American Mineralogist, Volame 60, pages 164-171, 1975

BOOK REVIEWS

STABLE MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES OF IGNEOUSROCKS-A METHOD OF CALCULATION. By AlfredRittmann, with contribution by V. Gottini, W. Hewers,H. Pichler, and R. Stengelin. Springer-Verlag, 1973. 262pages. $31.20.

For more than thirty years Alfred Rittmann has beenconcerned with the nomenclature and classification ofigneous rocks, and especially with the relationship betweenthe mode and the chemical composition of volcanic rocks.In this book he proposes a system for calculating realisticassemblages of complex minerals whose compositions andproportions closely approach those actually found inigneous rocks that have crystallized slowly enough to main-tain chemical equilibrium. One may calculate, in Rittmann'sterms, a "dry" or "wet" volcanic facies, a "dry" or "wet"plutonic facies, a carbonatite facies, and even variousmixed facies. Calculated assemblages for each facies areexpressed in volume percent and are intended for use inany modal scheme of classification, although the QAPFdouble triangle of A. Streckeisen is obvio'usly preferred.Rittmann feels strongly, however, that magma types shouldbe desigaated by names of volcanic rocks on1y, rather thanby those of plutonics, the magmatic origin of which maybe in doubt. The system is not intended for strongly alteredrocks or for certain ultramafic rocks such as dunites,pyroxenites, and peridotites, for which no volcanic equiv-alents are known. Rittmann does suggest, however, some"probable" assemblages for these rocks.

In Th. G. Sahama's preface and in three short contribu-tions by Rittmann's coworkers, the term Rittmann normis frequently used. Nowhere in the book, however, doesRittmann, himself, refer to his method of calculation as anorm. Indeed, the system he proposes is more nearly akinto the apportioning of cations to a mode, but with fixedrules arrived at empirically. In other words, the intent ofthe calculation scheme is to closely approach what themode should be for a given stable assemblage; hopefullythe calculation will indicate accurately the proportionsof the various phases, if not their precise compositions.Instead of generating only simple stoichiometric compoundsthe system uses average compositions of actual minerals,in large part from Deer, Howie, and Zussman. The mineralcompositions, however, do not necessarily remain constantfor all rocks, but may vary with the rock type accordingto various proportionality and discriminatory factors deter-mined from "statistical evaluation" of petrographic andchemical data. Thus, while olivines, sillimanite, and min-erals of the sodalite group remain stoichiometric throughoutthe calculation, clinopyroxenes, amphiboles, and biotites arevariable, depending on such rock factors as silica saturation,alkali ratio, magnesium to iron ratio, and titanium con-tent. Feldspars are dependent on constituents remainingafter formation of clinopyroxene or amphibole and biotite;some potassium may enter plagioclase and some calcium

may enter sanidine or anorthoclase, again depending onempirically derived factors.

To facilitate the calculations, the oxide weight per-centages given in a rock analysis are transformed intonumbers of atoms in the manner proposed by Nigeli (1936)and elaborated by Barth (1952) and Eskola (1954); i.e.,tho oxides are divided by molecular or half molecularweights depending on whether an oxide contains one or twopositive ions. Following the sequence of the C.I.P.W.norm, the positive atoms are then distributed among satu-rated silicates and accessory minerals without regard to theavailable amount of Si; hence AQ = Si - Si*. This"saturated norm" seryes as the basis for the Rittmanncalculation of the stable assemblages for all facies ofigneous rocks. Clinopyroxenes and hornblendes, for ex-ample, are expressed as various proportions of the norma-tivo minerals Il, Or, Ab, An, Wo, Hy, aQ; these haveno fixed ratios, but instead are apportioned according tovarious discriminatory factors. Rittmann's approach hasbeen to plot data in diagrams and, by a kind of trial anderror method, find approximate relations between thecomposition of the rock and the corresponding clino-pyroxene or amphibole. While the real compositions of theminerals cannot be obtained accurately in this way, hefeels the approximation obtained from the plots is sufficientto distinguish between augite, pigeonite, and titanaugite,for example, or between common hornblende, hastingsite,and kaersutite.

Biotite is expressed by one of three partially fixed ratiosof normative constituents, depending on whether the satu-rated norm of the rock contains sillimanite, (An * Wo),or acmite. Muscovite is expressed by a single, fixed formula,i .e., l0O Ms - 61 Or I 12 Ab + 40 Si l ' - 13Q, as ismelanire, i.e., ll Melanite - Il * An * 8 Wo + 3 Hy -

2Q. The components of melilites are looked upon as de-silicated components of pyroxene; hence, the calculationof melilite is based on the conversion of already calculatedclinopyroxene.

While most of the factors and field boundaries used inthe calculations are supposedly derived from statisticallyevaluated data, much of the statistical treatment and mostof the data sources are not revealed in the text. Commonlythe author merely states that "the best relation found isthe following .", or "available data have shown ,"or ". can be expressed with sufficient approximationby . . . ," or simply, 'non average." In attempting to performactual calculations, I found this lack of substantiation ratherdisconcerting. It shows up even in minor aspects of thecalculation, such as how the factors for converting atomsto volume percent were determined. Why, for example,is the same factor used for all plagioclases, and for allpyroxenes, when in reality these minerals can have a widerange in specific gravity which should be reflected in thevolume factor?

The book contains 57 pages of Keys lor Calculntion

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BOOK REYIEWS 165

of the various facies, and 42 pages are devoted to samplecalculations of 12 analyses representing a wide range ofrock types. An additional 12 pages are devoted to thecalculation of "Probable Mineral Assemblages of Ultra-mafic Rocks" in the "wet" and "dry" plutonic and eclogitefacies. An appendix lists some 50 operational symbols andtheir definitions; unfortunately the listing is not complete,and at least three of the definitions are in error. Theappendix also contains a listing of equations of fieldboundaries shown on the 27 diagrams and graphs used inthe Keys lor Calculation These equations were us€d byStengelin and Hewers in computerizing the calculationscheme.

Unfortunately, there are numerous errors throughout thebook that should have been caught in proof stage. In fact,errors are so glaring and so numerous that it seems un-likely that any serious review of a galley proof was under-taken. Some of the errors have almost certainly beencarried over from the manuscript stage. A few of theerrors that could cause confusion should be mentioned.On p. 23, under Basrc Principles, the composition of aclinopyroxene has been expressed by structural formula,by oxide components, and by mineral symbols; the lattertwo are in error, both numerically and by the omission ofilmenite. On p. 32 the expression for alkaline rocks shouldread Al less than (Na + K), and (Fe * Na * K -Al - Ti)should read (Fe * Al - Na - K - Ti); the factor a usedin this section should not be confused with a - Ac/Ac *Hy * Wo; this last expression is commonly used in figurecaptions and in the text and Keys lor Calculation with Woomitted. On p. 50 the ilmenite component has been omittedfrom two of the three biotite formulae, and on the samepage the expression for u should show An rather than AQin the numerator; this same error appears throughout thetext and even in the list of symbols in the appendix, butfortunately not in the Keys lor Calculation. On p. 52,Table 13, the value AQ is in error for all 24 of the calciumamphiboles; this could prove most disconcerting to oneworking with cation norms for the first time. On p. 54 thethree "less than" and "greater than" symbols pertaining to0.75 Hy should be reversed, and the saturated norm forCa-amphiboles should show -Q rather than *Q. Skippingto the first sample calculation under Examples on pages147 and, 142, at least eight errors have been found, six ofwhich are probably typographic. The symbol H, used incalculating hornblendes, appears in three of the samplecalculations, but nowhere is H discussed in the text, nor isit in the list of symbols. The symbol H does appear in theKeys for Calculation (Key 3, Step 18), but is defined asH ,- 5 Wo, which is obviously incorrect.

A listing of errors from some 50 pages of the book hasbeen sent to the author. To those who have already pur-chased the book, I suggest they write to Rittmann for a listof corrections.

Some of the minerals that result from the sample calcu-lations 4ppear to be questionable. In example 8 on p. 165,a rock whose chemical composition is that of a nephelinebasanite has been calculated in the "wet" plutonic facies toproduce a hornblendite containing 81 percent hastingsiteand almost 4 p€rcent quartz. A structural formula of thehastingsite, based on 16 cations, shows only 5.88 Si, which

seems rather low for a rock with free silica. The structuralformula also shows only 1.58 Ca but 1.22 (Na a K). TheCa seems low for a hornblende in a theoretically stableassemblage containing both sphene and hypersthene; itseems more likely the hornblende would contain an ac-tinolite cornponent, i.e., 6 Trt * 14 Hy -> 15 Act + 4 Il

+ Q, with excess alkali appo.rtioned to a more albiticplagioclase.

An even more questionable result appears in example 9on page 771. Here a leucite tephrite has been calculatedfor the plutonic facies, producing a hornblende melanitemonzosyenite. A structural formula of the hornblende(hastingsite) shows only 1.26 Ca, but 0.87 K, and 0.55Na-a rather unusual hastingsite. I would suggest thatmelanite be reduced to add Ca to the hornblende. andbiotite be increased to reduce K in the hornblende.

I found the calculation scheme to be rather cumbersome,chiefly because of the need to constantly refer to nomogramsto determine the next step. Almost certainly thE schemecould be simplified for use with modern electronic calcu-lators.

An example of computer print-out is shown on page 222;only the volume percentages of the phases are printed. Asmost of the calculated constituents are not stoichiometric,I feel it is imperative that the print-out show the cationpercentages of the phases as well as the cation distributionamong the phases; otherwise it is impossible to determinethe validity of the calculations or to think intelligentlyabout the results.

References

Benrrr, ToIvr. F. W. (1952) Theoretical Petrology. IohnWiley and Sons, Inc., New York.

EsKoLA, PENr-rr (1954) A proposal for the presentation ofrock analyses in ionic percentage. Suom. Tiedeakat. Toim.Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A, III. GeoI. Geogr. 3E.

Nrccrr, P. (1936) Uber Molekular normen zur Gesteins-berechnung. Schweiz. M ineral. P etrogr. M itt. 16, 29 5-3 17 .

DoNerp B. TerrocrU.S. Geological Suruey,Anchorage, Alaska

PETROGENESIS OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS. ByHelmut G. F. Winkler. Springer-Verlag, New Yotk, 1974.x f 320 pages. $9.80, paperback.

The third edition of Winkler's already classic work onmetamorphism is 35 percent longer, extensively revised andconsiderably improved. Among major changes, the use ofmetamorphic facies for purposes of classification has beenabandoned as obsolete and the descriptive aspects of meta-morphic rocks and reactions are instead developed usinggroups of rocks related by common bulk composition.

The book begins with two chapters of definitions andlimitations on the concepts of metamorphism (diagenesisis excluded; anatexis is included) and a chapter each onthe controlling factors of metamorphism, mineral para-geneses, and their graphical representation. Included is anextensive and well-done section on the AFM projection, analmost word-for-word repetition from the second edition,

r66 BOOK REVIEWS

and a revised and improved explanation of ACF diagrams.Two entirely new chapters are devoted to a full accountof Winkler's concept of the "isoreaction-grad" and argu-ments for the use of grade and against the use of facies forpurposes of classification. Here grade refers to one of fourdivisions of P-T space defined rigorously by mineral reac-tions but which are largely functions of temperature (verylow, low, medium, and high). An "isoreaction-grad" is an"isograd based on a specific reaction," rather than on theappearance of a key mineral or mineral assemblage. Ashort chapter barely touches on the physical and geologicsetting of metamorphic terrains and the following six chap-ters deal sequentially with the metamorphism of rocksgrouped by composition: carbonates, marls, ultramafics,mafics, graywackes, and pelites. Chapter 15 summarizes keyisoreaction-grads using three P-T diagrams, one for eachof the three grades. One updated chapter each is given togranulites (redefined as "granolite" with no grain size re-strictions) and eclogites. A final chapter, in my opinion thebest in the book, covers partial melting, migmatites, andthe origin of granite.

The treatment of anatexis has for the past four years beenrequired reading in my metamorphic and igneous petrologyclasses as the clearest single exposition of the solution to"the granite problem" and an excellent example of theapplication of experimental techniques to real rocks. Thesix chapters on metamorphism of rocks grouped by com-position represent a major contribution as a succinct anduFto-date summary of important metamorphic reactionstreated in a logical and useful way. Winkler has also donemuch to establish the central importance of the experi-mentally-derived petrogenetic grid and its field applicationto determine conditions of formation. This reviewer is,however, somewhat less sanguine concerning some simplifi-cations introduced, no doubt, for pedagogical reasons. Realrock systems consisting of multicomponent phases withcomplicated histories of time-varying conditions stubbornlyresist reduction to 2-dimensional diagrams that must ignoresome solutions and independent variables. Too facile anapplication of experimental data can lead to a comfortingbut false feeling of precision, and I retain some misgivingsabout my own students' likely response to advice like". only rocks having certain compositions need beexamined in detail." Detailed single-mineral analyses, fieldand textural studies, and consideration of time and scaleparameters will still ultimately be necessary for completeunderstanding.

The single mention of plate tectonics (p. 108) will dis-appoint enthusiasts: "These ideas (paired metamorphic beltsand Benioff zone underthrusting) are in agreement with thehypothesis of platetectonics (sic), which undertakes to ex-plain worldwide relationships between metamorphism, mag-matism and orogeny." Miyashiro's new book, Metamorphismand Metamorphic Rocks, is a more complete pedagogicaltool, dealing with the causative geological framework ofmetamorphism as well as the result. Winkler's book suffersfrom a lack of proofreading, but the relatively low pricealmost makes up for it. The type in the newest edition iseasiest to read by far.

The book is a good standard reference and, supplementedby some thermodynamics, would make an excellent gradu-

ate text. In my opinion, undergraduates would be betterserved by judiciously chosen readings from Winkler sup-plemented by material from the books by Miyashiro andTurner. The profession is fortunate to have three texts ofthis quality from which to choose, and an added benefitcomes from exposure to petrology as an internationaldiscipline. Despite the minor criticisms above, the book isan important one and deserves to be read carefully byanyone seriously studying metamorphic petrology.

Dll'ro J. HenGuIf Research and Deuelopment

Company

THE CHEMISTRY OF CLAY MINERAIJ. By CharlesE. Weaver and Lin D.'Poliard. American Elsevier Pub-l ishing Co., Inc., New York, 1973. vi i i f 213 pages,75 tables, 32 illustrations. $22.50.

This book is both a comprehensive and a critical reviewof the chemical composition of phyllosilicate clays, allo-phane, and the chain-structures attapulgite and sepiolite.For the more common clays, the composition mean andrange, standard deviation, histograms, and correlation co-efficients are presented for common and rare specimens ofclay minerals, as percentage oxides, structural formulas,and compositional plots. An enormous effort has gone intocompiling elemental analyses of clays from the world-wideliterature. Many new calculations and interpretations areincluded.

The chemical data are interpreted in terms of cationsize, charge, and sums as to the effects on how the tetrahe-dral and octahedral sheets fit together and what p'arametersdetermine mineral stability. Low temperature synthesis isbriefly reviewed. For example, the apparent role of Mgin getting Al into 6-coordination in neutral to basic mediais pointed out. The nature of hydroxy interlayers, cationexchange capacity, and degree of mixed-layering of claysare discussed. Analytical criteria and properties are brieflydiscussed.

The chapter titles, which show that the book is organizedby mineral groups and species, include: Introduction. Illite.Glauconite. Celadonite. Smectite. Chlorite. Vermiculite.MixedJayer clay minerals. Attapulgite and palygorskite.Sepiolite. Kaolinite. Dickite and nacrite. Halloysite. Allo-phane. Tri-octahedral 1:1 clay minerals. Low-temp€raturesynthesis. Relations of composition to structure. References.Index.

Few faults or criticisms come to mind. One that shouldbe mentioned is the use of one-half unit cell formulas-SLO'.(OH)-instead of the almost universally textbook-adopted whole unit cell basis---Si'O.(OH)n. Another isincomplete use of nomenclature of the International Nom-enclature Committee, but little or no ambiguity arises fromthis.

Research workers, both pre- and post-doctoral, as well ascollege and M.S. students in mineralogy, soil science, ceram-ics, and chemistry, will find this book to be an indispensablereference book and to some extent a textbook for a spe-cialized course.

M. L. JAcKsoNUniuersity of Wisconsin, Madison

NENDO-KOBUTSU-GAKU (CLAY MTNERALOGY).By Toshio Sudo, published by Iwanami-Shoten, Mitotsu-bashi Kanda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. xxi f 498 pages. 4000Yen.

This nicely produced, and obviously comprehensive,treatise on clay mineralogy by the leader of clay science inJapan will unfortunately remain a closed book to all whocannot read Japanese. The numerous figures and tablesregrettably do not carry captioris in both English andJapanese, as one often finds in Japanese publications. Fromthe detailed table of contents, supplied separately in English,we see that there is indeed a detailed coverage of the struc-tures and chemical formulae of clay minerals, their studyby microscopic, electron-optical and X-ray diffraction tech-niques, their infrared absorption spectra and their thermalbehavior. Other topics include ion-exchange reactions, claymineral synthesis, clay-water relations and clay-organiccomplexes. The mode of occurrence of clay minerals indifferent geologic environments and the concept of the in-termediate clay mineral are topics to which Professor Sudohas made many personal contributions. To all of us whocannot read Japanese it is very frustrating that this mine ofinformation is barred to our exploration. Although Profes-sor Sudo is now approaching retirement from his position ofProfessor of Mineralogy in the Tokyo University of Educa-tion, it is to be hoped that he will not retire from furtherstudy of the subject to which he has made major contribu-tions for very many years.

G. W. Bnrsorr,vPennsyloania State U nioe rsity

LABORATORY HANDBOOK OF PETROGRAPHICTECHNIQUES. By Charles S. Hutchison. John Wileyand Sons, 1974. xxvii + 527 pages, 148 illustrations.$ 19.9-5.

Dr. Hutchison has compiled the many special petrographictechniques commonly used in'detailed studies of igneousand metamorphip rocks and describes each method using adetailed, step:by-step format. Although he has excludedstandard thin-section description on the one hand, andelectron microprobe and electron microscope techniques onthe other, he has included that vast array of techniqueswhich fall between these extremes. The book is designedfor those studying crystalline rocks, but, of course, manymethods used in the study of crystalline rocks are equallyuseful in the study of sedimentary rocks; thus, the bookshould also be of interest to the sedimentary petrologist.

The techniques discussed are indicated by the chapterheadings. Thin-section Preparation; Aids in Thin-SectionStudy; Grain Size, Modal Analysis, and Photomicrography;Rotation Methods for the Polarizing Microscope; MineralSeparation; Powder Methods of X-ray Diffraction; Applica-tion of X-ray Powder Data to Specific Mineral Groups;Specific Gravity Determination; Refractive Index Deter-mination; X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry; Atomic Ab-sorption Spectrophotometry; Determination of ChemicalComponents Not Attainable by the Foregoing Methods;Display of Data; and Thermal Analysis Techniques. A list

167

of 337 references and an Appendix listing companies thatsupply the necessary equipment and materials are also given.

Each chapter is subdivided into "exercises." Each exercisedescribes, in a step-by-step fashion, the method (or mostoften several methods) used to attain whatever result isbeing considered. In general, the how-to-do-it descriptionsare complete, and Hutchison has pointed out at the appro-priate step what kinds of things will happen, what pitfallsmay arise, and where special care must be taken. He alsohas included, in capital letters, safety warnings whereappropr:iate. If special equipment or material is called for,the suggested manufacturer's or supplier's name and ad-dress are given along with the model or stock number.References are cited for each of the methods. A discussionfollows the methodology and generally consists of hints orcomments based on the author's own experience. Little orno theory is given with each exercise, and thus the book isin many ways a "cookbook" of petrographic techniques.

Space does not permit a complete listing of the tech-niques described in each chapter, but to give the readera better idea of the contents, I have selected several chap-ters to describe in more detail.

Chapter 2, Aids in Thin-section Study, for example, in-cludes standard staining techniques used to aid in theidentification of certain minerals, the use of ultravioletlight (including a list of fluorescent minerals and theircolors), and opaque mineral identification (reflectivity andmicrohardness determination, but not microchemical andother optical techniques).

Chapter 6, Powder Methods of X-ray Diffraction, con-sists of two parts, Camera Techniques and DiffractometerTechniques. Some of the camera techniques discussed arealignment, choice of collimator and X-ray tube, and filmdevelopment and measurement. The section on diffractom-eter techniques discusses such things as alignment andcalibration procedures, choice of slits, pulse height dis-criminator settings, and the general procedure for runningan X-ray diffractometer. Use of a standard, identificationof an unknown, line indexing, and deductions regarding thelattice type are also considered. It should be mentionedthat all sections in this and other chapters dealing specifi-cally with equipment (e.g., alignment of the diffractometer)are written for specific instruments and need to be modifiedor, in some cases, disregarded if other models are used.Hutchison, however, has taken pains to describe what hefeels are the most frequently used brands and models.

Chapter 13, Display of Data, contains descriptions underthree subheadings: graphical, norm calculations, and statis-tical analysis of data. Some of the things included undergraphical are: variation diagrams; Acn, A'rr and Arudiagrams; the solidification, crystallization, differentiation,and weathering indexes; the alkalinity ratio; calculation ofpyroxene analyses; classification and display of amphibolestructural formulas; and relationship between garnet chem-istry and metamorphic grade. The complete rules for calcu-lating the C.I.P.W. norm, the Niggli Molecular Norm, andthe mesonorm are given. The section on statistical analysis,although brief, covers frequency distribution (histograms,populations and samples, mean, variance, standard devia-tion, coefficient of variation and interval estimation) andsimple linear regression.

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168 BOOK REVIEWS

There are a number of minor points for which the bookcan be criticized. Safety warnings have b€en omitted insome instances; for example, no warning is given about thedanger of X-rays nor has care been taken to specify X-rays"ON" or "OFF' while making certain alignment adjust-ments. The descriptions of methods generally assume thatthe laboratory is very well equipped, and few "make-do:'hints are offered. For example, to center a specimen in aDebye-Scherrer powder camera, the author describes the"specimen centering device bracket," which, in my experi-ence, is unnecessary and is not used in many laboratories.In some exercises helpful information has been omitted.For example, Hutchison discusses crushing rock samplesfor chemical analysis by means of a jaw crusher and asteel mortar and pestle, but does not comment on thepossibility of contaminating the sample.

In addition, there are a few points with which this writerdisagrees, but may be a matter of personal preference.Hutchison, for example, states that a line-focus X-ray beamshould be used with a Debye-Scherrer camera; it has beenmy experience that a spot-focus beam is more widely usedbecause the X-ray beam produced more nearly coincides inshape with the specimen and the opening in the collimatorand beam intensity is greater. In a discussion of opticalstudies of uniaxial minerals, Hutchison directs the readerto seek a grain yielding a centered optic axis figure toenable him to determine o. This, of course, is not necessarybecause, as Hutchison points out himself, @ may be obtainedfrom any grain. Finally, there are a very few inconsistenciesand mistakes. For example, he suggests (on p. 161) thatpeaks on a diftractogram be located at the peak apex andthat the "mid-point of the 2/e peak height" method beabandoned. Yet, on p. 182, he states that the peak positionshould be determined at the mid-point of the 2/3 peakheight. One figure is referred to by the wrong number,and one reference, although spelled correctly in the text, ismisspelled in the Reference section and in the Index.

I feel that, on the whole, the book is well done andshould become a welcome and useful addition to a "hard-rocker's" (or even a "soft-rocker's") library. Althoughsomewhat similar to Physical Methods in DeterminatiueMineralogy, edited by J. Zussman (1967, Academic Press,London, 5U p.), this book covers more ground and has amore practical approach. The reader should be able to usemuch of the book without having to consult the originalreferences for more detail. Hutchison suggests that the bookwill find use as a text in an undergraduate course onpetrographic methods, and it would be a good text if sucha course is offered. I feel, however, that it will be usedmore by graduate students and other researchers who needto use some of the methods discussed but do not reallyneed to know all of the theoretical considerations behindthese methods. In short, it is a good "cookbook" on petro-graphic techniques.

Nonnrs W. JoNssUniuersity ol Wisconsin-Oshkosh

STONE, PROPERTIES. DURABILITY IN MAN'SENVIRONMENT. By Erhard M. Winkler. Vol. 4,Applied Mineralogy. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1973.xi i i { 230 pages. $33.70.

Texts on nonmetallic minerals commonly include tabularlistings of the physical properties of building stone andmonumental stone, collectively known as dimension stone.Some texts give only average values of the properties. Simi-Iarly, these texts contain purely descriptive accounts ofthe durability of stone and methods of preserving its sur-faces. Rarely do the authors of these treatises attempt tointerpret the data analytically.

This book, on the other hand, excels in the originalityof its presentation. The author treats the subject-stone---byinterpreting the physical and chemical properties of rockin terms of the basic theories of physics, chemistry, and bio-chemistry. The table of contents makes evident the newdevelopment of the data and the manner of evaluatingtheir significance: 1. Rock and Stone; 2. Properties ofStone; 3. Natural Deformation of Rock and Stone; 4. Colorand Color Stability of Structural and Monumental Stone;5. Decay of Stone; 6. Moisture and Salts in Stone; 7. Chem-ical Weathering; 8. Stone Decay by Plants and Animals;9. Natural Rust on Stone; 10. Fire Resistance of Mineralsand Rocks; 11. Frost Action on Stone; 12. Silicosis; 13.Stone Conservation on Buildings and Monuments; Ap-pendix: Properties of Some Rock-Forming Minerals, StoneSpecifications (ASTM), Conversion Tables, Glossary ofGeological and Technical Terms, Exclusive of Mineralsand Architectural Terms.

Winkler has selected pertinent data frorn the literature,combined it with his own observations, and prepared aunified treatment of each topic. The text contains 280references which make possible further study in the originalsources.

The text contains many applications of physical chemicalprinciples, but I found their use in chapters 6, 10, and 11particularly interesting. The chapter on stone decay byplants and animals is based on biochemical considerations,and the subject matter will be new to most readers.

The author is well prepared to write this book, for hehas been active in both research and application in thestone industry in America; in addition, he is familiar withthe extensive research and practice in European centers. Itis also apparent from this text that Professor Winkler hasmade many observations on stone used in buildings, monu-ments, and gravestones and has extracted from theseobservations valuable inferences on the stability of stone.The reader will be impressed with the author's strongaesthetic appreciation of stone.

The book is introduced by an apt foreword by RichardH. Iahns. I recommend this book unqualifiedly to mineral-ogists, petrologists, and general geologists; those who readit will not only profit thereby but will find that the author'scrisp style will command their continued attention.

Gnoncp T. FeusrU.S. Geological Suroey,Reston, Virglnia

AN ATLAS OF VOLCANIC ASH. By Grant Heiken.Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, No. 12,1974. l0l pages, 33 plates. Superintendent of Documents,$2.00.

This brief collection of scanning electron micrographs

BOOK REVIEWS 169

(Sru) and photomicrographs of volcanic ash shards is amoderately extended version of the author's recent paper,"Morphology and petrography of volcanic ashes," publishedin Geological Society of America Bulletin, E3, 1961-1988 (1973). Although much of the text is taken verbatimfrom that publication, the number of localities sampledhas been about doubled, with a corresponding increase inthe number and quality of the photo reproductions. Thecoverage is still far short of what one might expect froman atlas that seeks to "enable a worker to infer the genesisand possibly the source of isolated volcanic ash samplesfrom stratigraphic sections or deep.sea cores," and it maybe hoped that these promising first steps in the desireddirection will be followed by subsequent editions to extendthe range of eruptive and petrochemical types, with con-tinued emphasis on Ssrvr techniques.

Rey WrrcoxU.S. Geological Suruey,Denaer

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH LUNAR SCIENCECONFERENCE. Supplement 4, Geochimica et Cosmo-chimica Acta. Widrlf A. Gose, Managing Editor. NewYork, Pergamon Press, 1.973. Yo\. I, xi a 1079 { xivpages; Vol. II, xii { pages 1081-2274; Yol. III, xii fpages 2275-3290 * xlvi. $100.00 for three-volume set.

Beforo the first Apollo landing it was hoped that thelunar surface would yield samples of primitive material tosupplement that from meteorites. The recognition that alllunar samples so far recovered are relatively simple differ-entiates of basaltic magmas produced at different butcomparatively early stages in the Moon's history, addslittle to what has been deduced already about creation; itdoes however tell us a very great deal about the development of the lunar surface and its provinces, and revealsstill more about the early stages in the evolution of arelatively simple planetary body, comparable evidence hav-ing been long since erased on Earth. Convincing evidencefor quite early stages in lunar history comes from thesamples recovered by the Apollo 16 mission to the Des-cartes site in the lunar highlands, from the geophysicaldata now reported, and from the first results of the remotesensing geochemical experiments of Apollo 15 and 16.

The Fourth Lunar Science Conference was held atHouston, Texas, from March 5-8, 1973.lts timing less thanfour months after the successful completion of the finalApollo mission was prescient, for preliminary analysis ofthe Apollo 17 samples had just become available and fullerrepofts on the Russian Luna 16 and 20 missions hadappeared, enabling us for the first time to build up acoherent and reasonably convincing picture of the wholebody of the Moon. This conference therefore may beregarded as marking an important turning point in thedevelopment of lunar science, and a convenient stage atwhich to review our state of knowledge in this field.Hitherto effects had concentrated on reconnaissance of theunknown, on frantic efforts at sample description andanalysis, and on rapid developments of technology in prep-aration for the next mission. Future research will permit

more time for contemplative thought, for problem-oriented investigations, and for a more critical appreciationof the vast mass of data now pouring in. This in turnshould help even more in unravelling the very complexgeological history of our own planet.

These three beautifully produced volumes sponsored byNASA seem to contain almost a lifetime of fascinatingreading, but the mass effect presented by so many in-dividually written papers is to render difficult an overallappreciation of just what has been achieved. The volumescontain a total of 228 paprs from those presented at theconference by some 180 Principal Investigators and theirassociates from 14 countries, supplemented by 4 papersfrom Soviet scientists on the Luna 16 and 20 samples. Itis claimed that less than 5 percent of the results reportedhave appeared elsewhere. The publication follows thepattern of previous issues, Volume I being devoted togeneral geology and to mineralogy and petrology, Volume 2to chemical and isotope studies, and Volume 3 to physicalproperties. Each volume is self-contained and carries itsown full lunar sample and author index; each paper has afull bibliography. Most are concerned with Apollo 16samples, but some early Apollo 17 results, such as theinvestigation of the orange soils, and some of the physicalexperiments are included.

It is shown that the overwhelming majority of highlandrocks are plagioclase-rich cataclastic breccias; a smallnumber of genuine igneous rocks were also collected, butas nothing was fo'und in situ their origins must remainspeculative. Breccia samples differ mainly in the natureand size of the clasts (calcic plagioclase, olivine, hyper-sthene, pink spinel, lithic fragments), glass content, anddegree of compaction and recrystallization. Although theMoon's age is believed to be the same as that of the restof the solar system, 4.5 X tOe years, the apparent radio-metric ages of the highland breccias produced a majorsurprise. AII seem to lie in the range 3.85-4.05 X lOP years,presumably indicating some major group of cataclysms atabout that time. Light colored formations like the Cayley,which are widespread, seem to have been produced byejecta from the excavations of the Nectaris, Imbrium, andOrientale ringed basins. Only in the vicinity of the youngNorth Ray Crater at the Descartes site does deeper materialseem to have been sampled. This contains a higher contentof light matrix breccias and here, significantly a small soilfragment produced an age of 4.2 X ltr years, the greatestyet determined from the Moon. The breccias appear tohave been derived from anorthositic gabbro which may wellrepresent the original lunar crust. It seems to have beengenerated mostly by upward flotation of plagioclase at avery early stage when large-scale magmatic activity wasrife. The igneous rocks seem to belong to two main types,a fairly hornogeneous group of KREEP-rich and relativelyalumina-poor micronorites, and a more diverse group ofKREEP-poor norites and troctolites quite high in alumina.The former seem to represent low-melting fractions thatmay have been produced by partial melting of gabbroicanorthosite by some as yet unexplained process and sub-sequently erupted; the low-KREEP norites, efc, seem to becomplementary differentiates to the anorthosites.

Age determinations of basalts from 5 maria reveal that

170 BOOK REVIEWS

all lie in the relatively narrow time range 3.15-3.85 X 10years; all the basaltic rocks have proved to be relativelyenriched in Fe and Ti, the Apollo 17 suite being virtuallyidentical to the extremely Ti-rich compositions encounteredin Apollo 11. High resolution photographs reveal numerouslong flows up to and exceeding 350 km in length slopingat less than 1'towards the centers of the maria. It is sug-gested that a very high rate of extrusion rather than lowviscosity is the dominant factor in producing such longflows. Geophysical data indicate basalt thicknesses of about20 km at the centers of the maria, thinning towards theedges: these are not fully compensated isostatically, therebyaccounting for the mascons. It is thought that the mariabasalts owe their origins to radioactive heating of anolivine-clinopyroxene region located at a depth of some300 km. Partial melting here was presumably effected bysudden relief of pressure. The orange soils encountered intho Taurus-Littrow region owe their color not to thepresence of ferric iron but to an unusual abundance of verysmall Fe- and Ti-rich golden glass spheres which arevirtually transparent. Since larger spheres in the same soilare partly crystalline it is thought that the deposit owesits origin to lava fountaining. It seems to have been coveredby basalt shortly after it was formed and was exhumedonly 30 million years ago when Shorty crater was produced.

Geophysical data indicate a rigid, non-dynamic litho-sphere extending down to about 1,000 km with a gradualtransition to a hot weak asthenosphere. Internally generatedmoonquakes, which seem to be set oft by tidal forces, arisefrom the vicinity of this boundary. The crust epears to beabout 60 km thick, perhaps rather more on the far side,and there may be two layers beneath the maria. Anorthositicgabbro appears to be the favored crustal material while apyroxene-olivine mantle is suggested by the 7.7 km/secP-wave velocity of the upper mantle, but other solutionsare also possible. Magnetic properties are sonething of anenigma, for the breccias which are randomly magnetizedhave a much greater field intensity than the mare basaltsbut they contain significantly more free iron and kamaciteproduced by severe thermal metamorphism in a stronglyreducing environment. Clearly the moon at an early stagepossessed a substantial magnetic field which is no longerpresent. The substantial heat flow measurements of about30 ergs/cml/sec, if representative, indicate a uranium con-tent averaging 50-70 ppb which is consistent with achon-dritic bulk compositions between howardites and eucrites.All this evidence indicates that extensive differentiationwith a very high degree of melting occurred at a very earlystage and this may have produced a small liquid metalliccote.

These volumes record a very substantial and impressiveadvance in lunar science, but it is clear that still moreproblems remain unexplained. The evidence that the Moonis a layered body with a still hot interior is of fundamentalimportance, and we may confidently anticipate that Mars,Venus, and Mercury are similar. The editor and his asso-ciates deserve to be congmtulated for producing these ex-cellent volumes so quickly.

I. D. MunUniuersity ol Cambridge

GEMSTONES AND MINERALS: A GUIDE FOR THEAMATEUR COLLECTOR AND CUTTER. By PaulVilliard. Winchester Press, New York, 1974. 228 pages.$7.95.

Today's marketplace is deluged with a profusion of intro-ductory books on rocks, minerals, and gems. The rapidrise of interest in earth science hobbies, especially in theU.S., has created many niches to be filled with specifictypes of books. As in the case of natural selection, thecreation of a particular*niche is often shortlived as severalcompeting works rapidly fiIl the gap. In such an environ-ment competition is pronounced, and a newcomer's majorchance for survival is a fresh approach, a new insight, orthe introduction of new information or a format notalready available. Unfortunately, this new book has fewsuch advantages, and contains many erroneous statementsthat will do little to help the uninformed amateur.

The basic concept of the book is fine-a general over-view of the mineral and gem hobby, with some detail onmineral and rock origins, occurrences, and collecting, andchapters on various lapidary arts and jewelry makirtg. Thephotos, all by the author, are generally good and wellillustrate their intended points. The 28 color photos areacceptable but undistinguished. The text, however, leavesmuch to be desired.

Early in the first chapter are some eloquently wordeddescriptions of rock formation, crystallization pressure, andcrystal growth. The fact that growth pressure exists hasbeen well demonstrated by crystallographers and theoreti-cians. But, alas, here we are told that such pressureexplains the formation of twinned crystals! That is, a twinforms by the action of one crystal slowly forcing its waythrough another as it grows.

On the next page is a discussion of basic physical laws."Rocks possess attraction for everything else. This attrac-tion, probably magnetic in origin, we call gravity. Weightand gravity are sometimes thought of as being synonymous."And why is the earth round? "it is the fact, however, thatrocks are rigid and stiff that makes it possible for ourplanet to maintain its shape. If rocks were plastic like clay,for example, the rotation of the e^arth would in time forcethe globe to expand at the equator. ." Thus, a basicgeodesic fact is presented as a false hypothesis.

The explanation of the origin of mineral deposits isequally disappointing. "In a magma there are very richhydrothermal deposits where certain minerals are carriedout in solution. Hydrothermal deposits are superheatedwater under such enormous pressure that it remains liquidand does not turn into steam."

The chapter on metamorphic rocks leads quickly into adiscussion of pseudomorphs, which are treated as meta-morphic products of chemical attack (rather than of heatand pressure). Petrified wood is discussed in the same terms.

Chapter 2 deals with the characteristics of rocks andminerals. The author states "Rocks are identified by severaldifferent qualities or physical properties. Among these arehardness, color, luster, streak, specific gravity or weight,and cleavage." No discussion of physical properties thatstarted out this way would be complete without a mistreat-ment (so prevalent in literature of this type) of the name

BOOK REVIEWS

Lisf of Books Received

171

of that poor, abused savant, Friedrich Mohs. So we read . . ."This is called the Moh scale, and it is graduated in stepsfrom I to 10." This shakes the reader's confidence in theauthor's scientific accuracy.

With the above in mind, mineral recognition presents noproblems. For example . . . "Malachite and azurite arealways deep green or blue, opaque, and are easily recog-nized as copper minerals." This should be welcome news toKennecott and Anaconda.

Luster is another valuable recognition aid, but theauthor confounds the definition. Thus, "Metallic lusterappears like metal, sometimes with a color overlaying thesurface, usually yellow or yellowish, since the luster isusually due to the inclusion of sulfides in the specimen."This explanation is insufficient, so he adds: "The non-metallic luster is further broken down into several cate-gories: adamantine, if it has a hard, somewhat greasylook, as seen in diamond, mercury, lead, and other ele-ments." Mineralogists would be wise to note that mercuryand lead can be easily recognized by their distinctiveadamantine. nonmetallic luster.

At this point we are on page 24. All hope is not to belost, however, for the remaining 204 pages. There is aremarkably concise and accurate explanation of the mecha-nism of fluorescence, except for very minor inconsistencies.Most of the book deals in a conversational stvle with

mineral collecting, cutting, and jewelry making. However,the chapter on collecting sites is superficial (New Mexicoand Colorado are granted only one site each). The mineraldescriptions (l0O species listed, alphabetically) are so briefas to be useless for recognition. The two color plates ofmineral specimens look fine, but several of the photos aremisplaced on both pages, leading to added confusion.

If a person doesn't know better, and he reads a state-ment such as: "The earth's matter, as we know it, is com-posed of over one hundred elements," he is very likely toaccept it as fact. It sounds '"about right" to the layman.Considering the number of serious inaccuracies in theearly chapters of this book, the hapless reader (for whornthe book was intended) may well come away with a"knowledge" of earth science that will have to be un-learned later. When this factor is combined with the dearthof new information presented, the lack of imagination andoriginality in format, and the cover price, the total isbalanced heavily against ownership. Perhaps there is stillroom in the marketplace for books of this type. If there is,such books will have to be considerably more laden withassets than this current attempt.

Jor,r Anpr"rArem Multifacet InDestments, Ltd.

ANALYTICAL CALORIMETRY. Volume 2. Proceedingsol the Symposium on Analytical Calorimetry at theMeeting ol the American Chemical Society, Chicago,September 13-18, 1970. Edited by Roger S. Porter andJulian F. Johnson. Plenum Press. New York. 1970. xvi 1-460 pages. $25.00.

ANALYTICAL METHODS IN PLANETARY BOUND.ARY-LAYER MODELLING. By R. A. Brown. HalsteadPress, New York, 1974. xii -| 148 pages. $24.00.

APPLIED GEOPHYSICS: INTRODUCTION TO GEO.PHYSICAL PROSPECTING. By Gerhard Dohr. Trans-lated by George H. Kirby. Vol. 1, Geology of Petroleum,Edited by Heinz Beckmann. Halstead Press, New York,1974. viii ! 272 pages. $6.95 (paper).

CYCLES OF ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS. Edited by Law-rence R. Pomeroy. Benchmark Papers in Ecology, Vol. 1.Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania,1974. xv f 373 pages. $22.00.

EIN NEUES HOBBY: KLEINMINERALIEN, SAMMELNUND PRAPARIEREN. By Alex Kipfer. Kosmos, Gesell-schaft der Naturfreunde, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung,Stuttgart. 64 pages. DM 4.80.

THE GEOMETRY OF ROTATIONS ABOUT A POINT:A PRACTICAL TREATISE. By Milton Felstein. MiltonFelstein, Rte 1, Box 126, Albany, Ohio 45710. 1974. 69pages. $7.25.

MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND GENESIS OFRARE EARTH PEGMATITES OF ALKALINE GRAN-ITES IN THE NORTHWEST PART OF THE USSR.By A. Y. Luntz. All-Union Research Institute of Sub-marine Geology and Geophysics, Riga, USSR, Moscow,1972.176 pages. ( in Russian).

MOSSBAUER EFFECT METHODOLOGY, Vol. 8. PRO-CEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH SYMPOSIUM ONMOSSBAUER EFFECT METHODOLOGY, New YorkCity, January 28, 1973. Edited by Irwin J. Gruvermanand Carl W. Seidel. Plenum Press, New York, 1973.xi i * 281 pages. $22.50.

STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE EARTH SCIEN-TIST: AN INTRODUCTION. By Roger Till. HalsteadPress, New York, 7974. vi * 154 pages. $11.75.

VOLCANOES. AN INTRODUCTTON TO SYSTEMATICGEOMORPHOLOGY, Vol. 6. By Cliff Ollier. The MITPress, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969. xiv * 177 pages,63 f igures, 44 plates. $3.45 (paper).

WORLD DIRECTORY OF MINERAL COLLECTIONS.By Commission on Museums of the International Min-eralogical Association, 1974. $4.O0. Order from Dr. O. V'Petersen, Mineralogical Museum, @ster Voldgade 5'7,DK-1350, Copenhagen, Denmark. (reviewed, Am. Min-erc l .59 ,7149) .