book of abstracts - tvatva.or.tz/book of abstract final.pdf · and donald s. juma4. ... n. ndaro1...

Enhancing Improved Animal Productivity Through Quality

Disease Surveillance and Response System

Book of Abstracts

32nd TVA SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE

32Nd TVA SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE: 25-27 Nov 2014 AICC, Arusha, Tanzania

II

Tanzania VeTerinary aSSOCiaTiOn

© Tanzania Veterinary Association 2014


III

Contents

COMMITTEES.................................................................................................................................. X

PREFACE........................................................................................................................................ XII

PROGRAMME............................................................................................................................... XIII

SURVEILLANCE AND TRENDS OF TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL DISEASES IN TANZANIA E.S.Swai1*, L. Makungu1, J. E. Mghwira1, N. J. Mtui-Malamsha1 and A. Hyghaimo1 .................... 1

THE ROLE OF FEED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF LIVESTOCK S.K.Mutayoba1*, F.P. Lekule1 and J.T.Kaijage1....................................................................................................... 2

LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES EXTENSION SERVICES IN TANZANIA: STATUS AND ALIGNMENT TOWARDS BIG RESULT NOW (BRN) INITIATIVES Mohammed M. Bahari1*, Stanislaus S. Kagaruki1, Zuhura Kimera1 and Deograsias .A. Ruzangi1.............................................................................................................................................. 3

FIELD EXPERIENCE IN SOLVING CONFLICTS RELATED TO LAND USE BETWEEN LIVESTOCK KEEPERS AND OTHER USERS IN KILOSA DISTRICT, MOROGORO REGION Y.L. Mgeni1* and L.F. Macha1......................................................................................................................................... 4

THE NEED TO UNDERSTAND AND NOT TO BLAME PASTORAL COMMUNITIES: THE CASE OF MAASAI COMMUNITIES Moses M.B Ole-Neselle1* and Peter Mangesho1 ..........................................................................5

MILK MARKETING SYSTEM FOR PASTORALISTS OF KILOSA DISTRICT IN TANZANIA: MARKET ACCESS, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS Abel Leonard1, D. Gabagambi1, E. K. Batamuzi2, E.D. Karimuribo2 and R.M. Wambura3....................................................................................................................... 6


IV

BEEF CATTLE MARKETING SYSTEM FOR PASTORALISTS OF KILOSA DISTRICT IN TANZANIA: THE VALUE OF PASTORALISM, SALES AND CONSUMPTION Abel Leonard1, D. Gabagambi1, E. K. Batamuzi2, E.D. Karimuribo2 and R.M. Wambura3.........7STRENGHTHENING VETERINARY GOVERNANCE FOR IMPROVED VETERINARY SERVICES IN TANZANIA Bedan Masuruli1*........................................................................................................................... 8

THE ROLE OF VETERINARY PROFESSION BEYOND VETERINARY PRACTICE: THE CASE OF DAIRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTION IN RÉUNION E.D. Karimuribo1* and H.M. Msami2.............................................................................................. 9 9REVIEW ON RESPONSIVE GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SMALLHOLDER LIVESTOCK FARMERS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIA Robert W. Kisusu1, Nathaniel N. Kalimang’asi2, Japhet H. Ndagamusu3

and Donald S. Juma4..................................................................................................................... 10

EVIDENCE-BASED REFORMS FOR IMPROVED ACCESS TO ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICES: DATA INTEGRATION, RAPID APPRAISAL AND EXPERIMENTATION L. Nsiima1*, F. Blum2, U. Pica-Ciamarra3 and G. Cinardi3 ................................................... 11

IMPROVING VILLAGE POULTRY PRODUCTION BY CONTROLLING NEWCASTLE DISEASE: EXPERIENCE OF SINGIDA NEWCASTLE DISEASE CONTROL MODEL Gabriel M. Shirima1*, Halifa. Msami2, Elly N. Yesse1, Richard. Mtilimbania3 ............................... 12 SEROTYPES AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF AVIAN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATES FROM HEALTHY AND DISEASED CHICKENS IN ARUSHA CITY Paul N. Sanka1*, Esron D. Karimuribo2 and Amandus P. Muhairwa2.................................... 13 FIELD EXPERIENCES ON CLINICAL SIGNS VARIATION OBSERVED DURING THE 2014 AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAK IN MBEYA REGION Solomon W. Nong’ona1* and Maulilio J. Kipanyula2 ................................................................ 14


V

ECONOMIC LOSS TO SWINE FARMERS DURING AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAK IN ELLEMBELE DISTRICT OF GHANA AVERTED: FIELD-BASED REPORT R. Tettey1*; C. Tagoe1 ; B. Boi-Kikimoto2; K. Peterson2; E. Yelnifaanibe1; F. Hayford1; A. Awuni3 ; Z. Salifu4; D. Amesimenu5; S. Dadzi5; C. Ekpale6 and S. Dadzie6................................................................................................................................. 15

DOES FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE ZONING IMPACT ON AFRICAN MEAT EXPORTS? THE IMPLICATIONS TO TANZANIA Moses M.B Ole-Neselle1,2* and Thomas L. Marsh2................................................................... 16

DETECTION OF BRUCELLA SPECIES IN BLOOD AMONG AGRO-PASTORALIST COMMUNITIES OF KATAVI-RUKWA ECOSYSTEM, TANZANIA Shabani K. Muller1*, Justine A. Assenga1, Gerald Misinzo1, Lucas E. Matemba1,2

and Rudovick R. Kazwala1............................................................................................................ 17

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND RISK FACTORS OF BRUCELLOSIS IN AFRICAN BUFFALO AND LIVESTOCK AT MIKUMI-SELOUS ECOSYSTEM, TANZANIA Peter B.Temba1, Richard S. Mwakapuja1,4*, Zachariah E. Makondo1, Kuleng’wa L. Ndaki1, Lesakit S.B. Mellau1, Irmgard Moser2, Rudovick R. Kazwala1 and Manfred Tanner3............18

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BRUCELLOSIS IN LIVESTOCK IN KATAVI - RUKWA ECOSYSTEM, TANZANIAJustine A. Assenga1*, Lucas E. Matemba1, 2, Shabani, K. Muller 1 and Rudovick R. Kazwala1........................................................................................................................................... 19

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PORCINE CYSTICERCOSIS TRANSMISSION IN BABATI DISTRICT, TANZANIAM.D.B. Kavishe1, E.M. Mkupasi2*, E.V.G. Komba2 and H.A. Ngowi2......................................... 20

FROM COW TO CONSUMER: A VALUE CHAIN RISK ANALYSIS APPROACH TO FOOD SAFETY RISK IN MOSHI MUNICIPALITY MILK MARKET Georgia Ladbury1, Matayo Melubo2*, Jo Halliday1, Rudovick Kazwala3, Jo Sharp4 and Sarah Cleaveland1 ............................................................................................ 21


VI

BACTERIAL ZOONOSES IN TANZANIA: A ONE-HEALTH APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY AND HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS Tito Kibona1*, Kunda Mnzava1, Nchai Lazaro 1, Zanuni Kweka 1, Beata Valerian 3, Euphrasia Mariki 3, Rigobert Tarimo 3, Rudovick Kazwala 1, John A. Crump 4, Jo Sharp 5, Sarah Cleaveland 2 and Jo Halliday2................................................................................ 22

STRENGTHENING HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY IN TANZANIA THROUGH ENHANCED BIODETECTION CAPACITY Zachariah Makondo1*, Joseph Masambu1, Anna Katz2 and Simo Nikkari2.......................... 23

VALIDATION OF SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT DIAGNOSTIC TOOL IN IMPROVING LUMPY SKIN DISEASE CONTROL IN TANZANIA Julius Joseph Mwanandota1*, Mercy Macharia2, Chanasa Mpelumbe-Ngeleja1, Raphael Sallu1, Mmeta Yongolo1, Elpidius Rukambile1 and Timothy A. Holton2 .............. 24

SHORT REPORT Julius Joseph Mwanandota1*, Mercy Macharia2, Chanasa Mpelumbe-Ngeleja1, Raphael Sallu1, Mmeta Yongolo1 and Timothy A. Holton2 ..................................................... 25

MICROBIOTAL MODULATION OF THE INTESTINAL IMMUNE RESPONSE: MECHANISMS OF INTESTINAL PROTECTION BY COMMENSAL BACTERIA Joshua J. Malago1* ......................................................................................................................... 26

POTENTIAL OF ZINC SULPHATE AND HYPERTHERMIA IN EXPRESSION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 27, 70 AND 90 AND PROTECTION AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS N. Ndaro1 and J.J. Malago1*......................................................................................................... 27

TIME-DEPENDENT EXPRESSION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 27, 70 AND 90 IN RATS FOLLOWING HYPERTHERMIA N.S. Kaaya1 and J.J. Malago1*...................................................................................................... 28


VII

UPGRADING GENETIC POTENTIAL OF INDIGENOUS ZEBU THROUGH STRATEGIC SYNCHRONIZATION OF OESTRUS AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION: THE EFFECTS OF BODY CONDITION SCORE AND WEIGHT Frederick O.K. Mgongo1*, Mirende K. Matiko1, Donald G. Mpanduji1, Lucas B. Massawe1, Emmanuel K. Batamuzi1, Elikira N. Kimbita1, Richard S. Silayo1, Raphael M. Wambura1, Hudson H. Kiwia2 and Esron D. Karimuribo1................................. 29

THE SLAUGHTERING OF INCREASED NUMBERS OF PREGNANT COWS IN TANGA CITY ABATTOIR, TANZANIA –A CAUSE FOR CONCERN? Emmanuel S. Swai1* and Abdu Hyghaimo1........................................................................... 30

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON STATUS OF HELMINTH AND COCCIDIA INFECTION IN MELELA, MOROGORO REGION, TANZANIA Nickson H. Ng’umbi1*, Ayoub A. Kassuku1, David Smith2, Esron D. Karimuribo3, Dominic M. Kambarage3, Mirende K. Matiko4 and Julie Fitzpatrick2.......................................................... 31THE EFFICACY OF FLUKICIDES TO FASCIOLA GIGANTICA IN NATURALLY INFECTED CATTLE IN ARUMERU AND IRINGA RURAL DISTRICTS J. Nzalawahe1*, A.A. Kassuku1, S. Russels2, G. Coles3 and E. Mark3....................................... 32

THE DIVERSITY STUDY OF THEILERIA PARVA ON TWO GENES CODING FOR CD8+ T CELLS ANTIGEN TP1 AND TP2 IN CATTLE AND BUFFALO ISOLATES FROM TANZANIA REVEALED A CROSS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CATTLE ISOLATES AND MUGUGA VACCINE STRAIN 33Elpidius Rukambile 1, Eunice Machuka 2, Moses Njahira 2, Robert A. Skilton 2, Andrew Chota, Elisa Mwega 3, Mkama Mathias 1 and Raphael Sallu 1............................................... 33

DIP TANK OPERATIONS FOR TICK BORNE DISEASE CONTROL: EXPLORING GOVERNANCE AND EXTENSION SYSTEM IN TANZANIA Moses Ole-Neselle1,4,5*, Emmanuel Musimo2 and John Mlay3.............................................. 34

EFFECT OF ETHYLENE BISDITHIOCARBAMATE (MANCOZEB®) ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN DOMESTIC FOWL (GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS) W.H. Kimaro1*, M.J. Kipanyula1 and D. Nasri1............................................................................. 35


VIII

IN VIVO EFFECTS OF MANCOZEB ON HAEMATOPOIETIC ORGANS IN DOMESTIC FOWL: HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES W.H. Kimaro1*, M.J. Kipanyula1 and A. Abasi1............................................................................. 36

EFFECTS OF MYCOTOXINS ON STEROIDOGENESIS IN PRIMARY PORCINE LEYDIG CELLS D.G. Ndossi1,2*, S. Kalayou1, P.K. Groseth1, E. Ropstad1 and S. Verhaegen1........................... 37

AFLATOXIN B1 CONTAMINATION IN POULTRY FEEDS IN ARUSHA CITY, TANZANIAR.H. Mushi1*, R.D. Mosha2 and H.A. Ngowi3 ............................................................................... 38

PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS MEDIATED BY BIDENS PILOSA EXTRACT B.A. Temba, 1,2*, M.T. Fletcher1, G.P. Fox1, J.J.W. Harvey1 and Y. Sultanbawa3......................... 39

SEROPREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR SALMONELLA GALLINARUM INFECTION IN SMALLHOLDER LAYERS IN MWANZA CITY, TANZANIAQ.T. Bura1*, H.B. Magwisha2 and R.H. Mdegela3 ...................................................................... 40

ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION AND DETERIORATION MODE INDEX BENEFITS DECISION-MAKING FOR PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION AND AVERTS FINANCIAL LOSS, TAKORADI PORT, GHANA R. Tettey1*, F. Hayford2 , E. Yelfaanibe3, J. Ampah1 , G. Acquah1 , S. Allou1,J. Tsikata4 Z. Salifu5 , D. Akaribo6................................................................................................. 41

HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION IN INTESTINAL IMMUNITY: THE ROLE OF MICROBIOTA Joshua J. Malago1* ........................................................................................................................ 42

THE USE OF NATURAL PLANT PRODUCTS FOR INACTIVATION OF MYCOTOXINS PRODUCING ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS BY PHOTOSENSITIZATION 43B.A. Temba1,2*, M.T. Fletcher1, G.P. Fox1, Jagger J.W. Harvey3 and Y. Sultanbawa1....................................................................................................................... 43

NOTES............................................................................................................................................. 44

NOTES............................................................................................................................................. 45


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NOTES............................................................................................................................................. 46

NOTES............................................................................................................................................. 47

NOTES............................................................................................................................................. 48


X

COMMITTEESTANZANIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (EXCO) OFFICIALS

Chairman Prof Dominic M. KambarageVice Chairman Prof Joshua J. MalagoHonorary Secretary Dr Henry B. MagwishaTreasurer Dr Niwaeli J. Mtui-MalamshaImmediate Past Chairman Prof Rudovick R. KazwalaOrdinary Member Dr Michael MadegeOrdinary Member Dr Anastazia JulianOrdinary Member Dr Hamza Mwamhehe

CO-OPTED MEMBERSCommonwealth Veterinary Association Councillor Dr Bedan Masuruli

Assistant Secretary Dr Helena A. NgowiTanzania Veterinary Journal (TVJ) Editor Prof Esron D. KarimuriboTVJ Assistant Editor Dr Fredrick M. KivariaCirculation Manager Dr Pastory Dulla

Zonal Representatives East, Central, Northern, Lake, Western, Southern Highlands & Southern

The 32nd TVA SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ORGANISING COMMITEESCOMMITTEE MEMBERS

1. Scientific Committee

1. Prof Esron D. Karimuribo (Chair)2. Dr Hezron Nonga3. Dr Solomon Nong’ona4. Dr Zachariah Makondo

2. Fund Raising Committee

1. Prof Dominic Kambarage (Chair)2. Prof Rudovick Kazwala3. Prof Jushua Malago4. Dr Pastory Dulla5. Dr Henry Mbwire

3. Exhibition Committee1. Dr Pastory Dulla (Chair)2. Dr Michael Madege3. Mr. Salim Mselem

4. Registration and Logistics1. Dr Niwaeli J. Mtui-Malamsha (Chair)2. Dr Michael Madege3. Dr Ndibalema


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TANZANIA COMMISSION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (COSTECH)

VISIONA prime driver of science, technology and innovation for sustainable development

MISSIONTo foster knowledge-based economy through promotion, coordination of research, technology development and innovation for sustainable development in Tanzania

TVA recognizes the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) for valuable support during production of this book of abstracts for 32nd TVA Scientific Conference.


XII

PREFACE

Tanzania Veterinary Association (TVA) is once again proudly delighted to organise the 32nd Scientific Conference whose main theme is “Innovative Animal Health, Production and Welfare Systems for the Transformation of the Livestock Sector “ and with the following sub-themes: (i) Livestock Marketing Approaches, (ii) Management and Breeding Practices of Livestock for Improved Productivity, (iii) Conflict Resolutions, and (iv) Responsive Government and Extension Systems. More than Forty (40) scientific presentations (both oral and poster) will be delivered during the three days of the 32nd TVA Conference. I am also delighted to see that the 32nd TVA Scientific Conference Organising Committee has jointly worked with the Veterinary Council of Tanzania (VCT) to include an important event on ‘Inauguration of VCT and Celebration of Ten Year Anniversary of Existence of VCT’ in the 32nd TVA Conference. It is hoped that the veterinary profession will continue to contribute to the national economy as well as to the improved animal welfare in the country. This Book of Abstracts has been compiled to provide a summary of all presentations and thus making it easier for the conference participants to follow them. It is expected that you will find this book useful during and after the 32nd TVA conference as an important reference material for you. We thank various individuals, institutions and organisations which, in one way or another, supported production of this book. We look forwards to your continued commitment and support to TVA scientific conferences.

Prof Dominic Mukama Kambarage

Chairman, TVA

DisclaimerInformation contained in the abstracts and advertisements in this book belongs to the authors. It does not necessarily represent or suggest endorsement by the Tanzania Veterinary Association.


XIII

32nd TVA Scientific Conference

PROGRAMME

DAY 1: Tuesday 25th November 2014

CONFERENCE OPENING SESSION: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr M. Bahari

08:00-08:45 Registration ALL08:45-09:00 Participants and invited guests seated ALL09:00-09:05 Welcoming Remarks TVA Chairman09:05-09:10 Invitation of the Guest of Honour TVA Chairman09:10-09:45 Official opening of 32nd TVA Conference Guest of Honour09:45-10:00 Vote of Thanks TBI

10:00-10:15 Group Photo Guest of Honour & Participants

10:15-10:45 HEALTH BREAK ALL

INAUGURATION AND CELEBRATION OF VCT 10 YEAR ANNIVERSARY: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Prof D.M. Kambarage

10:45-11:00 Participants and invited guests seated ALL11:00-11:15 Address by VCT Chairman VCT Chairman

11:15-11:20 Welcoming Remarks Acting Permanent Secretary (MoLFD)

11:20-12:00 Inauguration of VCT and 10th Year Anniversary Guest of Honour12:00-12:05 Vote of Thanks TBI

12:05-12:45 Tour of Exhibition Pavilions Guest of Honour & Participants

12:45-14:00 LUNCH ALL

SCIENTIFIC SESSION I: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr A. Hayghaimo

14:00-14:20Key Note Paper 1: Surveillance and Trends of Transboundary Animal Diseases in Tanzania

ES Swai

14:20-14:40 Key Note Paper 2: The role of TVLA in disease surveillance in Tanzania F Mramba


XIV

14:40-15:00Key Note Paper 3: Improved Breeding and Husbandry for enhanced animal production in Tanzania

D Komwihangilo

15:00-15:20Key Note Paper 4: The Role of Feed Manufacturing Industry in the Productivity of Livestock

S Mutayoba

15:20-15:40Key Note Paper 5: Livestock and Fisheries Extension Services in Tanzania: Status and Alignment Towards Big Result Now (BRN) Initiatives

M Bahari

15:40-16:00Key Note Paper 6: Analytical assessment on the performance of extension services in Tanzania

SI Kimera/ LGA Representative

16:00-16:30 DISCUSSION16:30-16:45 HEALTH BREAK ALL

SCIENTIFIC SESSION II: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Prof J.J. Malago

16:45-17:05Key Note Paper 7: Conflict between livestock keepers and other land users: the national outlook

V Mwita

17:05-17:25Key Note Paper 8: Water as source of conflict between livestock farmers and other water users

RR Kazwala

17:25-17:40Field Experience in Solving Conflicts Related to Land Use Between Livestock Keepers and Other Users in Kilosa District, Morogoro Region

Y Mgeni

17:40-17:55The Need to Understand and Not to Blame Pastoral Communities: The Case of Maasai Communities

M Ole-Neselle

17:55-18:10Milk Marketing System for Pastoralists of Kilosa District in Tanzania: Market Access, Opportunities and Prospects

A Leonard

18:10-18:25Beef Cattle Marketing System For Pastoralists of Kilosa District In Tanzania: The Value of Pastoralism, Sales and Consumption

A Leonard

18:25-18:45 DISCUSSION


XV

DAY 2: Wednesday 26th November 2014

08:30-12:30 Annual General Meeting (AGM) TVA Members and Invited Guests only

12:30-14:00 LUNCH ALL

SCIENTIFIC SESSION III: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Prof SI Kimera

14:00-14:20Key Note Paper 9: Strengthening Veterinary Governance for Improved Veterinary Services in Tanzania

B Masuruli

14:20-14:35The Role of Veterinary Profession Beyond Veterinary Practice: The Case of Dairy and Poultry Production in Réunion

ED Karimuribo

14:35-14:50Review on Responsive Governance for Development of Smallholder Livestock Farmers in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania

RW Kisusu

14:50-15:05Evidence-Based Reforms for Improved Access to Animal Health Services: Data Integration, Rapid Appraisal and Experimentation

L Nsiima

15:05-15:20Improving Village Poultry Production by Controlling Newcastle Disease: Experience of Singida Newcastle Disease Control Model

GM Shirima

15:20-15:35Serotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Avian Escherichia coli Isolates from Healthy and Diseased Chickens in Arusha City

PN Sanka


16:00-16:15 HEALTH BREAK ALL


XVI

SCIENTIFIC SESSION IV: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr ZE Makondo

16:15-16:35Key Note Paper 10: Field Experiences on Clinical Signs Variation Observed During the 2014 African Swine fever Outbreak in Mbeya Region

SW Nong’ona

16:35-16:50Economic Loss to Swine Farmers During African Swine fever Outbreak in Ellembele District of Ghana Averted: Field-Based Report

R Tettey

16:50-17:05Does Foot and Mouth Disease Zoning Impact on African Meat Exports? The Implications to Tanzania

M Ole-Neselle

17:05-17:20Detection of Brucella species in Blood Among Agro-Pastoralist Communities of Katavi-Rukwa Ecosystem, Tanzania

SK Muller

17:20-17:35Spatial Distribution and Risk Factors of Brucellosis in African Buffalo and Livestock at Mikumi-Selous Ecosystem, Tanzania

PB Temba

17:35-17:50Quantitative Analysis of Risk Factors Associated With Brucellosis in Livestock In Katavi - Rukwa Ecosystem, Tanzania

JA Assenga

17:50-18:05Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Porcine Cysticercosis Transmission in Babati District, Tanzania

MDB Kavishe

18:05-18:20From Cow to Consumer: A Value Chain Risk Analysis Approach to Food Safety Risk in Moshi Municipality Milk Market

G. Ladbury



XVII

DAY 3: Thursday 27th November 2014

SCIENTIFIC SESSION V: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr M Madege

08:30-08:50Key Note Paper 11: Bacterial Zoonoses In Tanzania: A One-Health Approach to Understand Livestock Productivity and Human Health Impacts

T Kibona

08:50-09:05Strengthening Health and Biosecurity in Tanzania Through Enhanced Biodetection Capacity

Z Makondo

09:05-09:20Validation of Simple and Efficient Diagnostic Tool in Improving Lumpy Skin Disease Control in Tanzania

J Mwanandota

09:20-09:35Diagnosis and Phylogenetic Analysis of Orf Virus From Goats in Tanzania: Short Report

J Mwanandota

09:35-09:50Microbiotal Modulation of the Intestinal Immune Response: Mechanisms of Intestinal Protection by commensal Bacteria

JJ Malago

09:50-10:05

Potential of Zinc Sulphate and Hyperthermia in Expression of Heat Shock Proteins 27, 70 And 90 and Protection Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

N Ndaro

10:05-10:20Time-Dependent Expression of Heat Shock Proteins 27, 70 and 90 in Rats Following Hyperthermia

NS Kaaya



XVIII

SCIENTIFIC SESSION VI: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr G.M. Shirima

10:45-11:00

Upgrading Genetic Potential of Indigenous Zebu Through Strategic Synchronization of Oestrus and Artificial Insemination: The Effects of Body Condition Score and Weight

FOK Mgongo

11:00-11:15The Slaughtering of Increased Numbers of Pregnant Cows in Tanga City Abattoir, Tanzania –A Cause for Concern?

ES Swai

11:15-11:30A Descriptive Study on Status of Helminth and Coccidia Infection in Melela, Morogoro Region, Tanzania

NH Ng’umbi

11:30-11:45The Efficacy of Flukicides to Fasciola gigantica in Naturally Infected Cattle in Arumeru and Iringa Rural Districts

J Nzalawahe

11:45-12:00

The Diversity Study of Theileria parva on Two Genes Coding for Cd8+ T Cells Antigen Tp1 and Tp2 in Cattle and Buffalo Isolates from Tanzania Revealed a Cross Relationship Between Cattle Isolates and Muguga Vaccine Strain

E Rukambile

12:00-12:15Dip Tank Operations for Tick Borne Disease Control: Exploring Governance and Extension System in Tanzania

M Ole-Neselle


12:45-13:30 LUNCH ALL


XIX

SCIENTIFIC SESSION VII: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr E.J. Rukambile

13:30-13:45Effect of Ethylene Bisdithiocarbamate (Mancozeb®) on Haematological Parameters in Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)

WH Kimaro

13:45-14:00In vivo Effects of Mancozeb on Haematopoietic Organs in Domestic Fowl: Histomorphological and Immunohistochemical Studies

WH Kimaro

14:00-14:15Effects of Mycotoxins on Steroidogenesis in Primary Porcine Leydig Cells

DG Ndossi

14:15-14:30 Aflatoxin B1 Contamination in Poultry Feeds in Arusha City, Tanzania RH Mushi

14:30-14:45 Photodynamic Inactivation of Aspergillus flavus Mediated by Bidens pilosa Extract BA Temba

14:45-15:00Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Salmonella gallinarum Infection in Smallholder Layers In Mwanza City, Tanzania

QT Bura

15:00-15:15

Assessment of Microbial Contamination and Deterioration Mode Index Benefits Decision-Making for Public Health Action and Averts Financial Loss, Takoradi Port, Ghana

R Tettey

15:15-15:30 Host-Parasite Interaction in Intestinal Immunity: The Role of Microbiota JJ Malago

15:30-16:00 DISCUSSION16:00-16:15 HEALTH BREAK ALL

CONFERENCE CLOSING SESSIONI: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Prof R.R. Kazwala

16:15-16:25 Participants and invited guests seated ALL16:25-16:35 32th TVA Conference Recommendations Chairman16:35-16:40 Invitation of the Guest of Honour TVA Chairman


XX

16:40-17:00 Official closing of 32nd TVA Conference Guest of Honour17:00 END OF SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ( Bon Voyage)

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

B.A. Temba et al. The Use of Natural Plant Products for Inactivation of Mycotoxins Producing Aspergillus flavus By Photosensitization


1

SURVEILLANCE AND TRENDS OF TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL DISEASES IN TANZANIA

E.S.Swai1*, L. Makungu1, J. E. Mghwira1, N. J. Mtui-Malamsha1 and A. Hyghaimo1

1Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Box 9152, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.

*Correspondence E: [email protected]

ABSTRACTIn Tanzania, investigating diseases and maintaining country wide animal surveillance system is a major challenge. Important constraints include the need to access remote and often large areas characterized by poor infrastructure and communications; wide interaction of animal species and the need to conduct adequate disease search with limited, yet unmotivated and financial-constrained personnel. Early detection and reporting of disease outbreaks in human and animal populations is crucial for effective surveillance and response to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Capacity for early detection of outbreaks remains one of critical constraints toward effective local, regional and national surveillance strategies and actions. Animal disease surveillance faces many of the problems including: (i) Lack of clear case definitions, (ii) Fragmented and paper-based information systems, and (iii) Conflicting governance and regulatory authorities. The core value of any surveillance operation is “action”. Poor reporting is a major constraint to the surveillance of both emerging and endemic zoonoses, and several important barriers to reporting can be identified as: (i) lack of tangible benefits when reports are made; (ii) lack of capacity to enforce regulations; (iii) poor communication among communities, institutions and sectors; and (iv) complexities of the international regulatory environment. Over the last couple of years, the upsurge and growing trends of trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs) has been a subject of concern to veterinary authorities and trade. Therefore, TADs have a multi-causal origin; some factors associated with this process include: a) Trade and international travel, b) Changes agricultural practices, c) Climate change, d) Reduction of habitat and increased contact with wild vectors/ reservoirs, and e) Introduction of naïve wild and domestic animals to new geographic areas where the disease is endemic and immunologically unknown for them (increases zoonotic pool within a geographic region). It is concluded that control of animal diseases, be TADs or any requires thorough knowledge of the disease, effective policies, building core capacities for surveillance, reporting, political will and appropriate allocation of human and material resources.

Key words: Animal diseases, surveillance, drivers of TADs emergence, constraints


2

THE ROLE OF FEED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF LIVESTOCK

S.K.Mutayoba1*, F.P. Lekule1 and J.T.Kaijage1

1Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.

*Correspondence E: [email protected] or [email protected]

ABSTRACTLivestock production is growing fastest in the developing world, particularly in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Most of this development has been achieved mainly through the intensification of production systems and a shift towards poultry and pigs with much slower expansion of beef production. Under the intensive livestock production, feed is the largest and most important component. World compound feed production is estimated to be 1 billion tonnes annually and about 676,310 tonnes in Tanzania. Animal feeds may be produced in industrial feed mills or in simple on-farm mixers. One of the challenges is that about one-third of almost 1 billion tonnes of feed is produced directly by on farm mixing. This poses challenges on food safety because it is not easy to follow up and inspect every farmer. Given the direct link between animal feed and the safety of foods of animal origin, it is essential that feed production and manufacture are considered as an integral part of the food production chain. Feed production must therefore be subjected, in the same way as food production to quality assurance systems. Safe animal feeds will ensure food safety, reduce production costs, maintain or increase food quality and consistency and enhance animal health and welfare by providing adequate nutrition at every stage of animal growth and production. They also can reduce the potential for pollution from animal wastes by providing only necessary amounts of highly bio-available dietary nutrients. In Tanzania after the 1980s animal feed production has been mainly in the hands of small scale feed producers mostly concentrated in Dar-es-Salaam and a few in Morogoro, Moshi, Mwanza and Mbeya. Having so many stakeholders engaged in this industry it has become difficult to control quality and even quantity of the produced feed as such The Grazing Land and Animal Feed Resources act of 2010 was put in place. One of the major aims of this act (Part IV) is to control the manufacture and composition of animal feed resources. The most important question is how far has this been implemented. This paper will illustrate how feed quality and quantity affects animal productivity.

Key words: livestock production, fee production, quality control, Tanzania.


3

LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES EXTENSION SERVICES IN TANZANIA: STATUS AND ALIGNMENT TOWARDS BIG

RESULT NOW (BRN) INITIATIVES Mohammed M. Bahari1*, Stanislaus S. Kagaruki1, Zuhura Kimera1 and Deograsias .A. Ruzangi1

1Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development P.O.Box 9152 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania


ABSTRACTAgricultural extension that include livestock and fisheries extension in Tanzania has a long history starting way back in the colonial period where by agricultural extension services agents were working with livestock farmers (pastoralists and agro-pastoralists), fishermen and aquaculture farmers. From those times to-date livestock and fisheries extension services have been, and still remain largely, a public good domain being funded and implemented by the public sector with limited participation of the private sector. After the independence, numerous extension approaches and packages were introduced and implemented including the famous Transformation and Progressive Farmers Approaches, Training and Visit Extension System and currently the Farmer Field Schools (FFS). These approaches aimed to enable livestock and aquaculture farmer’s effectively articulate demand for relevant livestock and fisheries farming knowledge, technologies and information as well as adopting livestock and fish farming technologies to improve livestock and fish productivity and profitability so as to contribute significantly to family income, food security and alleviate poverty. The main goal of this paper is to discuss an overview provision of livestock and fisheries extension services in Tanzania and the role of extension in livestock- and fisheries sectorial development and in improving income of people particularly amongst communities dependent on livestock and fish farming and/or capturing. Also the paper discusses the ways livestock and fisheries extension services can be useful tools in the Big Results Now (BRN). Along sides, the paper looks at evolving concepts and approaches in agricultural extension, past experiences of some countries, problems and failures, and suggests future directions to be taken for the livestock extension services in Tanzania.

Key words: Agricultural extension, livestock, fisheries, BRN, Tanzania


4

FIELD EXPERIENCE IN SOLVING CONFLICTS RELATED TO LAND USE BETWEEN LIVESTOCK KEEPERS AND OTHER

USERS IN KILOSA DISTRICT, MOROGORO REGIONY.L. Mgeni1* and L.F. Macha1

1Department of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Kilosa District Council P.O. Box 164, Kilosa, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTConflict is a disagreement through which parties involved perceive a threat to their needs, interests or concerns. Usually, this conflict can be a predictable and expected situation that arises naturally. Several land use-related conflicts between livestock keepers and other users in Kilosa District have been occurring since 1960s. Climate change in North and Central parts of Tanzania forced livestock keepers to move, and found their way in Kilosa. Richness in water sources, fertile soil and biannual rainfall attracted livestock keepers and other investors. Frequent conflicts occur in Dumila, Msowero, Rudewa, Kilangali, Mabwerebwere, Masanze, Tindiga, Zombo, Ulaya, Madoto and Chanzuru wards. The current population of 438,175 people; 161,000 cattle; 61,933 goats and 17,891 sheep has increased demand on land for production. Inadequacy in land use planning, ineffective law enforcement, corruption and lack of trust in local government authorities have contributed to occurrence of such conflicts. Also, abandoned large sisal estates, irrational use of land, water sources mismanagement and immigrant pastoralists largely contribute to the conflicts. Short and long-term strategies of the Kilosa district to resolve such conflicts include: establishment of Conflict Resolving Committees at the district, ward and village levels, enacting of by-laws to control livestock grazing and stock routes established in 2001, demarcation of pastoral areas of 161,016 ha along with improving livestock infrastructures, sensitization of pastoralists to establish settlements and keep livestock on commercial basis. Dissemination of improved animal husbandry technologies in synergy with traditional practices is at slow pace constrained by inadequate funding and this call for further interventions from various stakeholders.

Key words: Field experience, solving land conflict, livestock keepers, Kilosa district


5

THE NEED TO UNDERSTAND AND NOT TO BLAME PASTORAL COMMUNITIES: THE CASE OF MAASAI

COMMUNITIESMoses M.B Ole-Neselle1* and Peter Mangesho1

1Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Box 3297, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.

*Correspondence: [email protected]

ABSTRACTPastoralism, which is commonly referred to as the use of extensive grazing on rangelands for livestock production, is one of the key production systems in the Tanzania drylands. Fifty years post-independence period in Tanzania saw an increase in writing on pastoralism, both sentimental and aggrieved, regretting its inevitable demise and blaming pastoralists for their failure to respond to the vagaries of climate and; the national and global economic transformations. Investment in pastoral development, which reached peak in the 1970s during the great and externally designed ‘Maasai Range Development Scheme/Project’ and again in MKUKUTA II from 2005-2010, crumbles progressively every year due to lack of an understanding by different practioners and policy makers. At the same time, however, pastoralists themselves became far more articulate and able to communicate their concerns and desires to the outside world. This paper discusses the need to understand the communities in order to ensure appropriate planning for successful interventions and strategies for pastoral community development. There are a number of lessons emerging from on-going work being implemented by Sokoine University of Agriculture through the Southern African Centre for Disease Surveillance (SACIDS) based on participatory ecohealth approaches of pastoral community engagement. The understanding of these communities rather than blaming is a key factor in terms of ‘buy-in’ and ultimately project sustainability.

Key words: pastoral communities, the Maasai, understanding them, successful development


6

MILK MARKETING SYSTEM FOR PASTORALISTS OF KILOSA DISTRICT IN TANZANIA: MARKET ACCESS, OPPORTUNITIES

AND PROSPECTSAbel Leonard1, D. Gabagambi1, E. K. Batamuzi2, E.D. Karimuribo2 and R.M. Wambura3

1Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3007 Morogoro, Tanzania.

2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3015 Morogoro, Tanzania.3Institute of Continuing Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3044 Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTDespite a large diversity of livestock species in Tanzania, most livestock keepers are not commercially oriented. This paper analyzes commercial settings particularly the efficiency of pastoral milk marketing system in Kilosa District and identifies strategies to improve milk marketing. A cross-sectional research design was employed to collect data using structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Data were analyzed using marketing margins, descriptive statistics and Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model. The findings show that pastoral milk marketing is not efficient but profitable. Net profit margins realized per liter were TZS 332.00, TZS 65.00 and TZS 141.00 by producers, -scale milk vendors and retailers, respectively. The market was found to be weak oligopolistic with concentration index of 37.67, producer’s share on consumer prices of 55.01% and 44.99% of the total gross marketing margin. The market information flow was not transparent. The pastoral system had no defined standards, grades, or product differentiation in packaging thus signaling market inefficiency. Pastoralists and traders had no organizations where they could collectively influence prices. Commercialization focusing on promotion of pastoral milk marketing, through introduction of community based extension services and village community banks, empowerment of small and medium scale processors, training on proper milking and milk handling; as well as group formation and organizations all need to be considered in the future intervention strategies. It is further recommended that the government should establish a transparent system in milk business and set standards that would encourage linkages among pastoralists, traders and the public at grass-root levels.

Key words: Marketing Chains, Profit margins, Pastoralists, Kilosa district


7

BEEF CATTLE MARKETING SYSTEM FOR PASTORALISTS OF KILOSA DISTRICT IN TANZANIA: THE VALUE OF

PASTORALISM, SALES AND CONSUMPTIONAbel Leonard1, D. Gabagambi1, E. K. Batamuzi2, E.D. Karimuribo2 and R.M. Wambura3

1Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3007 Morogoro, Tanzania.

2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3015 Morogoro, Tanzania.3Institute of Continuing Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3044 Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTTanzania ranks third in terms of livestock population on the African continent and the livestock sector contributes to more than one tenth of the overall GDP. Livestock farming is conducted mainly in form of traditional production systems while commercial production is limited to ranches and feedlots. The indigenous cattle are kept by traditional livestock keepers in the pastoral and agro pastoral systems. A cross-sectional study was used to assess the market efficiency of pastoral beef value chain in Kilosa district. Data were analyzed using concentration indices to assess the market power, market margins, pricing efficiency and market efficiency at different nodes of the market chain while the average market shares were calculated to estimate the proportion of producers’ prices against the ultimate consumption at each chain level. The results showed the net profit margins realized per Kg were TZS 512, TZS 625 and TZS 755 by producers, cattle traders and butchery operators, respectively. Market was found to be non competitive with concentration index of 36% while producer’s share on consumer prices found to be 39% and 32% of the total gross marketing margin. There was positive correlation coefficient between marketing margin and selling price ( r =0.858;p= 0.01) at pastoralist level which implies that as selling price increases at the pastoralists’ level, marketing margin increases, which indicate that price changes are being passed on the subsequent channel level to the market. At the traders’ level, results indicate a strong correlation between the selling price and market margin (r = 0.779; p= 0.01). The beef cattle marketing system is not efficient in Kilosa district. Therefore this paper recommends interventions to encourage commercialization of livestock keeping at pastoralist level.

Key words: Beef, pastoral system, market efficiency, Kilosa


8

STRENGHTHENING VETERINARY GOVERNANCE FOR IMPROVED VETERINARY SERVICES IN TANZANIA

Bedan Masuruli1*

1Veterinary Council of Tanzania, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Box 9152 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTThe most important part of Veterinary Services is undoubtedly personnel, in particular their abilities, skills and qualifications. The confidence and trust of these veterinary professionals relies heavily upon the competence and credibility shown while performing their duties. Trained technical personnel form the profession that seeks to deliver quality professional services. In Tanzania, veterinary practitioners are aware of the multitude of beneficial professional activities and artful practices the profession does to its patients and clients and its ultimate goal. Yet, what is happening on the ground is one definite emotion-sadness. Most Tanzanians are not appreciating the diverse scientific activities of the veterinary profession. They are also not aware of the roles the profession is supposed to play in the society and they therefore perceive it to have negligible contribution to the national economy. Members of the profession have not demonstrated to the general public that the profession is involved in food safety, border control and quarantine, clinical practice, animal health, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, animal welfare, research and technical services, wildlife, environmental protection and other public health programs. Over and above that, some members in the profession are lacking commitment, they are not credible and are therefore compromising the quality of veterinary services. This paper is proposing ways for the profession to restore its public confidence and to elevate its status.

Key words: Veterinary profession, current performance, corrective measures, Tanzania


9

THE ROLE OF VETERINARY PROFESSION BEYOND VETERINARY PRACTICE: THE CASE OF DAIRY AND POULTRY

PRODUCTION IN RÉUNIONE.D. Karimuribo1* and H.M. Msami2

1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.

2DELTA Veterinary Pharmacy, P.O. Box 32580, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTWe share an experience on the role of the veterinary profession in improving animal health and production in La Réunion Island. This work is based on official visitation and field observations made by the authors. We held discussion with staff at the two organisations responsible for supporting farmers, GDS Réunion and Avi Pole Réunion . We further made field visits on two farms involved with dairy cattle production in La Plaine des Cafres and poultry production around St. Louis. We observed that the veterinary profession is involved with supporting animal sanitary protection, disease surveillance, prophylactic measures, extension services as well as general herd health practices. A dairy farm visited is a family-owned but operated by one person with 43 Brown Swiss dairy cows that are in production at any one time. Production indices at the farm are: 27 Kg of milk per animal per day and inter-calving interval of 395 days. The most prevalent diseases on this farm are anaplasmosis and lameness. Given the current market price of € 0.65 per Kg of milk, the farmer earns € 275,447 every year and has managed to pay back the loan used to establish the enterprise. The poultry farm is also a family-owned enterprise operated by one person. At the time of visit, the poultry farm had 11,000 eight-day old broiler chicks. The farm practises high level of biosecurity with clearly defined and implemented standard operating procedures for biosecurity in compliance with strict EU sanitary measures. The most prevalent disease on this farm is salmonellosis (Paratyphoid). The farm can make annual profit of € 30,000 with comfortable working load of 2.5 hours per day. It is concluded that given credit facility, professional support and strict compliance and implementation of sanitary measures, dairy and poultry production are profitable enterprises in La Réunion Island. Veterinarians in Tanzania can also learn from these cases and contribute to improved dairy and poultry production in the country.

Key words: Dairy production, poultry, veterinary profession, La Réunion Island


10

REVIEW ON RESPONSIVE GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SMALLHOLDER LIVESTOCK FARMERS IN

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIARobert W. Kisusu1, Nathaniel N. Kalimang’asi2, Japhet H. Ndagamusu3 and Donald S. Juma4.

1Tarime Institute of Business Management, P. O. Box 375 Tarime, Tanzania.

*Correspondence E:[email protected]

ABSTRACTA review on outcomes of responsive governance (RG) for the development of smallholder livestock farmers (SLFs) in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) was carried out. The review relied on data collected by previous studies covering 2000-2013 period which involved regions whose economy depend heavily on livestock keeping. The review found that RG in LGAs is practised by approximately 57%. The local councilor’s RG stands at 42% while that for the national representatives is 23%. The observed low responsiveness is an outcome of corruption associated with minimal financial accountability as well as low awareness on Decentralization by Devolution (D-by-D) philosophy and minimum awareness on council organizational structure. Similarly, the responsiveness was low due to various reasons including too much donor-dependency of the national budget, amounting to average of 28% annually. Inadequate village and ward extension staff coupled with lack of land allocation for livestock grazing in rural areas ruined heavily RG for developing SLFs. All of these factors contributed to under-development of SLFs. This study observed that of recent period (2006-2013), there has been purposive and enhanced SLFs development through LGAs support which provide essential livestock services, recognition and support of progressive livestock groups including enhanced access to credits from micro-banks, fair livestock input prices, facilitating availability of artificial insemination services and improved livestock marketing systems. It is concluded that the smallholder livestock farming in Tanzania is moderately developed. In order to maximize development of SLFs, we recommend establishment of control mechanisms on the existing structure followed by eliminating identified barriers and modifying D-by-D philosophy.

Keywords: Responsive governance, LGAs, Livestock, D-by-D, Tanzania


11

EVIDENCE-BASED REFORMS FOR IMPROVED ACCESS TO ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICES: DATA INTEGRATION, RAPID

APPRAISAL AND EXPERIMENTATIONL. Nsiima1*, F. Blum2, U. Pica-Ciamarra3 and G. Cinardi3

1Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania2London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), London, UK

3Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy


ABSTRACTThe management and control of animal diseases is a pre-condition for the development of the livestock sector. This paper presents an evidence-based approach to identify actionable investments that improve farmer access to animal health-related services. This approach is spearheaded by the MLFD, LSE and the FAO. It consists of three phases. The paper summarizes statistics on animal diseases collected by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) while implementing the National Panel Survey, a national representative survey which is undertaken by NBS on a regular basis. The data suggests that diseases are a serious constraint to livestock development and production in the country. The paper also combines data from the 2012 Population and Housing Census and the Veterinary Council of Tanzania to map the distribution of public and private animal health service providers in the country vis-à-vis the number of animals. The maps indicate that an increase in the number of providers of animal health services is essential for the proper management and control of livestock diseases. In addition, the maps highlight a discrepancy between the location of private animal service providers and areas with large animal holdings. Finally, the paper presents a rapid appraisal that MLFD, LSE and FAO are implementing with the objective to identify potential bottlenecks that prevent private actors to supply animal health services in rural areas. Alternative options to address these bottlenecks will be spelled out. We also outline a roadmap to test the identified policy options on the ground with the objective to identify investments that improve the provision of animal health services in rural Tanzania.

Key words: animal diseases, statistics, animal health delivery, private sector, Tanzania


12

IMPROVING VILLAGE POULTRY PRODUCTION BY CONTROLLING NEWCASTLE DISEASE: EXPERIENCE OF

SINGIDA NEWCASTLE DISEASE CONTROL MODELGabriel M. Shirima1*, Halifa. Msami2, Elly N. Yesse1, Richard. Mtilimbania3

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dare es Salaam, Tanzania.2Kyeema Foundation.

3Singida Rural District Council, Singida, Tanzania.

*Correspondence E: [email protected] OR [email protected]

ABSTRACTNewcastle disease (ND) control activity using Thermotolerant I-2 vaccine in indigenous chickens was carried out in five pilot villages of Singida rural district from 2010 to 2012. A conceptual model termed ‘Singida ND control Model’ was developed and used to introduce the activity. The model comprised of the community, education, vaccinations, evaluation and economic sustainability. After introducing the model, the number of households owned chickens rose from 96% to 99% whereas the average number of chickens per household rose from 10 to 17. The overall vaccination coverage in pilot villages for two years consecutively was 99.7%. Replication of ND control took place in 140 villages in 21 wards outside the project area with annual vaccination coverage of 74%. There was no single report of ND outbreak in the pilot and replicating villages. The efficient utilisation of the vaccine was improved from 91% to 98% whereas, the average number of chickens vaccinated per community vaccinator increased from 1,120 to 1,442. Vaccine usage and number of chickens per vaccinator reflects, on the average, benefit for the vaccinator and impact on the subsequent participation and sustainability. Although the model proved to control ND other challenges were emerged such as Fowl pox, vitamin A deficiency, which requires proper integration.

Key words: ND control model, Sustainability, Thermotolerant I-2 ND vaccine, Singida, Tanzania


13

SEROTYPES AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF AVIAN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATES FROM HEALTHY

AND DISEASED CHICKENS IN ARUSHA CITYPaul N. Sanka1*, Esron D. Karimuribo2 and Amandus P. Muhairwa2

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Zonal Office P. O. Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania.2Department of Veterinary Medicine & Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTInvestigation on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in clinically healthy and diseased commercial chickens was conducted between December 2012 and February 2013. A total of 232 samples comprising 168 cloacal swabs and 64 visceral organs collected in Arusha City and subjected to bacteriological culture and biochemical tests. Isolated E. coli were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility and serotyped by O1, O26 and O78 antisera. Out of 232 samples cultured, 176 (75.9%) had E. coli isolates. The isolates were obtained from cloacal swabs (81.0%; n= 136) and visceral organs (62.5%; n= 40). Of the 176 isolates serotyped, 65 (36.9%) were identified as pathogenic strains belonging to serotype O1 (30), O26 (6) and 078 (29). Serotype O1 was significantly prevalent in visceral organs than in cloacal swabs (P< 0.05). A high proportion (63.1%, n=111) of the isolates were untypable with the panel of antisera used in this study. Antimicrobial susceptibility studies showed high resistance to sulphamethoxazole (98.3%), cotrimoxazole (97.7%) and ampicillin (42.6%). Varying levels of multiple resistance to two and more antimicrobials were observed and ranged between 0.6% and 43.2%. High proportions of isolates were found to be susceptible to gentamycin (97.2%), streptomycin (85.9%) and kanamycin (83.6%). It is concluded that the occurrence of APEC serotypes observed in commercial chicken farms could be associated with avian colibacillosis in the study area. A high proportion of E. coli isolates was resistant, including multiple resistance to commonly used antimicrobials. Further investigations on E. coli by serotyping, molecular typing and antimicrobials susceptibility studies are recommended.

Key words: commercial chicken, E. coli, antimicrobial susceptibility, Arusha, Tanzania


14

FIELD EXPERIENCES ON CLINICAL SIGNS VARIATION OBSERVED DURING THE 2014 AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

OUTBREAK IN MBEYA REGIONSolomon W. Nong’ona1* and Maulilio J. Kipanyula2

1Mbeya Zonal Veterinary Centre, P. O. Box 290, Iringa, Tanzania.2Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, P. O, Box 3016, Chuo Kikuu,

Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTAlthough various veterinary books and literature describe various clinical signs associated with the African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection, there has been no documentation of the signs in pig populations where the African swine fever disease has almost become endemic. We share experience of clinical presentation of ASF in Mbeya region where the disease has been occurring for a number of years. During the 2014 ASF outbreak, the affected pigs in Mbeya region presented a different clinical picture compared to those observed in previous ASF outbreaks in the same region. Differences were noticed particularly with respect to the number of pigs affected, morbidity as well as mortality rate. The ASF observed in 2014 was generally associated with lower number of pigs affected than pigs exposed to the disease in 2010. Clinical signs such as anorexia, diarrhoea and pyrexia were mainly observed when pigs reached the moribund stage. Bluish discoloration on the less hairy parts of the body to some infected pigs was only observed at postmortem in the abattoir. Moreover, the majority of the pregnant sows died of ASF without presenting abortions and some piglets survived from the disease. Movement control and slaughtering permission of pigs during quarantine within the area of origin assumed to minimize spread of the disease in the region. This signifies that the disease in Southern Highlands Zone has become endemic especially in Mbeya region. Unless specific control and preventive measure are instituted, the region will continue to experience waves of clinical ASF disease.

Key words: Africa Swine fever, clinical picture, pigs, endemicity, Mbeya region


15

ECONOMIC LOSS TO SWINE FARMERS DURING AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAK IN ELLEMBELE DISTRICT OF

GHANA AVERTED: FIELD-BASED REPORTR. Tettey1*; C. Tagoe1 ; B. Boi-Kikimoto2; K. Peterson2; E. Yelnifaanibe1; F. Hayford1; A. Awuni3 ; Z. Salifu4; D. Amesimenu5; S. Dadzi5; C. Ekpale6 and S. Dadzie6.

1Veterinary Services Department, P. O. Box 586, Takoradi, Ghana.2Veterinary Services Department, Headquarters, Accra, Ghana

3Veterinary Laboratory, Accra, Ghana.4Western Regional Agricultural Directorate, Takoradi, Ghana

5Animal Production Department, Takoradi, Ghana6Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ellembele, Ghana.


ABSTRACTReports of swine deaths in four communities at Ellembele district were investigated to determine outbreak, disease transmission source and to implement stamping out. Farmer interviews, sample collection, environmental inspection and case count were based on epidemiological case definition of hyperemia around scrotal regions, posterior paraplegia and dead swine. Destruction of all swine in-contacts, disinfection, banning of swine trade/movement, sentinel, and farmer sensitization were implemented. Within 3-days of notification positive tests results confirmed ASF. Eleven swine carcasses were left in bushes and 23 severely morbid swine roamed farms. Swill from expatriate restaurant was associated with lower odds of death (odd ratio, OR= 0.55, 95% CI= 0.37-0.82, p = 0.003). Swine/pork transfer from primary foci to secondary foci was verbally confirmed. Of the two swine breeds kept, case fatality rate was lower (78.2%, n=669) among the Landrace breed than Ashanti black (90.3%, n=532). An average of 22 swine was kept per farmer and; those that were either destroyed or died naturally were 3.65 and 18.54 swine/farmer, respectively. Disinfected were 32 stirs and a 6-week sentinel period was observed. Swine trade and movement in 22-km radius was banned and farmers were sensitized before re-stocking their farms. Outbreak was caused by ASF even though available data did not implicate swill as the probably source of disease transmission. Boiling of swill was recommended. Study is required to elucidate how ASF affects swine breeds differentially. Stringent stamping out measures averted further spread of disease and economic loss in Ellembele district and these measures should be adopted whenever ASF outbreak is suspected.

Key words: African swine fever, outbreak, Ellembele, surveillance, attack rate


16

DOES FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE ZONING IMPACT ON AFRICAN MEAT EXPORTS? THE IMPLICATIONS TO

TANZANIAMoses M.B Ole-Neselle1,2* and Thomas L. Marsh2

1Paul Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States2Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), Sokoine University of Agriculture

(SUA), Box 3297, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTGeographic zoning is implemented as a mitigation strategy for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in selected countries across the world. Tanzania and other countries in Africa are considering zoning as one component in developing a strategic FMD plan. Trade data from Africa were examined to statistically test hypotheses about the impact of foot-and-mouth disease zoning on reported quantities and price of meat exports. Data, organized by country, were collected from the Food and Agriculture Organization for Africa from 1996 to 2011. Results indicate that countries zoning for FMD had significantly higher quantities of exports relative to those countries which are not practicing zoning. In contrast, country level average prices received for exports were not significantly different in zoned versus non-zoned regions. Tanzania being number three in Africa in terms of large livestock population after former Sudan and Ethiopia, FMD zoning as a control strategy will have a positive implication in increasing quantities of meat to be exported.

Key words: FMD, zoning, impact on trade, Tanzania


17

DETECTION OF BRUCELLA SPECIES IN BLOOD AMONG AGRO-PASTORALIST COMMUNITIES OF KATAVI-RUKWA

ECOSYSTEM, TANZANIAShabani K. Muller1*, Justine A. Assenga1, Gerald Misinzo1, Lucas E. Matemba1,2

and

Rudovick R. Kazwala

1

1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.

2National Institute for Medical Research, P. O. Box 9653, Dar es salaam, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTBrucellosis is an infectious bacterial zoonotic disease of public health importance which is diagnosed serologically or microbiologically. This study aimed at detecting Brucella species from blood of agro-pastoralists living at the human-animal interface area of Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem. Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) was used for screening of brucellosis in sera and c-ELISA was used as a confirmatory test to all RBPT positive samples. Out of 340 participants tested, 8 (2.4%) were RBPT positive and 3 (0.9%) were positive to c-ELISA. Blood from RBPT positive individuals were also tested by multiplex PCR using specific primers: abortus 024 BC, melitesis 023 BC and IS 711. Rev1 and Rb51 were used as positive controls for detection of Brucella melitensis and abortus respectively and deionized water was used as negative controls. A total of 6 (1.8%) samples were PCR positive. Brucella abortus was the only specie detected suggesting infection may have been acquired from infected cattle. The present study therefore recommends the use of multiplex PCR for diagnosis of human brucellosis in blood to supplement serology and microbiology techniques.

Key words: Brucellosis, agro-pastoralists, human-animal interface, Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem


18

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND RISK FACTORS OF BRUCELLOSIS IN AFRICAN BUFFALO AND LIVESTOCK AT

MIKUMI-SELOUS ECOSYSTEM, TANZANIAPeter B.Temba1, Richard S. Mwakapuja1,4*, Zachariah E. Makondo1, Kuleng’wa L. Ndaki1, Lesakit S.B. Mellau1, Irmgard Moser2, Rudovick R. Kazwala1 and Manfred Tanner3.

1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.

2Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany.3Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

4Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, P.o.Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Correspondence E: [email protected]

ABSTRACTA study on seroprevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors of brucellosis in domestic and wild animals was carried in Mikumi-Selous ecosystem from September 2010 to August 2011. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA) were used to diagnose the disease. Serum samples from 747 cattle, 198 goats, 168 sheep and 88 wild animals were tested. Serological survey showed that 14.1%, 0.5% and 0.6% of cattle, goats and sheep were seropositive, respectively. The study showed that livestock in Kilosa, Kilombero, Mvomero and Ulanga districts are equally affected by the disease. A proportion of 7.7% and 13.6% of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) tested positive by RBPT and cELISA, respectively. Animal-to-animal contact was the only risk factor identified to be associated with the spread of the disease at the interface areas (P=0.02, OR=2.34). This study showed that brucellosis is circulating amongst livestock and wildlife populations due to direct animal contacts, water and rangeland sharing. However, we could not identify the source of infection between the two populations. The study calls for further investigations on the molecular characterization of Brucella sp strains that circulate in livestock, wildlife and human populations at Mikumi-Selous ecosystem and other livestock/wildlife/human interface areas in Tanzania.

Keywords: Brucellosis, Wildlife-livestock interface, Mikumi-Selous ecosystem, Tanzania


19

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BRUCELLOSIS IN LIVESTOCK IN KATAVI - RUKWA

ECOSYSTEM, TANZANIA

Justine A. Assenga1*, Lucas E. Matemba1, 2, Shabani, K. Muller 1 and Rudovick R. Kazwala1

1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania

2National Institute for Medical Research, P. O. Box 9653, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania


ABSTRACTBrucellosis is a neglected bacterial zoonotic infection of public health and economic importance but its spread is not well known to many livestock farmers. This study was conducted in Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem, a unique and least known research potential and tourist destination of Tanzania. The aim was to identify risk factors, assess the practices of agro-pastoral communities in the ecosystem in relation to brucellosis infection in animals. A case-control study was carried out in Mpanda, Mlele and Nsimbo Districts of Katavi region between September 2012 and July 2013. A total of 138 adult respondents from households with a record of at least one person had a history of fever in the past month were interviewed. A structured questionnaire was administered. The criteria for inclusion was to have a brucella positive animal while an age group and sex matching control was chosen from the households without the positive animals. Three risk factors were identified by univariate analysis as follows: A previous occurrence of abortion in the household (OR=3.06, 95% CI=1.09-8.62, P=0.034), history of occurrence of retained placenta (OR=3.98, 95% CI= 1.30-12.21, P=0.016) and having no formal education (OR=2.85, 95% CI=1.24-6.52, P=0.013). However, in the multivariate analysis, a family member with no formal education and livestock with previous history of retained placenta in the household were significantly associated with brucellosis. The current study suggests that improving livestock farmer’s knowledge on zoonotic brucellosis infections, transmission routes and risk factors can significantly contribute to the reduction of possible risks posed by the infections to animals and occupational groups among agro-pastoral communities in the ecosystem.

Key words: Agro-pastoral, brucellosis, ecosystem, practice, risk factors


20

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PORCINE CYSTICERCOSIS TRANSMISSION IN BABATI

DISTRICT, TANZANIAM.D.B. Kavishe1, E.M. Mkupasi2*, E.V.G. Komba2 and H.A. Ngowi2

1Livestock Training Institute Tengeru, P.O. Box 3101, Arusha, Tanzania.2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021,

Morogoro, Tanzania.

*Correspondence E:. Tel: [email protected]

ABSTRACTPorcine cysticercosis (PCC) caused by Taenia solium is regarded as the most important zoonotic parasite causing great economic losses and affecting many people worldwide. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of PCC and risk factors for its transmission in Babati district, Tanzania. To establish the prevalence; lingual examination and Ag-ELISA were conducted to 442 live pigs and postmortem inspection was performed to 1,039 carcasses in nine slaughter slabs. The possible risk factors were assessed using structured questionnaires administered to individuals in pig keeping households. Results indicate the prevalence of PCC to be 13.0% and 25.0% based on lingual examination and Ag-ELISA methods, respectively. Meat inspection recorded a PCC prevalence of 8.2%. Questionnaire results indicated potential risk factors for PCC to be free ranging of pigs, lack of meat inspection, absence of toilets and ignorance about the life cycle of the parasite. In conclusion, this study demonstrates PCC to be prevalent in Babati district and that potential risk factors for its transmission are present in the area. This study further confirms that PCC is a wide spread problem in rural pig keeping areas in the country. In order to improve the economic gains of rural pig farmers and safeguard the public health we recommend formulation of appropriate national T. solium cysticercosis control strategy.

Key words: T. solium, Taeniosis, Ag ELISA, Free range pigs, lingual examination


21

FROM COW TO CONSUMER: A VALUE CHAIN RISK ANALYSIS APPROACH TO FOOD SAFETY RISK IN MOSHI MUNICIPALITY

MILK MARKETGeorgia Ladbury1, Matayo Melubo2*, Jo Halliday1, Rudovick Kazwala3, Jo Sharp4 and Sarah Cleaveland1

1Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK.

2Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania.3Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania.

4School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.


ABSTRACTThe pastoral and agropastoral sectors supply most of the milk consumed in Tanzania. The rapid flow of rural dwellers to urban areas has led to the development of rural-urban dairy value chains. It is important to determine what food safety and human zoonotic disease risks these chains may cause. We conducted a value chain-risk analysis study to identify where, how and why milk-borne zoonotic disease risks could arise for dairy product consumers. The study was conducted between October 2013 and July 2014 in Moshi, Kilimanjaro. The study integrated quantitative and qualitative methods, including randomised household surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, time-use analysis, and participant observation to describe dairy product consumption patterns, and characterise the structure and function of the main dairy value chains. Unpackaged raw and fermented milk “mtindi” were the products most frequently consumed by Moshi residents, with 61.4% (95% CIs: 51.5-70.5) and 44.7% (95% CIs: 37.1-52.5) consuming them at least once a week, respectively. Milk is almost invariably boiled before consumption on day of purchase. Mtindi is consumed as purchased and frequently stored for several days. These products originate mainly from smallholders in surrounding villages. Hygiene along value chains is poor. Buckets containing milk are often uncovered and are not cleaned regularly. Products are often unrefrigerated. Urban residents frequently consume unpackaged dairy products, particularly mtindi. Research is needed into the microbial contamination and zoonotic health risks associated with these products.

Key words: value chain, risk analysis, milk, Moshi, Tanzania


22

BACTERIAL ZOONOSES IN TANZANIA: A ONE-HEALTH APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY

AND HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTSTito Kibona1*, Kunda Mnzava1, Nchai Lazaro 1, Zanuni Kweka 1, Beata Valerian 3, Euphrasia Mariki 3, Rigobert Tarimo 3, Rudovick Kazwala 1, John A. Crump 4, Jo Sharp 5, Sarah Cleaveland 2 and Jo Halliday2

1Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.2Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and

Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK.3Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.

4Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.5School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.


ABSTRACTMany zoonoses cause substantial disease burdens in both livestock and human populations. The two major aims of the Bacterial Zoonoses study are to determine the prevalence of Leptospira, Coxiella and Brucella among linked animal and human populations in different agro-ecological settings and to evaluate the human disease burden and social impact of these infections. The field implementation of the study involves ‘One-Health’ research methodologies. Within Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions, wards, villages, households and individuals – including cattle, sheep, goats and humans - are randomly selected for data collection which includes: focus-group discussions (FGDs) at village level; questionnaire surveys at household level; diagnostic sample collection and questionnaires at individual level. The Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) is used in the field to detect individuals exposed to Brucella. Data collection started in September 2013 and is ongoing. The questionnaire survey to evaluate livestock productivity indicators reveals a history of abortion or giving birth to dead/stillborn offspring in 2% of 102 reproductively mature female cattle, 12% of 151 goats and 12% of 102 sheep included in the study. A history of milk drop was reported for 4% in 85 lactating cattle. RBPT results have identified Brucella antibody positive individuals in cattle (3%, n=345), sheep (1%, n=359), goats (2%, n=571) and humans (~1%, n=104) within the study population. The One-Health methodologies established and data generated through this project will inform the future use of potential prevention and control strategies of these important but under-recognised pathogens.

Key words: Bacterial zoonoses, Brucella, surveys in human and livestock, Kilimanjaro, Arusha


23

STRENGTHENING HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY IN TANZANIA THROUGH ENHANCED BIODETECTION CAPACITY

Zachariah Makondo1*, Joseph Masambu1, Anna Katz2 and Simo Nikkari2

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.2Centre for Biothreat Preparedness and Military Medicine (SOTLK), Helsinki, Finland.


ABSTRACTThe spread of infectious diseases is currently a global concern. Timely identification of agents that cause outbreaks of infectious disease is vital in outbreak management which may involve physical isolation of victims, and enables appropriate medical intervention including administration of various therapeutic agents and vaccines. Many of the emerging and re‐emerging infectious diseases as well as endemic infectious diseases in Tanzania pose threats to local and international health security. Realising threats associated with these diseases, a number of international initiatives have been launched to address biosecurity and health security matters globally as well as in Africa. Local capacity building promotes equal access and right to health for all Tanzanians, which in turn contributes to poverty reduction in the country. A five‐year (2014-2018) collaborative project between the Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), the Finnish Centre for Biothreat Preparedness (BUOS) and Military Medicine (SOTLK) is being implemented to build the Tanzania capacity in biosafety and biosecurity matters. Through implementation of this project, national capacity will be strengthened by training on the use of infectious disease causing agents, their detection and identification. It is expected that enhanced expertise and capabilities in rapid field diagnosis will support and strengthen capacities for the Tanzanian health and other sectors dealing with biothreat reduction in concordance with the “One Health” strategy.

Key words: Biothreat Preparedness, One Health, biosafety and biosecurity


24

VALIDATION OF SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT DIAGNOSTIC TOOL IN IMPROVING LUMPY SKIN DISEASE CONTROL IN

TANZANIAJulius Joseph Mwanandota1*, Mercy Macharia2, Chanasa Mpelumbe-Ngeleja1, Raphael Sallu1, Mmeta Yongolo1, Elpidius Rukambile1 and Timothy A. Holton2

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es salaam, Tanzania.2International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI hub) P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.


ABSTRACTLumpy skin disease (LSD) is endemic in Africa, and causes major economic losses. Although PCR provides a rapid and sensitive diagnostic technique for detection of these viruses, it is not routinely used because it is complicated and expensive. Therefore it is important to adopt a novel modern molecular diagnostic test that is easier to use and cost-effective that will improve detection, monitoring and responding to outbreaks of ruminant pox diseases. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) which is a simple, specific and cost-effective was developed for specific detection of Capripox viruses (CapV) which include Lumpy skin Disease virus (LSDV), Goat pox virus (GTV) and sheep pox virus (SPPV). In this study, symptomatic and asymptomatic animal groups were screened using diagnostic PCR developed by Ireland and Binepal (1998). Screenings of samples reveal 8 samples from symptomatic population to be positive for CaPV. Two CaPV LAMP assays (Das et al., 2012 and Murray et al., 2013) were used to validate the PCR test. It was found that the LAMP (Das et al., 2012) detected samples from symptomatic group at 24.3% compared to 7.8% detected by PCR test. From the asymptomatic population, LAMP (Das et al., 2012) detected 14.3% compared to 0.0% by the PCR test. The detection rate of LAMP (Murray et al., 2013) test was 1.9% and 14.6% in asymptomatic and symptomatic groups, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the detection of capripox viruses in which Tanzanian samples were clustered together with those from Kenya and other capripox viruses from the NCBI database. It is envisaged that CaPV LAMP assay will be adopted by TVLA since it provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive tool for the detection of LSD in Tanzania.

Key words: LSD, molecular based diagnosis, LAMP, PCR


25

SHORT REPORT

Julius Joseph Mwanandota1*, Mercy Macharia2, Chanasa Mpelumbe-Ngeleja1, Raphael Sallu1, Mmeta Yongolo1 and Timothy A. Holton2

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es salaam, Tanzania.2International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI hub) P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.


ABSTRACTOrf virus is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV) in the family poxviridae. The Orf virus is the causative agent of contagious pustular dermatitis which is a zoonotic and neglected disease of humans and small ruminants. It causes severe exanthematous dermatitis that afflicts domestic and small wild ruminants. Cases of Orf viral infection in goats in Tanzania have been reported for many years. The majority of these cases are reported based on presence of suggestive clinical signs with no confirmatory tests. In this study, a clinical case of proliferative dermatitis in goats was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic test. Physical examination of affected animal was carried out and tissue scrapings were collected for molecular analysis in the laboratory. The presence of Orf virus in tissue scrapings from the lips was tested by GIF/IL-2gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing and finally phylogenetic analysis of the GIF/IL-2 gene. The results of this study indicated that the disease was caused by an infection with a virus which is closely genetically related to several Orf viruses found in the database. This is the first report to provide phylogenetic information about the Orf virus in Tanzania which will be useful in prospective public health studies.

Key words: Orf virus, goats, PCR, Phylogenetic analysis


26

MICROBIOTAL MODULATION OF THE INTESTINAL IMMUNE RESPONSE: MECHANISMS OF INTESTINAL PROTECTION BY

COMMENSAL BACTERIAJoshua J. Malago1*

1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3018, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.

*Correspondence E: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACTEmerging diseases of the immune system are increasing with socio-economic and sanitary conditions. This is evidenced by the high incidences of allergic and autoimmune diseases in Western countries than in developing countries. Evidence is accumulating that disruption of normal microbiota and their associated beneficial effects on intestinal mucosal immunity is pivotal to occurrence of these disorders. Their pathogeneses appear to revolve around impaired ability of the intestinal microbiota to effectively modulate and thus balance the body immune responses. As a result the immune system reacts excessively to antigens that would otherwise be tolerated and thus result in allergic reactions, or reacts to self antigens to cause autoimmune diseases. Some of these disorders are characterised by persistent production of inflammatory mediators leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Several reports have indicated that oral administration of excessive numbers of selected members of microbiota prevents, treats, and improves the conditions of patients with immune-mediated disorders like allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases, and type 1 diabetes. Current knowledge suggests that the microbiota species mediate their beneficial effects via modulation of the immune system to balance its responses and institute protection. Herein the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of some of the immune mediated diseases and the beneficial effect of microbiota to such patients are described. The review also explores the role of microbiota in modulating the immune system and to confer protection to the host.

Key words: intestinal microbiota, immune response, modulation, pathogenesis


27

POTENTIAL OF ZINC SULPHATE AND HYPERTHERMIA IN EXPRESSION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 27, 70 AND 90 AND PROTECTION AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-

INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATSN. Ndaro1 and J.J. Malago1*



ABSTRACTCarbon tetrachloride is a commonly known inducer of hepatotoxicity through lipid peroxidation. In the course of its intoxication, hepatocytes respond by producing protective proteins, the heat shock proteins (Hsps), in an attempt to prevent damage and lethal injury. However, most hepatocytes do not benefit from this response. The current study was aimed at exploring whether prior induction of heat shock response could benefit rats against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml 50% acetic acid in olive oil after or without prior exposure to hyperthermia (in ventilated oven at 42°C for 1 h) or 1 ml of 10 mg/kg zinc sulphate intraperitoneally. The pre-treatment of zinc sulphate or hyperthermia were done 8 or 24 h prior to carbon tetrachloride. Animals were allowed to develop the carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity or recover from zinc sulphate or hyperthermia for up to 72 h. During the course of this recovery period, rats were humanely sacrificed after 8, 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment. Postmortem examination was done and liver sections were formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded for histopathology and immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90. Carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage including haemorrhages, nuclear condensation, vacuolarization, and necrosis. Both zinc sulphate and hyperthermia reduced the severity of these lesions. In addition, carbon tetrachloride induced expression of Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90. However, these Hsps could not benefit the hepatocytes against injury. Prior induction of Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90, associated with treatment with zinc sulphate and hyperthermia appear to account, at least in part, for the protective role of these treatments against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. It is concluded that the Hsps produced during carbon tetrachloride intoxication do not benefit cells because of late production timing. If these Hsps are produced earlier before carbon tetrachloride they can benefit the cells against the toxin.

Key words: hepatocytes, toxicity, carbon tetrachloride, heat shock proteins


28

TIME-DEPENDENT EXPRESSION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 27, 70 AND 90 IN RATS FOLLOWING HYPERTHERMIA

N.S. Kaaya1 and J.J. Malago1*



ABSTRACTHeat shock or stress response is a complex phenomenon that is rapidly induced to protect cells from irreversible injury by stabilizing the synthetic and metabolic activities in the cell. While the response is time dependent, it is not established as to how this time-course expression exhibits. This study explored the time dependent expression of Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90 following hyperthermia. A total of 42 adult male mice received hyperthermia in ventilated oven at 420C for 1 hr. The animals were subsequently allowed to recover for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 72 hr after which, they were sacrificed. Liver, kidney, lung, brain, and intestine samples were taken after autopsy, fixed in neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained for immunohistochemistry using anti-Hsp27, anti-Hsp70 and anti-Hsp90 monoclonal antibodies. The expression of Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90 was time dependent where it peaked at 6-12 hr and differentially declined at 48-72 hr. The expression of Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90 peaked earlier in the brain and the lung and dropped sharply in the brain and the intestine. Until 72 hr of recovery only Hsp90 exhibited moderate expression in lung and the kidney. It is concluded that the optimal expression of Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90 is reached around 6-12 hr and drops sharply in the brain and intestine while sustained for sometimes in liver, intestine and the kidney. This indicates that exploitation of the protective potency of Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90 should be done timely in organs that have a short time of peak expression.

Key words: Heat shock proteins, hyperthermia, mice, immunohistochemistry


29

UPGRADING GENETIC POTENTIAL OF INDIGENOUS ZEBU THROUGH STRATEGIC SYNCHRONIZATION OF OESTRUS AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION: THE EFFECTS OF BODY

CONDITION SCORE AND WEIGHTFrederick O.K. Mgongo1*, Mirende K. Matiko1, Donald G. Mpanduji1, Lucas B. Massawe1, Emmanuel K. Batamuzi1, Elikira N. Kimbita1, Richard S. Silayo1, Raphael M. Wambura1, Hudson H. Kiwia2 and Esron D. Karimuribo1

1 Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3000, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.2National Livestock Research Institute (NLRI)-Mpwapwa, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania.

*Correspondence E: [email protected] or [email protected]

ABSTRACTEffects of body weight (BW) estimated through heart girth (HG), body condition scores (BCS), oestrus signs intensity (OSI) and time of the day (TD) were assessed to establish quality of artificial insemination (AI) in pastoral settings. A total of 42 farmers from 2 villages (Parakuyo and Ilakala) of Kilosa districts were purposely selected to a program to improve genotype through AI and organized into village milk value-chain platforms. One hundred and fifty Tanzania short horn zebu cows selected on basis of the BCS and BW were assigned to either morning or evening groups on basis of time of oestrus detection. Starting on Day-1, small blocks designed to provide daily mineral requirements in pastoral settings were given continuously and on Day 28 a prostaglandin (P) F2‐ analogy cloprostenol (500µg of cloprochem®, Holland) was injected. Oestrus detection was carried out in the mornings and evenings starting 2 days after PF2‐ injection. AI was on basis of the am/pm rule. Oestrus signs were graded into absent, weak and strong on basis of intensity of mucus discharge and oedema of the vulva. Starting with week 1 for 10 weeks parameters, namely, BCS through a 1 to 9 scoring system, BW through HG and converting it to BW were measured weekly. Rectal palpation to confirm pregnancy was on week 16. Results reveal that cows were mostly (56%) detected in oestrus and inseminated in the mornings. The probability of strong OSI increased with BW above 85 kg and time of the day (P ≤ 0.01). Only 9.3% of cows with BW above 85 kg failed to show oestrus signs after synchronization. Simple linear regression analysis revealed that within the same HG category, BW measurements were predictable by an equation HG = 4.8 BCS + 119.6 (r = 0.82; P ≤ 0.01; n = 169). It is concluded that BCS and BW determine quality of AI in pastoral zebu.

Key words: body condition score, body weight, oestrus signs, artificial insemination


30

THE SLAUGHTERING OF INCREASED NUMBERS OF PREGNANT COWS IN TANGA CITY ABATTOIR, TANZANIA –A

CAUSE FOR CONCERN?

Emmanuel S. Swai1* and Abdu Hyghaimo1

1Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Box 9152, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTInformation on the level of foetal wastage in slaughtered cattle in Tanzania is limited. A 3-month observational study (April –June, 2014) of animals slaughtered at the Tanga City abattoir in Tanzania was carried out to determine the foetal wastage in pregnant cows slaughtered at this abattoir. The total number of cattle slaughtered during the study period was 3,643 representing a monthly average of 1,214 and daily average of 40. Over 98% of the cattle presented to the abattoir for slaughters were local breed (Tanzania shorthorn zebu) and most were above 3 years of age. Graded or crossbred cattle represented only 1.3% of all slaughters. Of the cattle slaughtered, 2,256 (61.9%) were females and 1,387 (38.1%) were males. A total of 655 female slaughtered cows were pregnant, representing a foetal wastage of 29.1%. Of the 655 recovered foetuses, 333 (50.8%) were males and 322 (49.2%) were females. Of the recovered foetuses, 25.8% were in the first; 42.7% in the second and 31.6% in the third trimesters. The result of this study demonstrates cases of serious herd wastage and losses in future replacement stock due to slaughter of pregnant animals. The observed high level of indiscriminate slaughtering of pregnant cows, suggests that the existing animal welfare legislation is not being sufficiently enforced and routine veterinary ante-mortem inspection of trade animals is failing to prevent the high level of foetal wastage. We recommend re-enforcement of routine ante-mortem inspection, including pregnancy diagnosis, for all mature female animals presented for slaughter at different abattoirs and slaughter slabs in Tanzania.

Key words: Slaughtered cows, foetal wastage, abattoir, Tanga city, Tanzania


31

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON STATUS OF HELMINTH AND COCCIDIA INFECTION IN MELELA, MOROGORO REGION,

TANZANIANickson H. Ng’umbi1*, Ayoub A. Kassuku1, David Smith2, Esron D. Karimuribo3, Dominic M. Kambarage3, Mirende K. Matiko4 and Julie Fitzpatrick2

1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.

2Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park/Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.

3Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.

4Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTA cross sectional study was carried out between June 2014 and August 2014 to establish the status of helminth and coccidia infection on nine purposefully selected small ruminant flocks with 131 goats and 118 sheep at Melela village, Morogoro Region in Tanzania. All animals were screened for helminth eggs and coccidia oocysts by coprological examination of faeces. Identification of parasites was based on morphological features following culture of the specimens. Approximately fifty four percent and 52.7% of the goats had helminth eggs and coccidia oocysts detected in their faeces while 67.8% and 49.2% of faeces collected from sheep had also helminth eggs and coccidia oocysts, respectively. The number egg per gram (EPG) in goats ranged from 100 to 2,100 while for sheep, EPG ranged from 100 to 1,900. Coccidia oocyst per gram (OPG) in goats ranged from 100 to 28,300 while in sheep, the OPG ranged from 100 to 100,300. Monieza spp. was detected in sheep (5.8%) and goats (0.8%). Further analysis of cultured pooled goat and sheep faecal samples at flock level showed that Haemonchus spp. was the most common (50.7%), followed by Trichostrongylus spp. (29%), Oesophagostomum spp. (16.4%), Cooperia spp. (5.9%) and Strongyloides spp. (3.4%). Eimeria species identified in the study animals comprised Eimeria caprina (21.0%), E. granulosa (16.2%), E. marsica (14.3%), E. ovinoidalis (12.4%), E. arloingi (12.4%), E. parva (16.2%) and E.christenseni (7.6%). The high prevalence of helminth and coccidia infection in goats and sheep calls for further studies to elucidate the epidemiology of the infections and the cost-effective control regimen.

Key words: Helminth, coccidia, faecal culture, Melela, Tanzania


32

THE EFFICACY OF FLUKICIDES TO FASCIOLA GIGANTICA IN NATURALLY INFECTED CATTLE IN ARUMERU AND IRINGA

RURAL DISTRICTSJ. Nzalawahe1*, A.A. Kassuku1, S. Russels2, G. Coles3 and E. Mark3

1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.

2Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.3School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford house, Langford, Bristol, UK.


ABSTRACTAn anthelmintic trial was conducted in Arumeru and Iringa Rural Districts to determine the efficacy of the commonly used flukicides in the control fasciolosis in Tanzania. The tested compounds were albendazole (Albex® 10%, oral suspension), nitroxynil (Trodax® 34%, solution for injection) and oxyclozanide (Zanil® fluke drench) on the treatment of Fasciola gigantica in naturally infected cattle. For each district, there were 3 treatment groups (one for each flukicide) and 1 control group. Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT %) was used to assess the effectiveness of the respective flukicides. Nitroxynil (Trodax®)) and oxyclozanide (Zanil®) were found to be 100% effective against Fasciola gigantica infections in cattle in both study areas, but not for albendazole which was ineffective. These findings suggest that albendazole was ineffective in the treatment of fasciolosis in Arumeru and Iringa Rural districts.

Key words: Fasciola, cattle, Nitroxynil, Oxyclozanide, Albendazole, Tanzania


33

THE DIVERSITY STUDY OF THEILERIA PARVA ON TWO GENES CODING FOR CD8+ T CELLS ANTIGEN TP1 AND

TP2 IN CATTLE AND BUFFALO ISOLATES FROM TANZANIA REVEALED A CROSS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CATTLE

ISOLATES AND MUGUGA VACCINE STRAIN

Elpidius Rukambile 1, Eunice Machuka 2, Moses Njahira 2, Robert A. Skilton 2, Andrew Chota, Elisa Mwega 3, Mkama Mathias 1 and Raphael Sallu 1

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.2Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O.

Box 3070-00100, Nairobi Kenya.3Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTTheileria parva is a haemoprotozoan tick-borne parasite that causes East Coast fever, a serious and frequently fatal disease of cattle. Immunization of cattle by infection and treatment method with live parasites results in long-term immunity against the homologous parasite strain but variable protection against heterologous strains. Tp1 and Tp2 antigenic proteins induce protective CD8+ T-cell responses. The defined epitope regions found in these antigens vary in sequence among parasite strains and are differentially recognized by CD8+ T cells. The Tp1 and Tp2 genes from cattle and buffalo isolates from selected areas in Tanzania and the Muguga (vaccine) strain of Theileria parva were PCR amplified using outer and inner nested primers and sequenced. Tp1 (n=94) and Tp2 (n=36) DNA sequences were used to generate phylogenetic tree, and then translated into amino acid sequences. In both Tp1 and Tp2, cattle isolates formed the same cluster with Muguga strain but did not cluster with the sequences from buffalo isolates. 63% of Tp1 amino acid sequences have the same epitope sequences as the Muguga sequence and 6 epitopes present on Tp2 revealed a number of variants ranging from 8 in epitope 1 to 4 in epitopes 2 and 3. In all 6 epitopes present in Tp2, 85% of these epitopes have the same sequences as Muguga strain and much variation at this marker being observed in sequences from buffalo isolates. In conclusion, the diversity of Theileria parva isolates from buffalo used in this study was observed at Tp2 epitopes than in cattle and most of the cattle were found to share the same epitope sequences at both markers with Muguga strain.

Key words: CD8+ T Cells, Epitopes, Theileria pava, Sequences, Tp1, Tp2


34

DIP TANK OPERATIONS FOR TICK BORNE DISEASE CONTROL: EXPLORING GOVERNANCE AND EXTENSION

SYSTEM IN TANZANIAMoses Ole-Neselle1,4,5*, Emmanuel Musimo2 and John Mlay3

1Paul Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA; United States.2IBDI Mara, P O Box Mara, Tanzania.

3SNV Tanzania, Lake Zone Portfolio, P O Box Mwanza, Tanzania.4Simanjiro Development and Conservation Trust, P O Box 7460, Arusha, Tanzania.

5Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Box 3297, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTTick and tick borne diseases such as East Coast fever (ECF), anaplasmosis, babesiosis and heartwater are the leading diseases affecting Tanzanian livestock productivity as well as causing more than 70 - 80 % mortalities in livestock annually. With new development in terms of technologies and discoveries such as vaccines development, dip tanks and acaricide use is the most common and effective way of controlling tick borne diseases in Tanzania. Our study on dips tank functionality in three Districts of Hanang, Kiteto and Simanjiro revealed that many dips are in good condition but there are not operating. No single dip tank is found to operate at 100% of its capacity at the time of the study and 73% of the dips were technical functional but not operating. Out of 75 dips in the three districts, about 9 dip tanks (12%) were operating between 40 – 50% of their capacity, 20 dips were operating below 25% of their capacity. The findings indicate that although the new dips and those rehabilitated were a priority resulting from participatory planning processes at the villages and ward levels, when it comes to operating them, there was lack of good governance and extension system take ensure operational of these facilities. While a lot of money in terms of acaricide subsidies and dip tanks construction is being directed towards dip tanks operations, nothing seems to be working and currently, the situation of dip functionalities and operations is seriously affecting the prevalence of tick borne diseases in Tanzania thus causing a lot of losses at household levels. This calls for addressing governance and extension matters that contribute to the under-performance of the livestock sector in the country.

Key words: Tick and tick-borne diseases, dip tanks, governance, extension services, Tanzania


35

EFFECT OF ETHYLENE BISDITHIOCARBAMATE (MANCOZEB®) ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN

DOMESTIC FOWL (GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS)W.H. Kimaro1*, M.J. Kipanyula1 and D. Nasri1

Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Sokoine Universty of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3016, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTMancozeb is a commonly used fungicide for control of fungal foliar in plants and post harvest cereals. Despite its degenerative effects in mammalian tissues, little is known on its effect in birds. The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of Mancozeb on haematological parameters in the domestic fowl. Both minimum toxic dose and time based effects were investigated. Mancozeb in sunflower oil base was administered to healthy birds per os. The experimental group was subdivided into two experiments. In experiment I, the birds were given mancozeb at doses of 1mg/kg, 25mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg bodyweight to establish the minimum toxic dose. In experiment II the time based effect of Mancozeb was established by administering the minimum toxic dose obtained in experiment I and data collected at spatio-temporal periods. The control group was given an equivalent amount of oil base orally. The blood samples were analyzed for total RBC and WBC count, PCV, Hb concentration, differential WBC count, MCV, MCH, MCHC and pathophysiological changes in the blood cells. The minimum toxic dose for Mancozeb was 400mg/kg bodyweight. A general decrease in Hb concentration, total RBC, MCHC, lymphocytes and PCV was observed at all doses. However, a significant decrease was recorded at doses of 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg (P < 0.05). At these doses mancozeb also caused a significant increase in Monocytes. In experiment II, general decrease in total RBC, PCV, MCV, MCH and lymphocyte was observed from 5hr to 12 days post-exposure. A significant increase in number of monocytes, total WBC and heterophils was observed from 24 hrs to 5days post-exposure. The histological observation revealed nuclear degeneration and metachromatic staining in the heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes at doses of 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg. The result of the present study suggests that mancozeb affect haematopoiesis and cause cellular degeneration.

Key words: Mancozeb, haematological parameters, domestic fowl


36

IN VIVO EFFECTS OF MANCOZEB ON HAEMATOPOIETIC ORGANS IN DOMESTIC FOWL: HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL AND

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIESW.H. Kimaro1*, M.J. Kipanyula1 and A. Abasi1

Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Sokoine Universty of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3016, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTMancozeb is a fungicide widely used in the control of fungal diseases in plants and cereals. Although considered less toxic, mancozeb has been reported to affect haematopoiesis in mammals. Limited information is available on its effect in birds. This study investigated the effect of mancozeb on the morphology of haematopoetic organs and its cytoskeletal elements in the domestic fowl. In experiment I mancozeb in sunflower oil base was administered per os at doses of 25mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg and tissues were collected after 48 hrs to determine the minimum toxic dose. In experiment II, a single dose of the minimum toxic dose obtained in experiment I was used and tissues were collected at spatial temporal periods i.e. 5h, 24h, 5d and 12d to determine time-based effect of mancozeb. Tissues were processed routinely for histological study. Immunolocalization for vimentin was performed using LSAB+ kit. Mancozeb caused dose-dependent morphological changes in the liver, kidney, spleen and bone-marrow. A dose of 400mg/kg was the minimum toxic dose of mancozeb in domestic fowl. In addition, morphological changes were observed at day 5 and 12 post-exposure. The observed morphological changes were congestion and petechial haemorrhages in the liver, kidney and spleen. Focal necrosis was evident in the liver. Degeneration of erythrocytes and leucocytes was observed in the bone marrow. No immunohistochemical changes were observed in the liver, kidney or spleen in both experiments. The findings of this study indicate that mancozeb caused degeneration of haematopoetic organs in birds. This suggests that mancozeb has potential effects on haematopoiesis in exposed birds.

Key words: Mancozeb, haematopoetic organs, vimentin, histomorphology, domestic fowl


37

EFFECTS OF MYCOTOXINS ON STEROIDOGENESIS IN PRIMARY PORCINE LEYDIG CELLS

D.G. Ndossi1,2*, S. Kalayou1, P.K. Groseth1, E. Ropstad1 and S. Verhaegen1

1Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.2Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3020, Chuo Kikuu , Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTMycotoxins are toxins produced by fungi in many agricultural products. Single as well as mixtures of mycotoxins can affect the reproductive system in different ways. Leydig cells are testicular endocrine cells capable of producing steroid hormones. We hypothesize that steroidogenesis in primary porcine Leydig cells can be modulated by exposure to zearalenone (ZEN), as well as by crude extracts from Fusarium graminearum cultures. F. graminearum strains were isolated from Norwegian wheat and oats and cultivated on polished rice. The AlamarBlue™ assay was used to evaluate the cell viability whereby solid phase radioimmunoassay was used to measure the concentration of hormones after 48 h exposure. ZEN (0.1-100 µM) did not affect cell viability. F. graminearum extract 200785 maintained the viability of LH stimulated cells above 90% whereas the highest concentration of 200636 caused a significant reduction in cell viability. ZEN reduced estradiol production in unstimulated cells and slightly increased testosterone in unstimulated cells while decreasing it in LH stimulated cells. Extract 200636 inhibited steroidogenesis in LH stimulated cells but not in unstimulated cells. Extract 200785 reduced estradiol in both cells but increased testosterone in unstimulated cells in a dose related manner. Effects of ZEN and of extract 200785 were similar suggesting that the presence of ZEN in the mixture is at least in part responsible for the observed effects. In conclusion, mycotoxins are capable of modulating steroidogenesis in primary porcine Leydig cells. We also suggest that the constituents of the F. graminearum 200636 extract render it more cytotoxic.

Key words: Fusarium, zearalenone, mycotoxins, hormones, Leydig cells


38

AFLATOXIN B1 CONTAMINATION IN POULTRY FEEDS IN ARUSHA CITY, TANZANIA

R.H. Mushi1*, R.D. Mosha2 and H.A. Ngowi3

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Northern zone, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, P.O. Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania.

2Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3017, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania.

3Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTAflatoxin B1 (AFTB1) contamination in food and feeds has significant health problems and economic loss to poultry industry. This study assessed qualitatively and quantitatively AFTB1 in samples of poultry feeds and feed ingredients and associated the levels of AFTB1 with certain risk factors in Arusha city, Tanzania. Competitive ELISA technique was employed to quantify levels of AFTB1 in samples collected from poultry feed producers, sellers and poultry keepers. It was found that AFTB1 was present in all samples with various concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 80.1 µg/kg. Overall, 70.8% of all sample tested for AFTB1 were above FAO/WHO tolerable limit of 5 µg/kg. Levels of AFTB1 above FAO/WHO limit in different feeds were recorded as 65% of starter feed, 72.2% finisher feed, 79% layers mash, 62.5% maize bran and 75% of sunflower seedcake. Aflatoxin B1 mean concentration of poultry feed ingredients was significantly higher than that of finished poultry feeds (p< 0.05). Questionnaire interview of 38 respondents showed association between appropriate storage facility and AFTB1 contamination above FAO/WHO tolerable limit (OR=0.2, 95% CI:0.03-1.0); while sun drying of poultry finished feeds/ feed ingredients was found to be protective (OR= 0.05, 95% CI: 0.04-0.5). This is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence of aflatoxin B1 in finished poultry feed and poultry feed ingredients in Arusha city, northern zone, Tanzania. We recommend control strategies which should based on pre- and post- harvest handling through promoting good farming and production practices.

Key words: Aflatoxin B1,Poultry feeds , Risk factors, ELISA, Arusha City


39

PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS MEDIATED BY BIDENS PILOSA EXTRACT

B.A. Temba, 1,2*, M.T. Fletcher1, G.P. Fox1, J.J.W. Harvey1 and Y. Sultanbawa3

1Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains QLD 4108 Australia.

2Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3000 Morogoro Tanzania.

3Biosciences eastern and central Africa- International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.


ABSTRACTThe occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and animal feeds poses significant health risks to human and animals, and effective control requires integration of crop management strategies both in the field and during post-harvest storage and processing. Photodynamic inactivation is a novel light-based approach which offers a promising alternative to conventional methods for the control of mycotoxigenic fungi. An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of photoinactivation of Aspergillus flavus, a major aflatoxin producing fungi, by photosensitization mediated by a tropical plant Bidens pilosa extract. Photosensitization was conducted using 60 J/cm2 of 420 nm wavelength light combined with 0.25 and 0.5 mg/ml of the plant leaves water extract to fungal spores and hyphae in solution. The numbers of live spores and hyphae were reduced for up to 4 magnitudes of log10 as accounted by colony forming units count and the outcome was influenced by experiment temperature but not pH levels. The findings of this study indicate the potential of using photosensitization technique utilizing natural photosensitisers derived from locally available herbs to economically control mycotoxins in feeds for improved livestock production.

Key words: mycotoxins, photosensitization, Aspergillus flavus, Bidens pilosa, light


40

SEROPREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR SALMONELLA GALLINARUM INFECTION IN SMALLHOLDER LAYERS IN

MWANZA CITY, TANZANIA

Q.T. Bura1*, H.B. Magwisha2 and R.H. Mdegela3

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, P. O. Box 129, Mwanza, Tanzania.2Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, P. O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

3Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABSTRACTA cross sectional study was carried out to establish the seroprevalence and risk factors for Salmonella gallinarum infection in smallholder layers flocks in Mwanza City, Tanzania. This study was conducted from December 2013 to January 2014. A total of 315 layers from 63 flocks were randomly selected for collection of blood samples. A questionnaire survey and direct flock observation to determine risk factors were made in 63 sample flocks. Whole Blood Agglutination (WBA) and Tube Agglutination (TA) tests were carried out to establish the individual layer and flock-level seroprevalence of S. gallinarum. The individual layers (n=315) seroprevalence established using WBA and TA tests were 28.0% and 15.0%, respectively and flock-level (n=63) seroprevalence were 62.0% (95% C.I = 50 – 73) and 51.0% (95% C.I = 39 – 63), respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that, two variables were significantly associated with S. gallinarum seropositivity namely: the presence of other birds (OR = 11.1; 95% CI = 2.7 – 45.3) and the presence of multiple flocks of layers (OR = 7.8; 95% CI = 2.0 – 30.8). In conclusion, this study demonstrated relatively high birds exposure to S. gallinarum and responsible risk factors in smallholder layers flocks. The improvement of good management practices such as avoiding other birds and multiple flocks, and biosecurity measures such as disinfection of equipment should be put in place to reduce the risk of S. gallinarum infection. Key words: Layer flocks, Fowl typhoid, WBA, TA, Mwanza City, Tanzania


41

ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION AND DETERIORATION MODE INDEX BENEFITS DECISION-MAKING FOR PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION AND AVERTS

FINANCIAL LOSS, TAKORADI PORT, GHANAR. Tettey1*, F. Hayford2 , E. Yelfaanibe3, J. Ampah1 , G. Acquah1 , S. Allou1, , J. Tsikata4 Z. Salifu5 , D. Akaribo6..

1Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Veterinary Public Health Unit, P. O. Box 586, Takoradi port, Western Region, Ghana.

2Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Takoradi, Ghana.3Regional Veterinary Directorate, Western Region, Takoradi, Ghana.

4Long Life Medical Laboratories, Takoradi, Ghana.5Regional Directorate of Food and Agriculture, Western Region, Takoradi, Ghana.

6Takoradi Floor Mills, Takoradi, Ghana.*Correspondence E: [email protected]

ABSTRACTEmpirical evidence is often required to aid decision-making: to either release or not to release overstayed perishable cargo of poultry (import) and wheat bran pellets (export) at Takoradi port of Ghana. To avert the legal, financial, public health implications, Port veterinary sanitary unit must provide the critical evidence. This paper highlights the dual benefits of use of microbial contamination/deterioration mode index assessment. During 2013/2014, in a cross-sectional setting samples of frozen poultry products and wheat bran pellets were collected for microbial growth tests and deterioration mode assessment. File-records and related literature were reviewed; results were documented and communicated. Out of 22 overstayed 40-footer containers of frozen chicken, three were contaminated with Pseudomonas spp and Klebsiella spp. Wheat bran pellet (animal feed) for export indicated fungal elements, Candida spp and Bacillus spp, and bacteria forms, Strepcocccus fecaelis and Staphylococcus aureus. Deterioration modes such as rancidity, toughening, discolouration and desiccation were observed in all the contaminated samples. Communication of results to port authorities resulted in the seizure and destruction of contaminated poultry. Decontamination of 1,200 metric tonnes of wheat bran pellets and disinfection of premises were conducted. There is the need for continuous assessment of both microbial contamination and deterioration indexes of frozen poultry products and wheat bran pellet to enhance decision-making that avert financial loss and benefits public health. Deterioration mode index parameters should also be used in deciding what products meet standard and acceptable quality to consumers.

Key words: chicken imports, contamination, animal feed, deterioration mode, Ghana


42

HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION IN INTESTINAL IMMUNITY: THE ROLE OF MICROBIOTA

Joshua J. Malago1*



ABSTRACTThe intestinal epithelium forms a physicochemical barrier that impedes enteric pathogens from invading the epithelium and cause disease. In order for a particular pathogen to colonise the intestinal mucosa, it needs to break and cross this barrier. The barrier consists of a low pH area mainly resulting from carbohydrate fermentation, a mucus layer along the epithelial surface, an epithelial mechanical barrier maintained by intercellular tight junctions, an apical actin cytoskeleton, and the presence of stable microbiota. In addition, this barrier produces inflammatory mediators, mainly cytokines. The microbiota is central to the functioning of these elements to institute immunity in the intestinal mucosa. It does this through production of organic acids that lower the luminal pH and enhance the barrier integrity, competing with pathogenic bacteria for binding sites and nutrition, production of antimicrobial substances, production of mucus, enhancing development of innate immunity, and down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine production induced by pathogens. To execute their beneficial effects, the commensal bacteria interact with enteric pathogens to oppose the detrimental effects of the pathogens. Specifically, the interaction prevents intestinal colonisation of pathogenic bacteria and subsequently protects the gut against invasion, infection and occurrence of disease. In this work, the interaction of microbiota and pathogenic bacteria for gut immunity is discussed.

Key words: intestinal mucosa, epithelial barrier, enteric pathogens, microbiota, interaction


43

THE USE OF NATURAL PLANT PRODUCTS FOR INACTIVATION OF MYCOTOXINS PRODUCING ASPERGILLUS

FLAVUS BY PHOTOSENSITIZATION

B.A. Temba1,2*, M.T. Fletcher1, G.P. Fox1, Jagger J.W. Harvey3 and Y. Sultanbawa1

1Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains QLD 4108 Australia.

2Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3000 Morogoro Tanzania.

3Biosciences eastern and central Africa- International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.


ABSTRACTThe use of natural plant extracts as photosensitiser to inactivate Aspergillus flavus; one of the notorious mycotoxins producing fungi through photosensitization was tested. Products tested include curcumin (extract from turmeric) and Bidens pilosa water extract. The products were tested against spores and hyphae of the fungi using light of specific wavelength. The experiments were conducted with spores and hyphae suspended in water but also spores experimentally inoculated on surface of maize kernels. Results indicated significant reduction of up to 4 magnitudes of log10 as accounted by colony forming units count for spores and hyphae in suspension with either curcumin or Bidens pilosa extract. Also a significant reduction of up to 2 magnitudes of log10 of spores experimentally inoculated on surface of maize kernels was observed using curcumin. The magnitude of spore and hyphae inactivation was influenced by photosensitiser concentration and light intensity as well as experiment temperature. The findings of this study indicate the potential of using photosensitization technique utilizing natural photosensitisers derived from locally available herbs to economically control mycotoxins in feeds for improved livestock production.

Key words: mycotoxins, photosensitization, curcumin, Bidens pilosa, Aspergillus flavus


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book of abstracts - tvatva.or.tz/book of abstract final.pdf · and donald s. juma4. ... n. ndaro1...

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