristics, classification of Bryophytes by Proskaeur (1957 - upto order level). Salient features of Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida and Bryopsida. Occurrence and distribution. Bryophytes as indicators of pollution.UNIT - V

Detailed study of the morphology, anatomy, reproduction and life cycle of the genera (excluding the development) 1. Marchantia 2. Anthoceros 3. Polytrichum.Reference books

1. Bilgrami, K.S. and Saha L.C textbook on algae

2. Bold, H.C and Wyne M.J.1978. Introduction to algae Prentice Hall of India.

3. Fritsch, F.E. 1945. Structure are reproduction in algae. Cambridge University Press.

4. Smith, G.M. 1995. Cryptogamic Botany Vol.1

5. Watson E.V. 1967. The structure and life of bryophytes.

6. Prempuri. 1973, Bryophytes. A broad perspective.

7. Pariphar, N.S. 1967. An introduction to Embryophyta Vol.1

8. Vasishta B.R. 1970. A text book of Botany, Broyophyta.

9. Pandey, B.D. 1977. A text book of Botany, Broyophyta.

FUNGI, LICHENS AND PLANT PATHOLOGYUNIT - IClassification (Alexopolous, 1962) of fungi. General characters of classes: Myxomycetes, Piasmodiophoromycetes, Oomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes.UNIT - IIDetailed study of the structure and reproduction of the types: Albugo, Peziza, Aspergillus, Puccinia, Polyporus. Lichens and their importance.

UNIT III

Economic importance of fungi, Mycotoxins, Biocontrol agent (Trichoderma). Mycorrhiza types and the importance. Penicillin, citric acid production and the uses. Mycoprotein, production of yeast biomass.UNIT IVA general account of disease control - cultural practices, quarantine, chemical control (Bordeaux mixture, organophosphates) Taxins in plant diseases-fusaric acid, victorin, pyricularin.UNIT VStudy of the causal organism, symptoms and control of the following diseases: Rice blast, Citrus canker, Tikka disease.Reference

1. Alexopolous C.J. Introductory mycology

2. Bilgrami K.S and H.C Dube. 1976. A text book of modern plant pathology.

3. Mundkar, Fungi and plant diseases.

4. Pandey, B.P Fungi

5. Rangaswamy G. 1982. Plant pathology.

6. Sharma, P.D Microbiology and plant pathology.

HERBS AND HOME REMEDIES

UNIT - IHistory and role of the herbs in day-to-day life

UNIT - IIBeneficial aspects of herbal plants as food -common greens .vegetables and edible oils (general account only) UNIT-IIIStudy of some common plants which are used as medicine.Calotropis gigantean. Centella asiatica, Cissus quadrangularis, Rosa centifolia, Piper betel, Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinalis Lawsonia inermis.

UNIT - IVHerbal remedies - herbal first aid, home remedies-for common cold, fever, headaches, migraines, digestive and respirator) disorders, ear, eyes, mouth and throat infections. UNIT - V

Skin care using herbal products.Reference

1. The complete medicinal, herbal Penelope Ody mnimh-1993. Dorling Kindersley Ltd., Great Britain.

2. Home Remedies Vol-I-V T.V. SAIRAM, 1999.

3. Medicinal Plants Vol-I-III R.Bentley and H. Trimen 2000.

4. Indian Medicinal Plants Vol-I-V O.LONGMAN 1997.

Pteridophytes, Gymnoperms and Paleobotany

UNIT - I Genera! characteristics, Classification of pteridophytes by Reimer (1954 - upto order level) Salient features of Psilophytopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida. Steles and stellar evolution. Heterospory and seed habit. Apogamy and Apospory.UNIT - IIDetailed study of morphology, anatomy, reproduction and life cycle of the following genera (excluding development) 1. Psilotum, 2. Lycopodium 3. Selaginella.UNIT - IIIDetailed study of morphology, anatomy, reproduction and life cycle of the following general (excluding development) 4. Equisetum 5. Adiantum.UNIT- IVGeneral characteristics of gymnosperms. Classification of Gymnosperms by David Bierhost (1971 upto order level). Detailed study of the morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Pinus and Gnetum.UNIT - VPaleobotany - Importance of paleobotany and fossils. Methods of fossilization and types of fossil, Geological time table. Type study of the following. 1. Lepidodendron 2. Lepidostrobus 3. Caiamites 4. Williamsonta.Reference

1. Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic Botany Vol.III

2. Sporne K.R. 1976. Morphology of pteridophytes.3. Eames, A.J. 1936. Morphology of vascular plants.

4. Sundarajan, S. 1995. Introduction to Pteridophytes.

5. Rashid, A. 1979. An introduction to pteridophytes.

6. Vasishta, P.C 1990. Vascular Cryptogams (Pteridophyta).

7. Sporne, K.R. 1976. Morphology of gymnosperms.

8. Bilerhorst, D.W. 1970. Morphology of vascular plants.

9. Vasishta, 1976. Gymnosperms.

10. Arnold, C.A. 1947. An introduction to palaebotany.

11. Andrews, H.B. 1961. Studies in palaebotany.

12. Stewart, W. 1983. Palaebotany and the evolution of plants.

PLANT BIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY1. Identification of the algae Nostoc, Volvox, Cham,2. Analysis of algae Caulerpo, Sargassum, Gracilloria3. Demonstration of Mass cultivation of algae, SCP, BGA, Oxidation ponds, Hydrogen production from algae.

Bryophytes4.A detailed study of the following genera Marchantia, Anthoceros, PolythchumFungi5.Detailed study of the fungi mentioned in the syllabus: Albugo, Peziza, Puccinia,Polyporus.6.Identification of Aspergillus.

7. Identification of Mychorrhiza, Biocontrol fungi (Trichoderma) cultivation of yeast biomass, Penicillin production, mushroom cultivation.Plant Pathology8.Identification of the plant diseases: Rice blast, Citrus canker, Tikka disease.

Pteridophytes9.A detailed study of the following genera: Psilotum, Lycopodium, Equisetum, Seloginella and Adiantum.Gymnosperms perms10.A detailed study of the following general: Pinus and Gnetum. Paleobotany11.A detailed study of the following genera: Lepidodendron and Calamites. WATER MANAGEMENTUNIT - IWater, chemical properties and biological importance.UNIT - IIPotable water, Measurement of water quality, BOD, COD, evaluation of drinking water quality.UNIT - IIIWater pollution, industrial, agricultural and heavy metal pollution. Water quality in and around industrial sites.UNIT IVSewage treatment. Drinking water treatmentUNIT -VWater management, recreational aspects of water - quality of swimming pool water. Water quality monitoring. Environmental impact assessment.Reference

1. Dwivedi, P. 2004, Environmental pollution and Environmental management. Scientific publishers India.

2. Tripathi, G. and Pandey, G.C. 2001. Current topics in environmental sciences.

3. Trivedy, R.K. 2000. Aquatic pollution and toxicology

4. Rama Raju, P.V. and Murali Krishna, 1998. Environmental sanitation. Environmental protection Society, Kakida.

MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

UNIT - ILeaf: Phyllotaxy, simple leaves and its types. Compound leaves and its types. Stipules - kinds of stipules, modification of stipules.Infloresence:Raceme and its types. Cyme and its types, Special types of

Inflorescence.Flower: Par us of typical flower. Technical terms used in the description of flower.Fruits: A. (a) Simple fleshy fruits and its types (b) Simple dry fruits and its types.

B. Multiple fruits

C. Aggregate fruitsUNIT II :Taxonomy and its importance, Herbarium techniques, Concept of a taxon - Binomial nomenclature, Author Citation, ICBN, Botanical Survey of India, Taxonomic hierarchy (Major and Minor categories).UNIT III:

Categories of Classification - Artificial (Linnaeus), Natural (Bentham & Hooker) and Modem (Cronquist) - only outline classification needed - merits and demerits. Use of floras in identification. Key preparation - Intended keys and Bracketed keys.UNIT IV :

A detailed study of the characters and plants and economic importance of the following families:DICHOTYLEDONAEPolypetalae1. Annonaceae

2. Caesalpinaceae 3. Rutaceae4. Anacardiaceae5. Cucurbitaceae6. Apiaceae

UNIT V:Gamopetalae7. Sapotaceae

8. Apocynaceae9. Solanaceae Monochiamydeae

10. Amaranthaceae11. Moraceae MONOCOTYLEDONAE12. PoaceaeReference

Morphology and taxonomy

1. Jeffery. C. 1968. An Introduction to plant taxonomy J.A. Churchil.

2. Dawrence G.H.M. 1955. An Introduction to plant taxonomy.3. Lawrence G.H.M. 1951, Taxonomy of vascular plants.4. Porter C.L. 1969 Taxonomy of flowering plants.5. Naik. V.N. 1984 Taxonomy of angiosperm, Tata Mc Gram Hill Pub.6. P.C. Vasishta Taxonomy of angiosperms.7. Gamble J.S. Flora of Madras Presidency (3 Volumes)8. Rendle A.B. 1925. The classification of flowering plants Vol.I&II.9. Subramanyam, N.S., 1995. Modern Plant Taxonomy. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., N.Delhi.Plant Biology and Plant BiotechnologyUNIT - IPlant cell - Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic and their differences; Ultra Structure, chemical nature and functions of the cell wall, plasmodesmala and pits; Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, plastids, mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus & ribosomes - ergastic substances.Unit IIChromosomes - number and structure, giant chromosomes - polytene and lampbrush, DNA & RNA - structure and chemical composition; cell division-mitosis, meiosis - significance.UNIT IIICulture techniques - Sterilizing culture vessels, tools, nutrient media & culture rooms. Aseptic culture techniques, isolation of single cells and suspension culture, culture of isolated single cells.

Unit - IVCarbohydrates - classification, structure; lipids - classification, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, proteins - structure, importance in plant life.Unit VMolarity, Molality and ppm. Buffers, pM, acid base equilibrum; Bioenergetics, laws of thermodynamics, concepts of entropy, free energy, ATP. Enzyme - structure, normenclature, classification, mode of action of co-enzymes and activators. Inhibitors - competitive, non-competitive, allosteric feed back and suicidal inhibitors.Reference Books

1. Verma and Agrawal Cytology, Chand & Co.

2. Dalela & Verma. Cytology, Jai Prakash Nath & Co3. Muneeswaran. Cell biology. Brighton Book House

4. Palaniappan S. Thavara Selliyal. V.K. Pub. House5. De Robertis & De Robertis, 1988. Cell & Molecular Biology, K.M. Verghese & Co.

6. Wolfe, S.L. 1993. Molecular & Cell Biology, Wadsworth.

7. Narayanaswamy, S. 1994. Plant Cell & tissue culture, Tata Mc Graw Hill Co.8. Ignacimuthu. S., 1998. Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi.

9. Lehninger, Biochemistry.

10. J.L. Jain. Fundamentals of Biochemistry.

ANATOMY, TISSUE CULTURE AND MICRO TECHNIQUES ANATOMY UNIT - ITissues : Classification - meristematic, permanent and secretoryMeristematic tissues : Characterestic features - classification - Apical lateral and intercalary meristems.Apical meristems of shoot : Histogen Theory, Tunica Corpus theory, Mantle and Core concept, French concept.Apical organisation of root : Korper Kappe Theory, types of root apices, Quiescent centre.

UNIT - IIPermanent tissues : ClassificationSimple tissues : Origin, structure and functions of Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Selenchyma.Stomatal types : Anamocytic, Anisocytic, Paracytic, Diacytic and Graminaceous.

Complex tissues : Origin, structure and functions of Phloem and Xylem.Primary and secondary xylem, Axial and Radial systems, Growth rings, sapwood, heartwood and tyloses.Primary and secondary phloem.UNIT - IIIAnatomical structure of primary body in dicot and monocot stem, root and leaf.Normal secondary growth in dicot stem {Helianthus, Linum, and Aristalochid) and dicot root.Primary anomalies in stem - eg Boerhaavia and Nyctanthes.Secondary anomalies in dicot stem - abnormal activity of cambium in. dicot stem -eg, Bignonia, Accessory cambium eg. Achyranthus.Secondary growth in monocot stems - eg. Dracaena and Palms.

TISSUE CULTUREUNIT IVThe concept of totipotency of plant cell - Differentiation - Dedifferentiation and differentiation - nutrient medium (MS medium) - Sterilization, inoculation and maintenance of culture - Principles of callus culture and meristem culture -Micro propagation - Somatic embryogenesis.MICROTECHNIQUESUNIT VLight microscope; bright field and phase contrast - Electron microscope : TEM and SHM - principles and applications,Principles of fixation and fixatives Eg. FAA, Farmer's fluid and Carnoy's fluid.Principles of staining: Staining technique - Single Staining (Safranin, Acetocarmine and Toluidine Blue O) and Double staining (Safranin and Fast green O) Maceration 'and Vein clearing.CELL BIOLOGY: Observation of prokaryotic and enkaryotie cells using living materials. Interpretation of photomicrographs and electionmicrographs of cell organelles and cyslolith, raphide, starch grains (Rice and potato), Mitotic and meiotic divisions preparation and observation using squash and smear techniques. Enzyme assey analyse and peroxidase demonstration. Procedure for sterilization of glassware and instruments; protocols for single cell and suspension culture.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGYPhysiochemical properties of water. Permeability, Imbibition, Diffusion, Osmosis, Water potential and its components. Absorption of water and solutes. Apoplast and sympiast concept. Passive and Active absorption uptake of minerals-Passive uptake Ion exchange - cation exchange. Active uptake - carrier ion concept, cytochrome pump hyphothesis. Transpiration - types; Stomatal movements-Starch - Sugar hypothesis and Stewart hypothesis.Unit IIPhotobiologyRadiant energy, energy state of electrons, fluorescence, phosphorescence, photosynthetic pigments, pigment system I and II. Absorption spectrum and Action spetrum, Red drop and Emerson's enhancement effect. Light reaction: cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport and photophoshorylation. Calvin cycle, Hatch - Slack pathway, Kmnz anatomy, photorespiration Blackmails Jaw of limiting factors.Unit IIIRespiration - types - aerobic and anaerobic types of fermentation. Glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, substrate and oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory quotient, chemiosmotic theory.Unit IVNitrogen - its importance and availability Nitrogen fixation - Biological, symbiotic, asymbiotic, leguminous nitrogen assimilation - nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction amino acid synthesis - Peptide bond - protein synthesis. Growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, abscissic acid -mechanism of action, and their role in plant life. Morphogenesis - Transition from vegetative to reproductive phase Photoperiodism - phytochrome, role and mode of action vernalization. Seed germination.

Unit VEnzyme Biotechnology - uses of enzymes Industrial uses. Preparation of crude enzymes Dialysis, Centrifugation Precipitation, Purification of enzymes (Brief account only) Chromatography, Adsorption, Ion Exchange, Electrophoresis.Reference

1. Noggle & Fritz Introductory Plant Physiology

2. S.N. Pandy & B.K. Sinha Plant Physiology

3. Verma Plant Physiology and Biochemisty

4. Kocchar & Krishnamurthy Plant Physiology

5. R.M.Devlin Plant Physiology

6. Salisbury and Rao Plant Physiology

7. Wilkins Advanced Plant Physiology

8. V.K.Jain Plant Physiology

9. Lehninger Biochemistry

10. J.L.Jain Fundamental of Biochemistry.

11. Gupta P.K.1997, Elements of Biotechnology Rastogi Publications. EMBRYOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENTEmbryologyUnit IAnther ; structure and development - Male gametophyte : structure and development - Ovule : structure and development - Types of ovule - Types of megasporogenesis - Types of embryosac - Monosporic (Polygonum), Bisporic (Attium), Tetrasporic (Peperomia) - Ultrastructure of the components of female gametophyte.Unit IISignificance of pollen - pistil interaction - Germination of pollen grains, growth of pollen tube, entry of pollen tube into ovule, syngamy and triple fusion -importance of double fertilization.Unit IIIEmbryo - Structure and development of dicot embryo (Capsella) and monocot embryo (Najas). Endospem: types, structure, development and functions -endosperm haustoria. - Ruminate endosperm,Unit IVTechnique and applications of anther, isolated pollen, ovule, ovary, endosperm and embryo culture - Polyembryony, Apomixis and Parthenocarpy - Application of this knowledge for the improvement in productivity of plants.Crop ImprovementUnit VMethods of crop improvement - Introduction and acclimatization. Different methods of selection (mass, pureline and clonal). Hybridization techniques - Hcterosis -Polyploidy and its applications in plant breeding. Breeding for salt and drought resistance.Reference Books

1. Maheswari, P.1991. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms, TataMcGraw Hill publishing co. ltd.2. Johri, B.M. 1982. Experimental embryology of vascular plants.3. Allard, R.w. 1960. Principles of plant breeding John Wiley & sons.ECOLOGY AND PHYT0GEOGRAFHYUnit IFactors of environment and their interactions in the ecosystem. Abiotic and Biotic factors-Temberature, Light, Precipitation, wind. A brief account of Soil, Plants, Animals and Microbes Biogeochemical cycles-Hydrological cycle, carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, sedimentary cycle, Stability control - Homeostasis.Unit IIFlow of energy in the Ecosystem - Trophic relations - aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Pond ecosystem and Grassland ecosystem. Food chian and Food web. Ecological pyramids-pyramids of number, energy and biomass.Unit IIISuccesion-Hydrosere, Xeroser

Theories - Climax concept - monoclimax and poly climax, An account of hydrophytes, mesophytes and Xerophytes-their adaptations in relation to habitat. Coastal vegetation - Mangrooves.Unit IVPrinciples of phytogeography, Age and area theory, Endemism, Continental drift-concept. (No evidences) Dispersal and Migration. Major vegetational types of IndiaForests-evergreen, deciduous, scrub. Distribution of forests in Tamil Nadu. Principles and need for conservation of forests. Afforestation, Social forestry National and International agencies of conservation.

Unit VCleaner technologies, Fermentation technology - paper industry - plastic industry - Treatment of distillery effluent - Primary - Secondary treatment - Bio degradation of pollutants Pest Control and Bio Pesticides, Bio sensors to detect environmental pollutants.

References

1. Ambast R.S. 2000, Text Book of Plant Ecology. Friend and Co.2. Gupta PK. 1997, Elements of Biotechnology Rastogi Publications.3. Kumar, H.D. 1998, Modern Concepts of Econology. Vikas publishing House, Pvt. Ltd.,

4. Odum, E.P., 1983, Basic Ecology. Holt Saunders International editions.

5. Sharma, P.D., 2000, Elements of Econology, Rastogi Publications

6. Shukla, R.S., & Chandel, P.S., 1998, Plant Econology. S.Chand & Co.Pvt. Ltd.,

7. Singh, D.V.,1985, The Eco Vote Peoples representatives and global environment.

8. Smith, W.H., 1981. Air pollution and Forests. Interactions between air contaminants and forest ecosystem.

9. Solbris, O.T., Van Embden, H.M., & Van Dordt, P.G.W.J. Biodiversity and global change. IUBS, CAB international.

Plant Biology And Plant BiotechnologyHORTICULTUREUnit I

Importance of horticulture, divisions, garden tools and appliances, components of garden, planning the garden, types of garden.Unit II Fumigation, sterilization, irrigation, soil types, use of organic manures and fertilizers to improve the fertility of the soil.Unit III Lawn - types, maintenance, grass types, soil preparation, irrigation and weeding., Herbs, shrubs, trees, path, edges, hedges, borders, climbers, carper beds rockery. Water garden, topiary., Pot culture with special reference to Bonsoi & green house.Unit IVA brief study of the methods of propagation of plants from seeds, raising of plants from cuttings, layering, budding and grafting. Soilless Plants and hydroponics. Preservation of fruits and vegetables. Green house - types, aeration, soil fertilizers, types of plants & Pest control - disease, infection & prevention.Preservation of fruits & vegetablesFruits - factors influencing storage - Respiration, humidity & Temperature. Preservation methods - Air cooled storages - Treating with wax emulsion, waxing & polishing and methods of application Refrigerated storage, Nitrogen, and quick freezing. Vegetables - cold, storage, canning, dehydration, freezing pickles.

Unit V Specific pathogen -free plant production.Introduction of N2 - fixation into non leguminous plants .Increased disease resistanceImproved quality of plant productsImproved Resistance of plants to stressImproving Salt Tolerance & Bio-saline conceptApplication in nematode management.References:

1. Jules Janick, 1982, Horticultural Science, Surjeet Publications, New Delhi.2. Jindal, S.L. 1982; Lawns and Gardens, L.L. Auditorium, Ch, Govt. of Indian Press Nasik.3. Rob Herwing, 1984; The Hamlyn Encyclopedia of house plants, Hamlyn Publishing group ltd. London.4. J.B. Edmond et al. 1990; Fundamentals of horticulture. Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., New Delhi.5. Manibhusan Rao, K.1991; Text Book of Horticulture Mac Millan India Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.6. Mathew, I.P. and S.K. Kankari, 1994; Horiculture; Principles and Practices: Mac Millan Press Ltd. Pub.7. Hudson T.hartmann et al., 1997; Plant propagation: Principles and practices: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.8. Presad, S. and Kumar, - 1999; Principles of Horticulture, Agro Botanica, Bikaner, India.ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGYAims and objectivesTo give an insight into environmental pollution and microbial processes in the environment. The paper is also mainly focused to provide knowledge on the use of microbes for a safe of environment and to treat hazardous waste using biotechnological processes.UNIT I IntroductionThe environment-soil, water and air. Pollution and its causes(outline only). Nonconventional energy sources-biogas production, methane and hydrogen production. Recycling of waste products-composting and silaging.UNIT IISource and treatment of polluted waters and effluentsBiological treatment of sewage-characteristics of sewage and objectives in seawage treatment-Activated sludge process-Trickling filters-Anaerobic digestion. Treatment of industrial effluents using bioreactors. Pollution of water bodies by heavy metals and pesticides-removal of heavy metals and pesticides by Biosorption. Removal of oil spills by using microbes.UNIT III Soil and air pollution and their treatment:Soil pollution by xenobiotics. Degradation of xenobiotics-pathways of phenol, pentachlorophenol and polychlorinated biphenyl degradation. Purification of polluted air.UNIT IV: Bioremediation.Introduction to bioremediation, exsilu and insitu bioremediation. Types of reactors used in bioremediation.UNIT VBiometallurgy and related topicsBiomineralization-bioleaching-Mental transformation - bioflims and biocorrosion. Pollution by radionuclides-uptake of radionuclidcs from polluted sites. Future prospects.Books for Study:

1. Alan Scregg, 1999, Environmental Biotechnology. Pearson Publication Limited.2. Dubey R.C. 2004, A text book of Biotechnology aspects of microbiology, British Sun Publication.3. Joseph C.Deniel, 1996, Environmental aspects of microbiology, British Sun Publication.4. Keeshav Thehan, 1997, Biotechnology, New age international (P) Limited, New Delhi.5. Sharma P.D. 2005, Environmental Microbiology, Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.Books for Reference

1. Raina Maier M., Iran Pepper L., Charles, P.Gerba, 2000, Environmental Microbiology, Academic press U.K.2. Alexander N.Glazer and Hiroshi Nikaido, 1994, Microbial Biotechnology.3. Special issue on Bioremediation and biodegradation. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, September 2003. Vol. 41(9). National Institute of science communication and Information Resources, CSIR New Delhi.Plant Biology and Plant BiotechnologyGENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND DNA TECHNOLOGYUnit - IIntroduction to genetics.Mendels law of inheritance.Mendelian rationDeviation in Mendalian ratios due to interallelic interactions - Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, lethal genes.Deviation in Mendelian ratios due to gene interactions - Epistasis, Complementary genes, Supplementary genes and inhibitory genes.Back cross, testcrossLinkage and crossing over in Eukuryotes.Mechanism and theories regarding crossing over and. chiasma formation. Recombination - White house's polaron hybrid DNA exchange model, Gene mappingUnit IISox determination - chromosome theory, genie balance mechanism, sex determination in plants. Sex linked inheritance - haemophilia and colour blindnessMutations - ClassificationGene mutations - Deletions, Insertions, Substitutions.Polyploidy - Types, causes significance.

Unit - IIINature of genetic material. Proof to show that DNA is the genetic material.Replication of DMA - evidences for semi conservative mode of replication, reverse transcriptionFine structure of the gene - Cistron, Muton, Recon., Micron.Genetic Code.Unit - IV Gene regulation in Prokaryotcs - lac - operon and tryp - operon. Auto regulation and feedback inhibition.Structure of plasmid, Ti plasmid, PBr322Purification of plasmids - Outline;Unit - VRestriction enzymes in cloning - Techniques used in recombinant DNA technology -PAGE. Cloning vectors - construction of chimeric DNA. Southern blotting.References Books

1. Winchester, A.M. 1967. Genetics. Oxford and IBH Publications, New Delhi.2. Dinnot, E.W. and Dobzansky, T., 1973. Genetics Tata McGraw Hill Publication, Philadelphia.3. Gardner, Simmons and Smustad, 1991. Genetics. (8th ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.4. Benjamin Lewin 1967. Ganes VI.5. Gupta, P.K.1992 Genetics.( 2nd ed) Rastogi Publiucations, Meerut, India 6. Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K.Genetics. (11th et) S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.7. Fredfelder, D.1987. Molecular Biology. (2nd edn.) Jones Dand Barlehpubl. Inc. Boston, U..S.A.8. Buras, G.W. and Botline, R.J. 1989. The Science of Genetics An Introduction to heredity. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York, U.S.A. 9. S.Ignacimuthu, 1998. Plant Biotechnolgoy. Oxford & IBH Publ., New Delhi.Plant Biology and Plant BiotechnologyMICROBIOLOGYUNIT - IMethods of isolation and culturing of micro-organisms (fungi and bacteria); Preparation of fungal and bacterial media; Methods of sterilization of glass wares and media.

UNIT -IIBacteria - structure and reproduction- Transformation and Conjugation; Classification (Bergey's Manual, 1991; . Grain's stain. Viruses- structure and reproduction of TMV and baeteriophages, lytic and lysogenie cycles (Transduction)UNIT - IIIRole of microbes in industries; industrial production of vinegar and ethanol. Microbial flora of foods, food spoilage human health and diseases, afl B.Sc. - Branch V(A) Plant otoxinsUNIT - IVLeather processing, Vaccines; Live and attenuated vaccines. Edible Vaccine (banana)UNIT - VMicrobiology of drinking water and waste water; Purification of drinking water and waste water treatment.Reference

1. Adams, M.R. and Moss (1966) Food microbiology. New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.2. Frazier W.C and West Hoff D.C 1978. Food Microbiology Mc Graw Hill Inc. New York.3. Pelczar, J. Michael (Jr) Chan E.C.S. and Noel R. Krieg 1993. Microbiology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co. New Delhi.

4. Patel, A.H. 1997. Industrial Microbiology, Macmillan India Ltd., New Delhi.

5. Prescott and Dunn, 1987 IndustrialMicrobiology. The AVI Publishing Co. Inc., USA.

6. Mundkur, B.B. 1953. Fungai and Plant diseases Mac Millian Company Ltd., London.

7. Singh, R.S. III Edition, Principal of Plant Pathology Oxford IBM, Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. plant biology and plant biotechnologyMEDICINAL BOTANYHistory definition and scope of ancient classical systems of medicine.(a) Siddha(b) Ayurvedha (c) UnaniA detailed study of some of the useful medicinal plants with regard to(a)Botanical Source (b) Morphology (c) Anatomy(d)Medicinal Properties and (e) Uses1.Cyanodon dactylon (Arugambul)2.Aloe vera (Kumari or Sotrukkatrazhi)3. Emblica officmalis (Peru Nelli)

4. Mentha arvensis (mint / Pudina)

5. Allium sativum (Poondu)

UNIT - II

AromatherapyHistory, Role of aroma oils in human life1.Method of preparation of massage oils2.A brief knowledge about few aroma oils and carrier oils (base oils)a. Aroma Oils1.Ginger Oil 2.Vetiver Oil 3.Lavender Oil 4.Eucalyptus Oil 5.Sandal wood oilb.Base oils1.Sesame oil2.Olive oil3.Badam oil4.Coconut oil5.Sunflower oilUnit - IIIA. General account of poisonous plants and their medicinal uses.1. Thevetia

2. Datura metel

3. Gloriosa superba

4. Strichos

5. Calotropis

B. Phytochemicals1.Alkaloids-Atropine2.Glueosides -Hesperidin3.Glycosides -Digitoxin4.Tannins -Cinchona officinalis

5.Resins

-AsafoetidaUnit - IV1.Herbal Garden (Layout, planning and designing a herbal garden)2.Growing herbs in containers3.Growing plants from seeds and seedlings4.Soil Preparation5.Potting and reporting

Unit - VA general account of: Collection sterilization, drying, and preservation of Herbal productions.Adulteration of Herbal Products and detection of adulteration - Method of adidterationPracticals (i) Study of medicinal plans mentioned in theory.

2. Identification of medicinal products.

3. Preparation of herbarium any 5 plants.

Reference

1. Somasundaram S. 1977 Medicinal Botany (Maruthuvath Thavaraiviyal)

2. Agarwal, O.P. 1985. Vol.II. Chemistry or organic-natural products.

3. Gamblem, J.S. and Fisher 1921, CEC I, II, III Flora of the Presidency of Madras 3 Volumes.

4. Mathew, K.M. 1988, Flora of the Tamil Nadu Carnatic.

5. Nair, N.C. & Henry A.N., 1983. Flora of Tamil Nadu. India Botanical Survey of India.6. Chopra, R.N. Chopra, I.C. Handa, K.L. and Kapur, L.d. 1994. Indigenous drugs of India.

7. Chopra, R.N.Badhuvar, R.L. & Gosh. G. 1965 Poisonous plants of Indi9a.

8. Wallis. T.E. 1967. Text Book of Pharmacognosy.

9. Mooligi Psugradhu Kuntrathur Ramamoorthy Anusaya Publication.

10. C.K. Kokate A.P.Purohit Prakasam Pune Pharmacognosy.

11. Penny Rich Panagon Queen Street House 4 Queen Street, UK Practical Aromatherapy.

12. T.S. Sairam 1998 (4 volumes) Pengun Books. New Delhi. Hom remedies.

PLANT BIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGYThe course deals about fermentation processes and importance in industries in order to obtain useful products from fermentation process.UNIT - IMedia for industrial fermentation - natural media (soyabean extract broth) synthetic media (Czapek Dox agar) semisynthetic media (Nutrient broth), sterilization-heat, radiation, chemicals.UNIT IIDesign of fermentor (stirred tank fermentor) - basic body construction, vessels, shakers, aerators, microbial growth in batch and continuous cultures.UN IT IIIFermentation process-substrate, glycolysis, anaerobic process, types of fermentation (alcohol, citric acid, lactic acid)UNIT IVRecovery and purification of fermented products - Foam separation, precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, extraction, drying, crystallization.UNIT VIndustrial production of ethanol, citric acid, amylaseBooks for referenceBalasubramanian D., Bryce, C.F.A., Dharmaligam K., Green J. and Kunthala Jayaraman, 1998. Concepts in Biotechnology, Consist Publication, India.

Dubey, R.C. A textbook of Biotechnology, 2006, S. Chand Publications, New Delhi.

Agrawal, 2006, Industrial Microbiology. Fundamental and Applications, M/s.IBD Publications and Distributors, New Delhi.

CONTENTSSEMESTER - 1

Unit - I

Homophones / Slurring of words / Practice in ArticulationUnit - IITelephone. Skills I Greeting and- Introducing Making requests, asking far and giving permission Making and handling complaintsUnit - IIIListening to Talks and description Interpersonal Skills (Art of Interaction)Unit - IVHeading for information - Newspapers I Magazines / Articles I Advertisements I Business LettersUnit V

Interview - Facing Interviews, Verbal I Non-Verbal CommunicationSEMESTER IISoft Skills - Paper II - Drafting SkillsUnit I - Writing NotesNote - taking and note making, converting notes into paragraphs I Taking points from books and lectures.Unit II - Report WritingPreparing Agenda / Minutes of the /meting, Reporting for a newspaper / Reporting an event.Unit - III

Curriculum Vitae, Official lettersUnit - IV

Email, Fax and MemosUnit - V

Feedback, QuestionnairesPersonality Development - Paper IIIPersonality Development

Unit - 1 Introduction

Definition of Personality, need for Personality DevelopmentUnit - II Self awareness and Self-motivation1. Self analysis through SWOT2. Seven rules of motivation3. Importance of self-esteem and enhancement of self-esteemUnit III Positive thinking1. Need for an open mind2. Goals and techniques for punitive thinking3. To think big arid win self-confidence4. Traits of positive thinkers and high achieversUnit - IV - Team Spirit1. Decision, making2. Time management3. Readiness to face challenges and risks4. Stress management5. Nurturing creativity6. Ice-BreakingUnit -V Personality of the New Millennium1. Leadership quality2. How to juggle, both home and career3. The Empowered woman

Computing Skills - Paper IVBasics of ComputerUnit - IIntroduction to Computers: Categories of computers hardware components of a Computer system - software

Computer Applications in Education.Unit - IIMs-Word : Introduction - Toolbars- Scrolling- Create, save, open and close Documents- Type, Select, Paste, move and copy text - Print a document - Formatting - Changing Font Style - Bold, italics, underline, alter font, Us size and color Align text, alter line and para spacing, add bullets and number's to system items, Au to Correct, Page Setup, Paging documents, header and. footers, fix margins and position text on a page. Find and replace a word in a document, Spelling and Grammar Tool, Thesaurus. - Tables - Insert and delete a table, insert and delete rows and Columns in a table, adjust column width, move and resize a table. Merge and split cells.Unit IIIMs Excel : Introduction, screen layout. Working with 101 12 Data, open, close & save a spreadsheet, create, formulas & functions like SUM, AVERAGE, MAX & MIN, page setup & printing. create, columns and rows move and copy cell contents - Different types of chart.Unit - IVMs-Powerpoint : Introduction - Basic Terminology - Application Window Layout - Creating a slide show, open, save and close a presentation, manipulating slides. Presenting slide show.Unit - VInternet E-Mail, Netiquette : Basics of Internet-Browsing. create, send and receive, mails and Netiquette. PLANT BIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Unit -I TaxonomyA general outline of Bentham and Hooker's system of classificationStudy of the following families:Annonaceae, Ceasalpinaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apocynaceae, Amaranthaceac and Poaceae.Unit - II Economic BotanyFibre-Cotton, Wood - Teak, Oil- Arachis, Cash-Sugarcane, Cereal - Rice.Unit III Tissue CultureSterilization , Media preparation [M S], Isolation and culture of callus and protoplast.Unit -IV Anatomy Structure of cell wall and pitsTissues- Meristematic and Permanent tissues. Primary structure of dicot and monocot stem, root and leaf Structure of normal secondary growth of dicot stem.Unit - V EmbryologyStructure of mature anther, embryo sac (polygonum type) double fertilization.Endosperm-nuclear, cellular and helobial types. (Abrief account only) Structure of dicot embryo.

PLANT BIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGYUnit - IA study of general structure and reproduction of the following taxa: Nostoc, Ulva, Sargassum. Uses of algae as feed for fishes.Unit - II

Polyporus, Bacteria, viruses, funaria, Lycopodium and cycas.Unit - IIIPhysiology Structure of chloroplast.uptake of water, Nitrogen cycleNitrogen fixation. Photosynthesis - light and dark cycle.Photoperiodism & vernalizationUnit - IV

EcologyCharacteristic features of the of the followingHydrophytes -e.g. Nymphaea

Mesophytes - e.g. HibiscusXerophytes- e.g. Nerium

Chief Vegetational types of Tamil Nadu and their distribution1. Evergreen 2.Deciduos 3. Scrub 4. MangroveUnit - V

DNA structure, r DNA technology (plasmid, DNA insertion, transformation)Reference Books

1. Dutta A.C. 1979 Botany for degree student oxford university press.

1. Gangulee, Das & Datta College botany Vol I new central book agency.

2. Narayanaswamy R.V. & Rao. K.V. 1984 outlines of botany.

3. Rao K.N. Krishnamurthy K.V. & sudakara Rao, G. 1983. Ancillary Botany

4. Srivasthava H.N. practical Botany Vol. & II.