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2 DOCTORAL CONGRESS nd

in ENGINEERING

Book of Abstracts

2nd Symposium on Civil and

Environmental Engineering

Book of Abstracts

2nd Symposium on Civil and

Environmental Engineering

Editors:

Jorge Moreira da Costa, Cláudio da Silva Horas,

Tiago Fazeres-Ferradosa

of the

Porto

July 2017

This volume contains the abstracts presented at the Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering, of the 2nd Doctoral Congress in Engineering - DCE17, held in Porto, June 8th and 9th, 2017.

Title: Book of Abstracts of the 2nd Symposium on Civil and Environmental

Engineering

Edited by Jorge Moreira da Costa, Cláudio da Silva Horas, Tiago Fazeres-Ferradosa

Published by: FEUP Edições

https://paginas.fe.up.pt/~dce17/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/BoACE.pdf

First edition July 2017

ISBN. 978-972-752-217-0

Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465

Porto, Portugal

Copyright © FEUP

* Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto:Department of Chemical Engineering | Department of Civil Engineering | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering | Department of Mechanical Engineering | Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering | Department of Mining Engineering | Department of Physics Engineering

GOLD

SILVER

BRONZE

Other Contributions

*

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Sponsors .......................................................................................................................... iii

Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv

Symposium Committee ...................................................................................................... v

Symposium Programme .................................................................................................... vi

Oral presentations .............................................................................................................. viii

Advanced fatigue life assessment and dynamic monitoring of steel railway bridges ... 1

Fatigue Assessment of a Composite Steel and Concrete High-Speed Railway Bridge by

Finite Element Analysis ................................................................................................... 3

Damage identification in railway bridges based on dynamic performance indicators of

the train-bridge system .................................................................................................. 5

Advances on the use of non-destructive techniques for mechanical characterization

of stone masonry ............................................................................................................ 7

Seismic behaviour of infilled RC structures .................................................................... 9

Numerical Modelling of Hydraulic Jumps. The Crestuma dam study case. ................. 11

Mechanical damage under repeated loading of geosynthetics used in the base liner

system of waste landfills .............................................................................................. 13

Functionalized Asphalt Mixtures: Photocatalytic, Superhydrophobic and Self-cleaning

Properties ..................................................................................................................... 15

Clustering Analysis of Rural Traffic Accidents, Case study: Shahrud-Sabzevar Road,

Iran ................................................................................................................................ 16

Proposal of a Risk Management System in a Non-profit Organization in the City of

Porto ............................................................................................................................. 18

Authors index .................................................................................................................. 20

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Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering

Chair: Jorge Moreira da Costa Location: B005 SESSION I (THURSDAY, 8TH OF JUNE, 9H30-11H00) | PROFESSOR RUI FARIA

• Advanced fatigue life assessment and dynamic monitoring of steel railway bridges: Guilherme Alencar, José Guilherme S. Da Silva, Abílio de Jesus and Rui Calçada

• Fatigue Assessment of a Composite Steel and Concrete High-Speed Railway Bridge by Finite Element Analysis: Gonçalo C. Ferreira

• Damage identification in railway bridges based on dynamic performance indicators of the train-bridge system: Andreia Meixedo, Rui Calçada and Diogo Ribeiro

• Advances on the use of non-destructive techniques for mechanical characterization of stone masonry: Rachel Martini, Jorge Carvalho, Antonio Arede and Humberto Varum

• Seismic behaviour of infilled RC structures: A. Furtado, H. Rodrigues, A. Arêde, H. Varum

• Numerical Modelling of Hydraulic Jumps. The Crestuma dam study case: Andreia Moreira and Francisco Pinto

SESSION II (THURSDAY, 8TH OF JUNE, 11H30-13H00) | PROFESSOR JOÃO PEDRO PÊGO

• Mechanical damage under repeated loading of geosynthetics used in the base liner system of waste landfills: Ana Cláudia Brás, José Ricardo Carneiro and Maria De Lurdes Lopes

• Functionalized Asphalt Mixtures: Photocatalytic, Superhydrophobic and Self-cleaning Properties: Iran Rocha Segundo, Cristiano Ferreira, Elisabete Freitas, Joaquim Carneiro, Filipa Fernandes and Salmon Landi

• Clustering Analysis of Rural Traffic Accidents, Case study: Mohammad Sadegh Bahadori and Afshin Famili

• Proposal of a Risk Management System in a Non-profit Organization in the City of Porto: Jair Santillán Saldivar

ROUND TABLE (THURSDAY, 8TH OF JUNE, 14H30-16H30) | MODERATED BY JORGE MOREIRA DA COSTA

Location: G129

This session addressed the views of Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and several profiles of Companies that operate in the construction sector. The main goal was to try to pinpoint more efficient strategies from both parts, so that our Civil Engineering PhD’s may find wider perspectives of follow-up professional work and companies may look at the hiring of 3rd degree graduates as a true asset.

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For this purpose, the Symposium provided the possibility to hear and exchange views with representatives of several acting organisations in our industry:

• António Carlos Rodrigues: CEO of Casais SA;

• António Matos de Almeida: former Board of OERN and former Director of Mota-Engil SA;

• André Ferreira: General Manager of ENDUTEX SGPS;

• Rui Furtado: CEO of AFAConsult.

In this session a set of starting key-questions were launched to foster the discussions between the panel and the audience. Among those debate included the following key-questions:

• What really is “Innovation” in the several contexts of the Construction Industry (CI)?

• Is Innovation in the CI perceived and rewarded by its Clients? Are CI companies motivated to pursue it in their organisations?

• How have the Portuguese HEIs contributed in fulfilling the needs of CI’s companies? The increased knowledge and competences of our PhD’s are aligned with the strategies of the companies or not?

• What changes should be implemented in both sides of the border to make HIE’s and CI Companies’ cooperation more efficient and with better results?

WORKSHOP (THURSDAY, 8TH OF JUNE, 18H30-20H30)

Location: G129

Talking about Project Management: Concepts and Practical application

Presented by the IPMA’s Young Crew Portugal (https://ipmayoungcrewportugal.wordpress.com/) and APOGEP (http://www.apogep.pt/ Portuguese Association for Project Management)

Oral presentations

DCE17 | 2nd

Doctoral Congress of Engineering 8 – 9th

June, 2017 • Porto, Portugal

| 1

Advanced fatigue life assessment and dynamic monitoring of steel railway

bridges

Guilherme Alencar1, José Guilherme S. da Silva2, Abílio Jesus3, Rui Calçada4

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ([email protected]); 2Faculty of Engineer- ing University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ([email protected]); 3Faculty of Engineering

University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ([email protected]); 4Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

([email protected]).

Keywords. Structural dynamics, Railway bridges, Fatigue analysis, Computational modelling, Structural

behaviour.

Abstract

The performance evaluation of civil engineering structures throughout their service life is

fundamental, namely to the prevention of situations of increased risk due to the effects of

deterioration of materials or requirements due to effects of current actions not provided in the

design. In particular, railway bridges, which has a relevant economic dimension should be

periodically observed and monitored to guarantee its proper functioning. The deterioration process

that occurs during the service life of a railway bridge is related to several and different actions, such

as: rail traffic and structural fatigue, among others. In a study that analysed the damage in 448 steel

structures, Oehme (1989), showed that fatigue was the main cause of severe damage. Thus, the

combination of the fatigue behaviour associated with the loading conditions, depending on the

intensity with which they occur, could generate structural damage (Lippi et al., 2011), with different

levels of relevance and may even lead to the collapse of the structural system.

On the other hand, the Infrastructure Managers and Railway Operators require that inspection,

maintenance and retrofitting interventions are optimised, in order to minimise their economic

impact. Therefore, new experimental and numerical fatigue assessment methodologies are

required in order to: i) support Infrastructure Manager decision making and planning for

interventions; ii) increase safety in railway operations; iii) reduce the costs associated with

infrastructure maintenance.

This research work investigates the fatigue performance of the approach viaducts of the new Sado

River railway crossing, located in the Lisbon – Algarve connection, in Portugal, with a total length of

2.7 km. This crossing is part of a railway project to improve the connections to the south and to the

sea port of Sines on the Atlantic coast. It is prepared for passenger trains running at speeds up

to 250 km/h, as the Alfa Pendular tilting train, and for freight trains (Reis et al., 2010). These

approach viaducts have a twin girder steel-concrete composite solution.

In the context of bridge engineering, the effects of the loading history in the detail under study can

only be determined through dynamic analysis of the complete structure. Those analyses are

generally based upon the finite element method. Thus, in this research work FE numerical models of

the approach viaducts and local finite element models of the structural details are being developed

with the ANSYS software (Alencar et al., 2016). The global model should include all the relevant

details of the structure, namely the rail track and the bracing system (Zhou et al., 2013; Caglayan et

al., 2009).

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In order to provide data related to the traffic characteristics and its effects on critical points of the

structure, a monitoring system was installed in the main span of the referred bridge (Albuquerque,

2015). In the current research project, the related monitoring system will be used to validate the

numerical models of the investigated viaduct span. Also, the fatigue performance of fatigue critical

connections can be evaluated by installed strain gauges at welded joints to compare the measured

stresses with the computed finite element stresses using advanced local concepts (Radaj et al.,

2009; Dong, 2001, Hobbacher, 2009), based on recent advanced structural stress methods, such as

the modifications over the hot spot structural stress method and the Dong method.

References Albuquerque, C. (2015). Advanced Methodologies for the Assessment of the Fatigue Behaviour of Railway Bridges. Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto.

Alencar, G., Calçada, R., Silva, J.G.S., Jesus, A.M.P., Fatigue Assessment of Approach Viaducts of the New Sado River Railway Crossing. IRF 2016 - 5th International Conference on New Trends on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, 2016, Porto.

Caglayan, B. O., Ozakgul, K., e Tezer, O. (2009). Fatigue life evaluation of a through- girder steel railway bridge. Engineering Failure Analysis, 16(3), 765–774.

Dong, P. A structural stress definition and numerical implementation for fatigue analysis of welded joints. International Journal of Fatigue, v. 23, n. 10, p. 865– 876, 2001.

Hobbacher, A. F. The new IIW recommendations for fatigue assessment of welded joints and components - A comprehensive code recently updated. International Journal of Fatigue, v. 31, n. 1, p. 50–58, 2009.

Lippi, F. V., Orlando, M., e Salvatore, W. (2011). Assessment of the dynamic and fatigue behaviour of the Panaro railway steel bridge. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 9(8), 1–15.

OEHME, P. (1989). Damage Analysis of Steel Structures. IABSE Proceedings pp. 139/89.

Reis, A., Cremer, J. M., Lothaire, A., e Lopes, N. (2010). The steel design for the new railway bridge over the River Sado in Portugal. Steel Construction, 3(4).

Radaj, D.; Sonsino, C. M.; Fricke, W. Recent developments in local concepts of fatigue assessment of welded joints. International Journal of Fatigue, v. 31, n. 1, p. 2–11, 2009.

Zhou, H., Liu, K., Shi, G., Wang, Y. Q., Shi, Y. J., e De Roeck, G. (2013). Fatigue assessment of a composite railway bridge for high speed trains. Part I: Modeling and fatigue critical details. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 82, 234–245.

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Fatigue Assessment of a Composite Steel and Concrete High-Speed Railway Bridge

by Finite Element Analysis

Gonçalo Ferreira1

1Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ([email protected]);

Author Keywords. Fatigue analysis, hot spot stress, finite element analysis

Abstract

High-speed railway bridges and viaducts are structures sensitive to fatigue and are likely to suffer

damage due to it. Cyclic loads such as those induced by the trains are therefore critical when

compared to the permanent loads. This presentation aims to evaluate the fatigue behavior of the

new Sado River railway bridge access viaduct’s welded details. A finite element model of the viaduct

is used in ANSYS to determine modal parameters - namely frequencies, modal displacements and

modal strains - which are then computed to calculate stresses, given a determined train’s load,

geometry and speed. Such method allows for a computationally efficient approach. Taking

advantage of the finite element mesh density and regularity surrounding a critical detail, it is

possible to extrapolate the value of the hotspot stress on the weld fillet toe. These values are

compared to the more typically used nominal stresses and therefore hotspot stress concentration

factors can be calculated. The main challenge is to determine what can be considered to be a

nominal stress, due to the complexity of the detail and the fact that the stress state is multi-axial.

Special attention is given to situations where the train’s actions are resonant with the viaduct,

leading to dynamic amplification of stresses. Once the stress history of the detail is known, for

different trains at varying speeds, fatigue damage can be determined in accordance to Eurocode 3

Part 1-9, applying the rainflow counting method and Palmgren-Miner’s rule.

References Alencar, G.; Calçada, R.; Silva, J.G.S.; Jesus, A.M.P. - Fatigue Assessment of Aproach Viaducts of the New Sado River Railway Crossing. Porto, Portugal: 2016. ISBN/ISSN:

ASTM, E - 1049-85 (1997),“. Standard practices for cycle counting in fatigue analysis,” in: Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Vol. 3. p. 614-620. ISSN:

EN, CEN - 1-9-Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures-Part 1-9: Fatigue. European Committee for Standardization. (2005). ISSN:

Feldmann, Markus; Eichler, Björn; Boos, Bernd; Henkel, Joachim; Mack, Benjamin - Modellierungsvarianten und Empfehlungen bei der Ermittlung von Struktur‐und Kerbspannungen auf Basis Finiter Element‐ Berechnungen. Stahlbau. Vol. 82. n.º 4 (2013). p. 289-301. ISSN: 1437-1049 Ladinek, Markus; Lang, Robert; Lener, Gerhard - Ermüdungsfestigkeit nach EN 1993‐ 1‐ 9. Stahlbau. Vol. 85. n.º 4 (2016). p. 274-280. ISSN: 1437-1049

Niemi, Erkki; Fricke, Wolfgang; Maddox, Stephen John - Fatigue analysis of welded components: Designer’s guide to the structural hot-spot stress approach. Woodhead Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 1845696662

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Yan, Fei; Chen, Weizhen; Lin, Zhibin - Prediction of fatigue life of welded details in cable-stayed orthotropic steel deck bridges. Engineering Structures. Vol. 127. (2016). p. 344-358. ISSN: 0141-0296

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Damage identification in railway bridges based on dynamic performance

indicators of the train-bridge system

Andreia Meixedo1, Rui Calçada1, Diogo Ribeiro2, João Santos3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ([email protected],

[email protected]); 2Department Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal

([email protected]), 3Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal ([email protected])

Author Keywords. Structural Health Monitoring, bridge damage detection, dynamic performance

indicators, autoregressive models, train-bridge system, soft computing

Abstract

Damage detection has been mainly performed based on visual inspection methods, with occasional application of conventional non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. However, the high dependency that modern societies have of structural and mechanical systems leads to an active field of research that aims to reduce the costs of visual inspection and maintenance. Many of these systems are currently nearing the end of their original design life. Since the replacement of these systems is not economically viable, techniques for damage detection are being developed and implemented so that these infrastructures can continue to be safely used with an operation period longer than their design service life. In addition, the design and introduction of new engineering systems often incorporates novel materials whose long-term degradation processes are not well understood. In the effort to develop more cost-effective designs, these new systems may be built with lower safety margins. The circumstances listed in the previous paragraph demand that the onset of damage in structural systems can be detected at the earliest possible time in an effort to prevent failures that can have serious life-safety and economic consequences (Farrar. & Worden, 2013). Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) represents a promising strategy in this ongoing challenge to achieve sustainable infrastructures since it has the potential to identify structural damage before it becomes critical (Santos, 2014). Particularly, the maintenance of bridges is central to the structural integrity and cost- effectiveness of any transportation system and therefore early damage detection plays a central role in any maintenance programme (Obrien, 2013). However, in the case of railway infrastructures, their intense use by frequent and heavy traffic makes the task of detection and possible repair of damaged sections problematic. Early warning systems that minimize the disruption of the network are desirable and useful (Cantero & Base, 2015, Huang et al., 2012). Although, today, many bridges are monitored using sophisticated measurement systems employing hundreds of sensors, the truth is these systems generate large amounts of data and it is often difficult to detect early damage (Cavadas et al, 2013). There is thus a need for data interpretation techniques that provide reliable information to assist engineers in structural management. In this sense, the prime goal of this ongoing thesis is to review, develop and apply vibration-based damage identification methodologies capable of automatically extracting compact meaningful information related to the railway bridges’ condition, from the great amounts of SHM data acquired nowadays from monitored structures. The idea is to take advantage of the fact that vehicles of known axle configuration cross the bridge regularly, that normally only one train is on the bridge at a time and that the positioning of the loads does not change. Additionally, it is important to develop a methodology capable of detecting damage based on responses that can be measured without interfering with the normal service condition of the structure. The revision of the SHM literature has allowed to conclude that the SHM techniques which are

mailto:([email protected]

DCE17 | 2nd



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more appropriate to fulfil this goal are those based in statistical learning, particularly the forward SHM techniques. In this sense, robust, generic and adaptive algorithms for damage sensitive feature extraction and selection based on autoregressive models have been developed, as well as techniques for feature classification. On the other hand, according to the literature, vibration-based damage detection procedures will not be feasible without robust algorithms that are capable of normalizing the effect of operational and environmental variations in the measured data. Thus, data normalization algorithms derived from the machine learning field, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Auto Associative Neural networks (AANN), have also been focused in this dissertation. In order to identify damage based on the bridge’s responses during train passages, a monitoring system will be installed at the Alcácer do Sal bridge during approximately one year. The information obtained will allow validating the developed methodology in a real-world case study. Finally, based on numerical and experimental studies, it is intended to establish recommendations and to propose plans for continuous monitoring of railway bridges, which can support decision-making for infrastructures’ managers, with impact on reducing inspection and maintenance costs and increasing safety.

References Cantero, SD. & Base, B. 2015. Railway infrastructure damage detection using wavelet transformed acceleration response of traversing vehicle, Structural Control Health Monitoring, 22: 62-70.

Cavadas, F., Smith, I.F.C. & Figueiras, J. 2013. Damage detection using data-driven methods applied to moving-load responses. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 39(1-2), pp.409–425.

Farrar, C. & Worden, K. 2013. Structural Health Monitoring – A machine learning approach, 1st ed, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK.

Huang Q., Gardoni, P. & Hurlebaus, S. 2012. A probabilistic damage detection approach using vibration-based nondestructive testing, Structural Safety, 38, 11- 21.

Obrien, E., Keenahan, J. 2013. Investigating the Use of Moving Force Identification Theory in Bridge Damage Detection, Key Engineering Materials.

Santos JP. 2014. Smart structural health monitoring techniques for novelty identification in civil engineering structures, PhD Thesis, Instituto Superior Técnico – University of Lisbon.

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Advances on the use of non-destructive techniques for mechanical

characterization of stone masonry

Rachel Martini1, Jorge Carvalho2, António Arêde3, Humberto Varum4

1PhD student, CONSTRUCT-LESE – Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Portugal, [email protected], 2Assistant Professor, CERENA – Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Portugal, [email protected], 3Associate

Professor, CONSTRUCT-LESE – Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Portugal, [email protected], 4Full Professor, CONSTRUCT-LESE – Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Portugal, [email protected]

Author Keywords. Ground penetrating radar, sonic test, dynamic test, numerical model, mechanical

parameters, correlation.

Abstract

The main aim of the present work is to identify the correlation between mechanical parameters of

different types of stone masonry and non-destructive tests’ (NDTs’) results. For that purpose,

heritage constructions’ characterization using NDT is proposed in this research in order of to obtain

mechanical parameters (McCann & Forde 2001; Pérez-Gracia et al. 2013). Essentially, this paper is

focused on the application of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), sonic tests and dynamic

identification techniques, all combined with numerical modeling. Complementarily, uniaxial

compression tests were performed on stone masonry wallets and values were obtained for both the

compressive strength, Modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio.

The granitic stone masonry wallets were built in November 2014. After construction and curing, a

GPR survey was performed. The differences identified in the radargrams GPR (attenuation

parameters, wave propagation velocity and dielectric constant of the material) are compared with

the results obtained in the others NDT (Leucci et al. 2011; Hemeda 2012). Using sonic test

techniques, direct and indirect, it is possible to obtain the wave propagation velocities of P, R and S,

which allow calculating values of Poisson’s ratio, Modulus of elasticity and shear modulus, to

characterize the material. The results were obtained and plotted in maps of velocities throughout

the wall surfaces (Anzani et al. 2006). The dynamic test setup comprised accelerometers positioning

on predefined points in the masonry samples, from which time- accelerations records were

obtained in the vertical, longitudinal and transversal directions. Modal analysis of the samples can

provide relevant information, such as the analytical value of the Modulus of elasticity. All the data

records were processed resorting to ARTeMIS Extractor program, from which the natural

frequencies were identified and the respective modal shapes were characterized (Mazzon et al.

2013).

For each stone masonry wallet built in laboratory, two types of numerical models were made using

the ANSYS finite element software. In the first model two different types of materials were

considered, including granite stone blocks and mortar, with due attention to contact surfaces

between stone blocks. In the second model, it was considered a general block corresponding to the

entire wall, composed of only one material (Diamanti et al. 2008).

The three NDTs used presented coherent and related results, one technique corroborating the

results of the others. In this way, it is emphasized that the synergy of the tests provides more

coherent results for future correlations with the mechanical data. The correlation between

mechanical parameters and NDTs’ results will be investigated resorting to artificial neural networks’

techniques (ANN), which is the next step of this work.

mailto:[email protected]


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References

Anzani, A. et al., 2006. Use of Sonic and GPR Tests to Control the Effectiveness of Grout Injections of

Stone Masonry. ECNDT, 3(figure 1), pp.1–7.

Diamanti, N., Giannopoulos, A. & Forde, M.C., 2008. Numerical modelling and experimental

verification of GPR to investigate ring separation in brick masonry arch bridges. NDT & E

International, 41(5), pp.354–363. Available at:

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0963869508000054 [Accessed January 6, 2015].

Hemeda, S., 2012. Ground penetrating radar investigations for architectural heritage preservation of

the Habib Sakanini Palace, Cairo, Egypt. International Journal of Conservation Science, 3(3), pp.153–

162. Leucci, G. et al., 2011. GPR and sonic tomography for structural restoration: the case of the

cathedral of Tricarico. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 8(3), pp.S76– S92. Available at:

http://stacks.iop.org/1742-2140/8/i=3/a=S08?key=crossref.0279baca2d1112f4c3f218d3f19541eb

[Accessed December 1, 2014].

Mazzon, N. et al., 2013. Dynamic modal identification of strengthened three-leaf stone masonry walls

subjected to out-of-plane shaking table tests. XV Convegno Nazionale “L’Ingegneria Sismica in Italia” -

ANIDIS, (September).

McCann, D.. & Forde, M.., 2001. Review of NDT methods in the assessment of concrete and masonry

structures. NDT & E International, 34(2), pp.71–84.

Pérez-Gracia, V. et al., 2013. Non-destructive analysis in cultural heritage buildings: Evaluating the

Mallorca cathedral supporting structures. NDT & E International, 59, pp.40–47. Available at:

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0963869513000789 [Accessed November 27, 2014].

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0963869508000054

http://stacks.iop.org/1742-

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0963869513000789

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Seismic behaviour of infilled RC structures

André Furtado1A, Hugo Rodrigues2, António Arêde1B, Humberto Varum1C

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (A: [email protected]; B:

[email protected]; C: [email protected]); 2RISCO, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria,

Leiria, Portugal ([email protected])

Author Keywords. Masonry infill walls, out-of-plane, in-plane, seismic behaviour, experimental testing,

numerical modelling.

Abstract

In recent years, increased interest is denoted in studying the infill masonry (IM) walls’ influence in

the seismic response of existing buildings, which can be favourable or not, depending on several

phenomena, detailing aspects and mechanical properties, namely the relative stiffness and strength

between frames and masonry walls, the type or lack of connection between masonry and

surrounding structures, etc (Vicente, Rodrigues et al. 2012, Romão, A.A.Costa et al. 2013, Furtado,

Costa et al. 2016).

From surveys on damaged and collapsed RC buildings in recent earthquakes many buildings having

suffered severe damage or collapse exhibited poor performance due to IM panels. It is observed

that in-plane (IP) behaviour of IM can prevent the development of out-of-plane (OOP) strength

mechanisms by arching effect. By contrast, in most cases the major damages were found in non-

structural elements, particularly in clay IM, including diagonal cracking, out-of-plane collapse or

detachment of surrounding RC frames (the latter taking place in early earthquake instants) due to

absence of or deficient connection to that frames. These damage types often require high

investments, either for the repair process or for demolition and reconstruction, resulting in

economic problems related with interdiction of building use.

Several authors reported that the OOP performance and capacity of IM walls can be strongly

influenced by the following issues: connection between the panel and surrounding RC frames;

connection between the internal and external leaves (in the case of two-leaf IM walls); insufficient

support width due to constructive procedures adopted for thermal bridges’ prevention and, last but

not the least, the existence of previous in-plane damages (Furtado, Rodrigues et al. 2016, Furtado,

Rodrigues et al. 2016, Furtado, Rodrigues et al. 2017).

Moreover, IM walls OOP collapse can also introduce plan and/or height vertical stiffness irregularity

which can induce formation of mechanisms such soft-storey or torsion, likely to originate building

collapse. Taking into account the lack of experimental studies conducted during the last years

regarding this behaviour and considering, in particular, the common use of hollow clay bricks with

horizontal perforation in Portugal, it is of utmost importance to validate some proposed retrofitting

strategies in the literature and develop new ones to improve the OOP behaviour and prevent the

collapse of these IM walls’ types.

The present manuscript pretends to draw an overview of a research work that include the infills

OOP performance based on experimental tests and numerical modelling results.

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References Furtado, A., C. Costa, A. Arêde and H. Rodrigues (2016). "Geometric characterisation of Portuguese

RC buildings with masonry infill walls." European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering: pp.

1-16.

Furtado, A., H. Rodrigues, A. Arêde and H. Varum (2016). "Experimental evaluation of out-of-plane

capacity of masonry infill walls." Engineering Structures 111: 48-63. Furtado, A., H. Rodrigues, A.

Arêde and H. Varum (2016). "Simplified macro-model for infill masonry walls considering the out-

of-plane behaviour." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 45(4): 507-524.

Furtado, A., H. Rodrigues, A. Arêde and H. Varum (2017). "Modal identification of infill masonry

walls with different characteristics." Engineering Structures 145: 118- 134.

Romão, X., A.A.Costa, E. Paupério, H. Rodrigues, R. Vicente, H. Varum and A. Costa (2013). "Field

observations and interpretation of the structural performance of constructions after the 11 May

2011Lorca earthquake." Eng. Fail. Anal. 34: 670-692. Vicente, R., H. Rodrigues, H. Varum, A. Costa

and R. Mendes da Silva (2012). "Performance of masonry enclosure walls: lessons learned from

recent earthquakes." Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 11(1): 23-34.

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Numerical Modelling of Hydraulic Jumps. The Crestuma dam study case.

Andreia Moreira1, Francisco Taveira-Pinto2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ([email protected]); 2Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Portugal ([email protected])

Author Keywords. Dams, Numerical models, CFD, Hydraulic jump, RANS models.

Abstract

In the last decades, the connexion between the design of major infrastructures by civil engineers

and the use of numerical tools has become closer. To date, with recent advances in computational

and numerical techniques, new design tools are being develop to assess rapidly varied flows. If an

appropriate numerical model is used, one can get valuable flow information about, e.g. pressure,

velocities and streamline patterns. Owing to the predictable computer technology improvement, it

is anticipated that CFD models will be routinely used for concept and upgrade studies of dams in

future, along with physical models. In this investigation, the application of a commercially available

CFD model to investigate the main flow characteristics of the hydraulic jump in the stilling basin of

Crestuma dam is addressed. This real study case was previously investigated in the Hydraulics

Laboratory of FEUP by Lopes (2005), with the construction of a scaled physical model. This

experimental study provided the discharge rate curves and the gates for various hydraulic

conditions and gate positions, as well as, data on flow velocities and water depths which are used as

baseline for validation of the numerical model.

To compute the discharge rate curves, a 2D model was set-up, which results showed a good

agreement with the experimental ones. To obtain a more realistic description of the phenomena

under investigation, a 3D model was built in a subsequent part of the study. Figure 1 shows a 3D

view of the free-surface. The plot is coloured according to cell’s velocity. Generally, the 3D nature of

the velocity field was well captured by the numerical model, in particular, the vortices associated

with the hydraulic jump and the influence of the pier in the flow field downstream of it. The free-

surface and velocity profiles showed a good agreement, despite some differences observed. The

oscillatory nature of the hydraulic jump formed under the studied conditions may be pointed out as

one of the possible reasons.

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Figure 1. 3D view of the free-surface flow in the 3D numerical model of Crestuma dam.

References

Lopes, A. 2005. Dissipação de energia em estruturas hidráulicas assentes sobre leitos móveis, Tese de Mestrado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Porto, Portugal (in Portuguese).

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Mechanical damage under repeated loading of geosynthetics used in the base

liner system of waste landfills

Ana Cláudia Brás1, José Ricardo Carneiro2, Maria de Lurdes Lopes3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ([email protected]); 2Construct-Geo, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ([email protected]), 3Construct-Geo, Faculty of

Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ([email protected])

Author Keywords. Geosynthetics, waste landfills, mechanical damage

Abstract

The landfill liner systems are designed to avoid soil and groundwater contamination. Without proper containment, the waste (and resulting leachates) would be in contact with the surrounding environment, which could have a negative impact on human health. The base liner systems of municipal landfills are often formed by a combination of some geosynthetics: a geosynthetic clay liner, a geomembrane and a geotextile. Over the base liner system it is placed a granular drainage layer. Regarding the geosynthetics typically used in the base liner system of municipal landfills, the geosynthetic clay liners are composite materials (typically consisting of a layer of bentonite supported by two geotextiles) that act as hydraulic barriers, while geomembranes are relatively impermeable sheets used as barriers to liquids and/or gases. The geotextiles are permeable materials that can be used to separate, reinforce, protect, drain or filter. However, their main function when part of a base liner system of a landfill is to protect the geomembrane from punctures or tears induced by the constituent particles of the overlying granular layer. The installation process can induce some damage on the geosynthetics, provoking unwanted changes in their physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties. For the correct application of geosynthetics, these changes must be properly quantified and accounted in the design phase. The damage that occurs during installation (like cuts in fibres or other components, formation of holes, abrasion or reduction in mechanical resistance) is principally caused by handling the materials and by the placement and compaction of backfills over them. The evaluation of installation damage can be carried out by field damage tests (installation under real conditions and immediate recovery of the materials for analysis) or by laboratory tests that simulate the damaging actions (for example, the test described in EN ISO 10722). This work studies the effect of mechanical damage under repeated loading on the behaviour of geosynthetics used in base liner systems of municipal landfills. For that purpose, the geosynthetics (a combination of a geosynthetic clay liner, a geomembrane and a geotextile) were submitted to mechanical damage tests with different granular materials (tests adapted from EN ISO 10722). The tests were conducted in a prototype equipment developed at the Faculty of Engineering of Porto University. The equipment was constituted by a container (rigid metal box where the geosynthetics and granular materials were placed), a loading plate and a compression machine.

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The mechanical damage tests consisted in placing the geosynthetics between a rigid or flexible base and a granular material and submitting them to dynamic loading between (5 ± 0.5) kPa and (500 ± 10) kPa at the frequency of 1 Hz for 200 cycles. The granular materials used in the mechanical damage tests included a gravel, a recycled ceramic aggregate and corundum (aggregate used in the method described in EN ISO 10722). The geosynthetics tested included a geosynthetic clay liner, a 2 mm geomembrane and two geotextiles with different masses per unit area (in order to evaluate their protection efficiency). The damage occurred in the geosynthetics (during the mechanical damage tests) was evaluated qualitatively (by visual inspection) and quantitatively (using reference tests and comparing the properties obtained for the damaged samples with those obtained for undamaged ones). The reference tests included tensile tests, tearing tests (only for the geomembrane) and static puncture tests. The main goals of the work were (1) the evaluation of the effect of different aggregates on the damage suffered by the geosynthetics, (2) comparison of the damage induced by the gravel and recycled ceramic aggregate with the damage provoked by corundum (standard aggregate), (3) evaluation of the influence of the foundation (rigid/flexible) on the damage suffered by the geosynthetics and (4) evaluation of the protection efficiency provided by different geotextiles (with different masses per unit area) to the geomembrane.

References

EN ISO 10722. 2007. Geosynthetics – Index text procedure for the evaluation of mechanical damage under repeated loading. Damage caused by granular material. Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007457, funded by FEDER funds through “COMPETE 2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI)” and by national funds through “FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”. J.R. Carneiro would also like to thank “FCT” for the research grant SFRH/BPD/88730/2012 (grant supported by POPH/POCH/FSE funding).

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Functionalized Asphalt Mixtures: Photocatalytic, Superhydrophobic and Self-

cleaning Properties

I.Rocha Segundo1, C. Ferreira2, E. Freitas3, J. O. Carneiro4, F. Fernandes5, S. Landi6 1Civil Engineering Department, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal ([email protected]); 2Civil

Engineering Department, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal ([email protected]); 3Civil Engineering Department, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal ([email protected]); 4Physics Department, University of

Minho, Guimarães, Portugal ([email protected]); 5Physics Department, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal ([email protected]), 6Physics Department, University of

Minho, Guimarães, Portugal ([email protected]).

Author Keywords. Photocatalysis, Superhydrophobic, Self- cleaning, Asphalt mixtures.

Abstract Functionalization of asphalt mixtures provides new capabilities that can mitigate problems like air

pollution and road accidents. In this research, TiO2 and ZnO were deposited by aqueous solution

spraying over the surface of asphalt mixture samples in order to promote the photocatalytic,

superhydrophobic and self-cleaning capabilities. Tested by Degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and

by Water Contact Angle, this technique could be used to promote these multifunctional capabilities

in asphalt mixtures. It promotes road safety and pollutants degradation like NOx and SO2.

References Arabzadeh, Ali, Halil Ceylan, Sunghwan Kim, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, and Alireza Sassani.

2016. “Superhydrophobic Coatings on Asphalt Concrete Surfaces.” Transportation Research Record:

Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2551 (April): 10–17. doi:10.3141/2551-02.

Carneiro, J. O., S. Azevedo, V. Teixeira, F. Fernandes, E. Freitas, H. Silva, and J. Oliveira. 2013.

“Development of Photocatalytic Asphalt Mixtures by the Deposition and Volumetric Incorporation

of TiO2 Nanoparticles.” Construction and Building Materials 38. Elsevier Ltd: 594–601.

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.005.

Muzenski, Scott, Ismael Flores-Vivian, and Konstantin Sobolev. 2015. “Hydrophobic Engineered

Cementitious Composites for Highway Applications.” Cement and Concrete Composites 57.Elsevier

Ltd: 68–74. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.12.009.

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Clustering Analysis of Rural Traffic Accidents, Case study: Shahrud-Sabzevar

Road, Iran

Mohammad Sadegh Bahadori 1, Afshin Famili 2

1Ph.D. Student in Transportation System (MIT Portugal), Faculty of Civil Engineering, IST- University of Lisbon, Portugal, and member of Construction Engineering Organization of Khorasan Razavi, Iran. ([email protected]).

2Ph.D. Student at the Transportation, Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

([email protected]).

Author Keywords. Traffic accidents, Clustering analysis, Nearest neighbor algorithm, K-means analysis,

Safety.

Abstract

This research aims to conduct clustering analysis of fatal, injury and non-injury accidents with SPSS

software. Accidents data, obtained from Semnan road police, was taken into hierarchical clustering

and K-mean analysis. Clustering is done based on the nearest neighbor algorithm which clusters are

measured based on Euclidean distance. Dendrogram and tree diagram of fatal, injury and non-injury

accidents in this route are achieved within the hierarchical analysis. Center of clusters are calculated

in K- means analysis with assumption of five cluster for fatal accidents and 10 clusters for injury and

non-injury accidents. Results of hierarchical analysis show that 65, 159, 156 Km are first cluster in

fatal, injury and non-injury accidents respectively. Analysis of fatal accidents with K-means

algorithm shows that clusters with center of 78.143 and

109.75 have highest number of accidents.

Figure 4: Classification of clustering analysis

Single Ring Square Error Graph theory

Fixed

Search mode

Full Ring Average K maximum

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Damage accidents Injury accidents Fatal accident

12-14 KM 90-92 KM 143-145 KM Very high accident-proneness

9-11 KM 119-121 KM 109-110 KM high accident-proneness

37-39 KM 152-154 KM 66-68 KM accident-proneness

Table 8: Analysis of the accident full priority-based classification with the average K analysis

References

Banfield J. D. and A. E. Raftery. 1993. “Model-based Gaussian and non-Gaussian clustering”,

Biometrics, No. 49, pp. 803–821.

Blower, D., Campbell, K. and Green, P. 1993. “Accident rates for heavy truck-tractors in Michigan”,

Accident Analysis and Prevention, No. 25 (3), pp. 307-321.

Ceder, A. and Livneh, M. 1982. “Relationships between road accidents and hourly traffic flow”,

Accident Analysis and Prevention, No. 14 (1), pp. 19-34.

Foldvary, L. 1979. “Road accident involvement per miles travelled”, Accident Analysis and

Prevention, No. 11, pp. 75-99.

Huang, Z. 1998. “Extensions to the k-means algorithm for clustering large data sets with categorical

values”, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, No. 2, pp. 283– 304.

Juan de Oña, Griselda López, Randa Mujalli, Francisco J. Calvo. 2013. “Analysis of traffic accidents on

rural highways using Latent Class Clustering and Bayesian Networks” Volume 51, Pages 1–10,

Accident Analysis & Prevention, Elsevier.

Jovanis, P. and J. Delleur. 1983. “Exposure-based analysis of motor vehicle accidents”,

Transportation Research Record, No. 910, pp. 1-7.

Kaufman, L. and P.J. Rousseeuw. 1990. “Finding groups in data: An introduction to cluster analysis”,

Wiley, New York.

Landau S and Everitt BS. 2014. “A Handbook of statistical analysis of using SPSS”, Chapman &

Hall/CRC.

Nassar, S. 1996. “Integrated Road Accident Risk Model, Ph.D. Thesis”, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). 2010. USA. Norusis M. 2016.

SPSS 15.0 Statistical Procedures Companion. Prentice Hall. Maintenance and Road

Transport Organization, 2017. Iran.

Oppe, S. 1979. “The use of multiplicative models for analysis of road safety data”, Accident Analysis

and Prevention, No.11, pp. 101-115.

Wishart D. 2016. “ClustanGraphics Primer, A guide to cluster analysis”, 4th . Edition, Edinburgh,

Scotland: Cluster Limited.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2017. Report.

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Proposal of a Risk Management System in a Non-profit Organization in the City

of Porto Jair Santillán Saldivar1

1Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP). 4200-465 Porto, Portugal, [email protected]

Author Keywords. Risk assessment, Non-profit Organization, Internal Audit

Abstract Purpose: Risk is an abstract concept, it is commonly described as an event than has the potential

to prevent an individual to achieve an objective or to maintain a certain state; decisions regarding

risks are made on a daily basis with an internal evaluation and assessment of the consequences of

taking them, these consequences are normally associated with a negative impact but can also be

seen as opportunities. From an organizational point of view, risk is directly associated with its

economic component, but the application of the concept in an organization can provide a

framework in which these events can be identified and not necessarily eliminated to guarantee a

continuous development and innovation.

The immediate challenge is to understand how to treat these risks, an effective risk management

is strategic and a key to guarantee sustainability among all areas of an organization. The present

project aims to develop tools based on risk management concepts that will help a non-profit

organization on the identification, analysis and treatment of risks associated with its activities on

different areas of action in the city of Porto.

Methods: The International Standards for Risk Management (ISO 31000 family) and the guidelines

provided by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO)

were considered in order to design and propose a risk management system for the analyzed non-

profit organization.

Data acquisition was performed at one of the main establishments owned by the organization that

provides medical services to the community, it was developed an inventory with relevant assets to

be analyzed and a risks catalogue related to them. The proposed system was tested within the

context of the mentioned service in order to provide a basis for the development of specific

measures, control systems and contingency plans for each identified risk.

Results: Overall results provide a base for the prioritizing of risks in all areas of the mentioned

establishment and a foundation for replication of this system in other areas and services of the

non-profit organization. It was possible to develop a database of assets and their risks that can be

used in further analysis or consulted as part of the addition of new operations in the establishment.

Conclusions: Despite the existence of several risks associated with the sector in which the non-

profit organization works and specific relevant risks to the management of a medical

establishment; a complete and detailed analysis of the operations through the proposed system

resulted on a solid risk management program that, if followed and applied correctly, guarantees a

continuous development of the daily activities and operations. Further replication of the proposed

model in other areas of action has the potential to maintain a constant growth and take advantage

of possible opportunities to guarantee the sustainability of the organization as a whole.

References Berkowitz, Sandra (2001), “Enterprise Risk Management and The Healthcare Risk Manager”,

Journal of Healthcare Risk Management, Vol.21.


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Comissão de Normalização Contabilística (CNC, 2017), “Código de Contas”. URL: < http://www.cnc.min-financas.pt/>

Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO, 1992), Internal Control - Integrated Framework.

Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO, 2004), Enterprise Risk Management - Integrated

Framework, Executive Summary.

Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO, 2012), Risk Assessment in Practice. Committee of

Sponsoring Organizations (COSO, 2013), 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework.

Crouhy, Michel, Dan Galai, and Robert Mark. 2006. The essentials of risk management. New York:

McGraw-Hill.

Grant Purdy (2010),”ISO 31000:2009 - Setting a New Standard for Risk Management”, Risk

Analysis, Vol. 30, No 6, pp 881-886.

ISO Guide 73:2009 (ISO, 2009a), Risk management – Vocabulary. International Organization for Standardization; 2009.

ISO31000:2009 (ISO 2009b), Risk management - Principles and guidelines. International Organization for Standardization; 2009.

ISO14040:2006 (ISO 2006a), Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Principles and

framework. International Organization for Standardization; 2006.

ISO14040:2006 (ISO 2006b), Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Requirements

and guidelines. International Organization for Standardization; 2006.

Miller, Kent D. (1992), “A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International Business”,

Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 311-331.

Moore, P.G. (1983), “The Business of Risk”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Porto (SCMP; 2017a). URL: <www.scmp.pt>. Portal Da Saúde da

Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Porto (SCMP; 2017b). URL:<www.scmp.pt>.

The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) (2009), “IIA Position Paper: The role of internal auditing in

enterprise-wide risk management”.

The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) e The Risk & Insurance Management Society (RIMS) (2012),

“Risk Management and Internal Audit: Forging a Collaborative Alliance”.

The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation (IIARF) (2011), “Internal Auditing’s Role in

Risk Management”.

Thompson, Rose M. (2013), “A Conceptual Framework of Potential Conflicts with the Role of the

Internal Auditor in Enterprise Risk Management”, Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 2, No. 3.

Williams, Roger; Boudewijn Bertsch; Barrie Dale; Ton van der Wiele; Jos van Iwaarden; Mark

Smith; Rolf Visser (2006),"Quality and risk management: what are the key issues?”, The TQM

Magazine, Vol. 18 Iss: 1 pp. 67 – 86.

http://www.cnc.min-financas.pt/

http://www.scmp.pt/

http://www.scmp.pt/

http://www.scmp.pt/

| 20

A

Alencar, Guilherme .......................................... 1 Arêde, Antonio ............................................. 7,9

B

Bahadori, Mohammad Sadegh ...................... 16 Brás, Ana Cláudia. .......................................... 13

C

Calçada, Rui .................................................. 1,5 Carneiro, Joaquim ......................................... 15 Carneiro, José Ricardo ................................... 13 Carvalho, Jorge ................................................ 7

D

de Jesus, Abílio ................................................ 1

F

Famili, Afshin ................................................. 16 Fernandes, Filipa ........................................... 15 Ferreira, Cristiano .......................................... 15 Freitas, Elisabete ........................................... 15 Furtado, André ................................................ 9

L

Landi, Salmon ................................................ 15 Lopes, Maria De Lurdes ................................. 13

M

Martini, Rachel ................................................ 7 Meixedo, Andreia ............................................ 5 Moreira, Andreia ........................................... 11

P

Pinto, Francisco ............................................. 31

R

Ribeiro, Diogo ................................................. 5 Rocha Segundo, Iran ..................................... 15 Rodrigues, Hugo .............................................. 9

S

S. Da Silva, José Guilherme ............................. 1 Santillán Saldivar, Jair ................................... 18 Santos, João .................................................... 5

V

Varum, Humberto ........................................ 7,9

ISBN: 978-972-752-217-0

www.fe.up.pt/dce17

dce@fe .up.pt

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