book 1 unit 10 famous person’s biographies text a louis pasteur quit

Book 1 Unit 10 Famous Person’s Biographies

Text A Louis Pasteur

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Contents

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Background Information & Cultural NotesBackground Information & Cultural Notes

Lead-inLead-in

Text Structures Text Structures

Sentence Study Sentence Study Text AText A

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Words & Phrases Words & Phrases

Key to Exercises Key to Exercises 6

Louis Pasteur

Pasteurization

rabies

Background Information & Cultural Notes

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Louis Pasteur路易 · 巴斯德（法国化学家及微生物学家） is a French scientist who made a number of great contributions to mankind. His pioneering contributions are:

1. PasteurizationDiscovering and initiating as the first one the method of preserving food without using modern technology.

2. rabies vaccinationStudying into the approach of curing rabies and successfully finding the way to prevent it.


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Rabies It is a virus that usually transmitted by a bite from a wild infected animal, such as a bat or a dog. If a bite from a rabid animal goes untreated and rabies develops, it is almost always fatal. About 50,000 people die from rabies each year, mostly in developing countries where programs for vaccinating dogs against rabies don’t exist.


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TreatmentAt the hospital, the doctor will first clean the wound thoroughly and make sure that the patient's tetanus immunizations are current. To keep any potential infection from spreading, the doctor may decide to start treating your child right away with shots of human rabies immune globulin to the wound site and vaccine shots in the arm.PreventionYou can reduce the chances that your family is exposed to rabies. Vaccinate your pets, as dogs, cats, and ferrets can be infected by rabies.

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Pasteurization

Originally, Louis Pasteur observed that spoilage of wine and beer could be prevented by heating them a few minutes at 122–140°F (50–60°C). Today as a thermal treatment, pasteurization is applied to many foods. Mild and dairy products probably represent the most widespread use of pasteurization.

腐败

Lead-in

What do you know about the prominent French biologist Louis Pasteur?

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Question 1Question 1

Lead-in

Can you think of a way to preserve food for a certain period of time without using modern techniques?


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Lead-in

Though rabies cannot be cured, there is a way to prevent it from happening. What do you know about it?


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Text Structure

Part I: A brief introduction to the outstanding French scientist, Louis Pasteur. (Paragraph 1)

Part II: His childhood and educational background before his marriage. (Paragraph 2-6)

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Text Structure

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Part III: His main contributions as a scientist: setting up a new branch of science; challenge to Spontaneous Generation; the discovery of the process of “pasteurization”, and his help to the Silk Industry. (Paragraph 7-15)

Part IV: He was given the highest award for his discoveries.(Paragraph 16)

Text Structure

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Part V: His research work on the disease Rabies(Paragraph 17-20)

Part VI: The trials in his personal life(Paragraph 21-22)

Sentence Study

He developed a process of gently heating foodstuffs like milk to kill these organisms without changing the flavor or nutritional value. This process, named “pasteurization” in honor of its developer, is just one of Pasteur’s great contributions to mankind. (Para.1, Line 4)

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in honor of : show respect for 纪念…，对…表示尊敬

Pasteurization: 巴斯德灭菌法，加热杀菌法

1. 据说这个纪念碑是为了纪念当地的一位英雄而建造的。

It is said that this monument has been built in honor of a local hero.

2. 为了纪念自己深爱的妹妹，他給女儿也起名为莉莉。

In honor of his most beloved sister, he named his daughter “Lily” too.

To Be Continued

Sentence Study

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他研发了在不改变味道及营养价值的前提下，利用加热这些食物（例如牛奶）来杀灭这些微生物的独特方法。这一过程，仅仅是巴斯德贡献给人类的伟大成就之一，而为了纪念巴斯德，这种方法被命名为巴氏杀菌法。

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Sentence Study

But he did not remain long in Paris, for, being a nervous and excitable boy, his health broke down. He was overcome by homesickness and had to return to home.

(Para. 3, Line 1)

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homesickness: missing one’s home 想家，思乡

作为一个新生，他明白要战胜自己的思乡之情有多么重要。

As a fresh student, he knew how important it was to overcome his homesickness.

Sentence Study

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但是他在巴黎居住的时间并不长，因为总是精神紧张并心情兴奋，他的健康出现状况。同时由于思乡心切，他不得不回到家乡。

Sentence Study

This belief that living matter arose from non-living material is called spontaneous generation. The idea of maggots’ coming spontaneously to life out of decaying meat was successfully challenged in 1668 by Italian biologist Francesco Redi. When he covered the meat with gauze to prevent flies from laying their eggs on it, no maggots appeared in the meat. ( The maggots are actually the larvae which hatch from flies’ eggs.) (Para. 9, Line 5)

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maggots: n. 蝇蛆

spontaneous: adj. happening or arising without apparent external cause 自发的，自然产生的

gauze: n. Bleached cotton cloth of plain weave used for bandages 纱布

larva: n. The newly hatched, wingless, often wormlike form of many insects before metamorphosis 幼虫

Sentence Study

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这样一种相信生命物质可以来自无生命物质的想法叫作自然发生。蛆能从腐肉上自然长出这个想法在 1668 年成功地由意大利生物学家弗朗西斯科 . 雷迪予以否定。他用纱布覆盖在肉上防止苍蝇在上面繁殖，结果肉上没有生蛆。（蛆实际上是苍蝇的幼虫。）

Sentence Study

While solving this practical problem, Pasteur’s active mind was laying the foundation for his next great theoretical advance---the idea that many diseases in animals and man were the result of germs which enter the body and multiply there. (Para.15, Line 1)

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Paraphrase:

During the time when he was solving this practical problem, Pasteur’s active mind was preparing to make his next great theoretical advance---he believed that many illnesses in animals and men were caused by harmful microorganisms which entered and reproduced inside the body.

Sentence Study

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在解决这些实际问题的同时，巴斯德积极的心态为他的下一个伟大理论的推进奠定了良好的基础。该理论认为人和动物的许多疾病都是病菌（有害微生物）侵入人体并在体内繁殖的结果。

Sentence Study

He followed the same procedures as before, but was hampered by the long delay of several weeks between the animal’s being bitten and the germs’ reaching the brain. (Para.18, Line 1)

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Paraphrase: He followed the same experiment process as before, but was hindered by the several weeks of waiting for the germ to spread from the site of the bite to the brain.

Sentence Study

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他沿用了与以前相同的方法，但是由于在动物被咬伤到病菌抵达大脑之间有着长达数周的间隔，所以实验受到了耽搁。

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Sentence Study

Rather than crush his spirit, these tragedies spurred him on in his efforts to spare others the heartbreak of losing their children to disease. His own life was touched by a brain hemorrhage and several strokes which left him partially paralyzed. (para.21) (Para.21, Line 3)

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Paraphrase:

These sad events were not able to destroy his spirit. On the contrary, they gave him the incentive to save others from the suffering of losing their children because of the disease. His own life was affected by a brain bleeding and several strokes which caused him lose the power to move part of his body.

Sentence Study

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这些悲剧非但没有摧垮他的精神，反而激励他尽力去帮助其他人免受由于疾病而丧失子女的痛楚。他本人也由于脑出血和几次中风导致半身不遂。

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1. asset

2. spontaneous

3. circulate

4. undeterred

5. vaccine

6. hamper

7. punctuate

New Words Expressions

New Words & Expressions

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1. in honor of

2. be fascinated by

3. spur on

in honor of : show respect for 纪念…，对…表示尊敬

1. 据说这个纪念碑是为了纪念当地的一位英雄而建造的。 It is said that this monument has been built in honor of a local hero.

2. 为了纪念自己深爱的妹妹，他給女儿也起名为莉莉。 In honor of his most beloved sister, he named his daughter “Lily” too.

3. 这个仪式是为了纪念那些阵亡将士而举行。This ceremony was held in honor of those killed in battle.

New Words

1. in honor of

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Para 1, Line 5

New Words

2. be fascinated

by

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Para. 5, Line 3

be fascinated by : be fully attracted to 被… . 深深吸引

fascinate ['fæsineit] vt. 深深吸引 , 迷住 fascinating adj. 迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的 1. 他完全被这个瀑布的壮观景色迷住了。

He was totally fascinated by the grand view of the waterfall.

2. 似乎电影明星的私生活总是使人津津乐道。

It seems that the private lives of the movie stars never fail to fascinate people.

3. 这部小说的情节错综复杂，引人入胜。

The plot of the novel is intricate and fascinating.

asset ['æset] n. 1) 有价值的人或事物 2) 资产，财产

1 ） The professor is sure he will be an asset to the research team.

这位教授确信他将是该研究小组的骨干。

2) After the international financial crisis, he lost most of his assets.

国际金融危机之后，他丧失了自己大部分的资产。

3) Sam is a valuable asset for our company.

萨姆是我们公司宝贵的财产。

New Words

3. asset

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Para. 5, Line 8

New Words

4. spontaneous

spontaneous [spɔn'teiniəs] adj. 1 ） happening or arising without apparent

external cause 自发的，自然产生的 ; 2 ） done naturally, without being forced 自然的 , 非勉强的

1. 有的疾病可以自然缓解。Some diseases can have a spontaneous remission.

2. 钢琴家自然淳朴地弹奏了那首乐曲。

The pianist has had a spontaneous performance of the piece.

3. 听了那个笑话，我们不由自主的笑了。 Hearing the joke, we burst into spontaneous laughter.

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Para. 9, Line 6

New Words

5. circulate

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circulate ['sə:kjuleit] vt. & vi: (cause to) move around ( 使 )循环 ; ( 使 )流通

1. 化学物质在系统中不断循环或回流。

Chemical constantly circulate or recycle in the system.

2. 在大城市的市区内发行报纸是很简单的事。

It’s a simple matter to circulate a newspaper in the metropolitan area.

3. 这里的空气不流通。

The air here does not circulate.

Para. 10, Line 4

undeterred [ʌndi‘tə:d] adj. not discouraged by, not defeated by 顽强的 ;坚毅的，没有被打败deter [di'tə:] vt. 制止，阻止；使打消念头

1. 没有被无情的降雪所击倒，他已连续做了两星期的研究。Undeterred by the ruthless snowfalls, he had been doing his research for two weeks.

2. “我们必须前进，因为我们是战士，因此绝不能被艰苦所压倒。” 他用更有力的声音说。 “We must move ahead,” he said in a more powerful voice, “because we are soldiers, never deterred by hardships.”

New Words

6. undeterred

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Para. 17, Line 1

hamper vt. 妨碍，阻碍，束缚 1. 这些问题都阻碍着海洋的可持续发展。 These problems hamper the marine sustainable development.

2. 部队的推进因天气不好而受阻。 The army’s advance was hampered by bad weather.

3. 天然气的应用可能会阻碍可再生能源的发展。 Natural gas might hamper the development of renewable energy.

New Words

7. hamper

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Para. 18, Line 2

vaccine ['væksi:n] n. 疫苗 , vaccinate [‘væksineit] v.接种疫苗 vaccination[,væksi'neiʃən] n. 接种疫苗；种痘

1) 现在还没有防艾滋病传染的疫苗。There is no vaccine against HIV infection. 2) 一定要接种最新的疫苗。 Make sure your vaccinations are up to date. 3 ）她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.

New Words

8. vaccine

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Para. 18, Line 5

punctuate ['pʌŋktjueit, tʃu-] vt. 給…加标点符号 ; 伴随… 1. 这本书里的一些段落标点符号用得不正确。Some paragraphs are not punctuated correctly in this book.

2. 尽管痛苦和挫折总是伴随着他的生活，他从未动摇过成为一个杰出科学家的决心。 He never wavered in his determination to be an outstanding scientist although his life was always punctuated by pains and frustrations. 3. 请在你的文章中加标点，否则很难让人理解。 Please punctuate your writing, otherwise it is very difficult to understand.

New Words

9. punctuate

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Para. 21, Line 1

New Words

10. spur on

spur on : be encouraged by 被鞭策，被激励

1.它们既可以激励我们通向成功，也可以使我们停止在前进的道路上。

They can either spur us on to victory or stop us in our tracks.

2. 这个交换可以刺激农业生产的发展。

This exchange might then spur on agricultural production.

3. 受到意外获奖的鼓舞，她开始更多的去练习以争取获得下一个国家奖。 Being spurred on the unpredicted award, she began to practice more than before for achieving the next national prize.

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Para. 21, Line 3

Key to Exercises

1. Reading Comprehension a. Choose the sentences that best express the meaning of the statement

from the text.

(1) C (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) A

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Key to Exercises

b. Fill in the blanks with the information you have learned in the text.

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(1) applied science faculty; the practical scientific problems of industry and business

(2) maggots; worms; microscopic animals

(3) next great theoretical advance; germs which enter the body and multiply there

(4) hard to understand; having made “the greatest contribution of any one man to the saving of human lives”

(5) the rabies vaccine to be given after the bite had occurred; had been bitten by a rabid animal

Key to Exercises

2.Vocabularya. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words or phrases you have

learned in the text.

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(1) trials (2) asset (3) faculty (4)circulate

(5) gauze (6) vaccine (7) hamper (8) hemorrhage

(9) Undeterred (10) Spurred

Key to Exercises

2.Vocabulary

b. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.

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(1)D (2) A (3) B (4) B (5) C

(6) C (7) A (8) B (9) C (10) C

Key to Exercises

3. Clozechoose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only once. Change the form where necessary.

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(1)Were (2)rank (3) solved

(4) accepted (5)important (6) applications

(7)Possessing (8)Ability (9) commented

(10)conclusions (11) experiment (12) satisfied

(13) foundation (14) facilitated (15) cause

(16) such as (17) studying (18) Found

(19)before (20)countless

Key to Exercises

4. Translation a. Chinese to English: Translate the following sentences into English.

(2) Today we love what tomorrow we hate; today we seek what tomorrow we shun; today we desire what tomorrow we fear.

(1) To freeze food fast is a sufficient process to retain natural flavor, nutritional value, or other properties.

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Key to Exercises

4. Translation a. Chinese to English: Translate the following sentences into English.

(3) People used to think housework is exhausting, time consuming physical labor, which can improve health or help to shed those excess pounds. However, the truth is not so.

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(4) In a cocktail celebration held in honor of Professor Yang, as many as one hundred Chinese visiting scholars and students studying abroad experienced first-hand the charm and graceful bearing of this master of physics in his academic speeches.

To Be Continued

Key to Exercises

4. Translation a. Chinese to English Translate the following sentences into English.

(6) A good show might get 64 percent of the audience paying attention in the TV commercials rather than chatting or making a cup of tea, compared with 20 percent for less involving programming.

(5) The development of current consumption trend of the nation’s residents is oriented primarily towards housing, cars, education, information products, tourism and individualized consumption.

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Key to Exercises

4. Translation a. Chinese to English Translate the following sentences into English.

(7) We must lay emphasis on the development of production, but consideration must be given to both the development of production and the improvement of the people’s livelihood.

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(8) Spending too much time and efforts on intricate details early in the design process discourages designers from moving toward a great design.

Key to Exercises

4. Translation a. Chinese to English Translate the following paragraph into English.

Through massive scientific experiments, Pasteur proved

that if raw milk was heated above 85°c, its nutritional biologically active materials would be hugely destroyed. If the temperature was below 85°c, however, those nutritional and biologically active materials would be maintained and most of the harmful bacteria would be killed with some good bacteria left. Such a way of sterilization below 85°c is called pasteurization.

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Key to Exercises

4. Translation a. Chinese to English Translate the following paragraph into English.

This is the best processing technique for fresh milk. Pasteurized milk has basically the same nutritional value as fresh milk. However, there are still small amount of harmless, heat-persistent bacterial left after pasteurization. So, pasteurized milk should only be preserved at a temperature of about 4°c, for 3-10 days.

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Key to Exercises

4. Translation b. English to Chinese Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.

古希腊人相信像虫子，老鼠和蛆这样的小动物能够从无生命的物质（如坏掉的面粉，臭汗衫或腐肉）中自动生长出来。这样一种相信生命物质可以来自无生命物质的想法叫做自然发生。蛆能从腐肉上自然长出这个想法在 1668年成功地由意大利生物学家弗朗西斯科 . 雷迪予以否定。他用纱布覆盖在肉上防止苍蝇在上面繁殖，结果肉上没有生蛆。（蛆实际上是苍蝇的幼虫。）

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Key to Exercises

4. Translation b. English to Chinese Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.

(1)牛奶 , 一种天然的液体食物，是营养最为完全的食物之一，为我们的饮食提供高质量的蛋白质，脂肪，乳糖，必要的矿物质和维他命。

(2)此外，在挤奶，运输和储存生奶的时候未能很好地清洁和消毒设备也会令微生物进入牛奶。

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Key to Exercises

4. Translation b. English to Chinese Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.

(3) 巴氏杀菌法以此过程的发明人路易 . 巴斯德命名。这是一种温和但精确的加热处理牛奶的方法，可以杀死致病菌并延缓牛奶的变质。

(4) 尽管巴氏杀菌法会破坏牛奶中的许多微生物，杀菌后如不能很好的保存会导致牛奶的再次污染。

(5) 商业方法通常采用高温短时处理，将牛奶加热至华氏170度（摄氏 77度）维持 15秒钟然后迅速降温至华氏 40度（ 4摄氏度）以下，在不改变牛奶风味的情况下延长储存期。

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Key to Exercises

5. Writing

Direction:

For this part, you are supposed to write a composition on the topic False News Reports. You should base your composition on the outline below.

(1) 目前虚假新闻屡见不鲜

(2) 出现这种现象的原因

(3) 应如何杜绝这种现象

Write an essay in English with 150 word at least under the title below.

SAMPLE

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Key to Exercises

False news report is a frequently heard term nowadays. It refers to made-up stories about foods, celebrities, crimes, diseases, etc. For instance, in the year 2007, a television journalist reported that some dumpling makers in Beijing used cardboard as the filler. This report caused great panic among the citizens and the dumpling makers suffered much loss. Later, according to investigations, the journalist was found to fabricate this story.

There may be various reasons for false news reports to have become so common in China. But the main one, in my opinion, may lie in the fact that the professional ethnics are abandoned by some journalists. Some media organizations and journalists create misleading news in order to attract more readers, listeners and viewers in the vigorous competition, as the false stories usually are quite sensational, and can cater for some audience’s taste.

To prevent false news reports, the government should take stringent measures. For example, A nation-wide mechanism should be built to guarantee that the news reports are authentic. journalists who are found to intentionally cook up news should be severely punished or even prosecuted if they break the law. News organizations should also be penalized.

SAMPLE

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Text B Autobiography of John F. Nash

Key to the Exercises

a. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.

(1) suspected (2) comparable (3) circumstance

(4) affected by (5) encyclopedia (6) owe to

(7) quantitative (8) exposure (9) deviate

(10) sufficient



b. Complete the sentences with the information given in the text.

1. consciously; after birth 2. Affected by; resulting from

3. Available; of educational value 4. Shift into mathematics; make a good career

5. So much; that 6. From the family point of view; geographically

7. Personal and social; academic 8. Faculty member; gain status

9. Renounce; revert to 10. Seem improbable; add much to

(1) F (2) F (3) T (4) F (5) F

(6) F (7) F (8) F (9) T (10) T



c. Decide whether the statement is True or False according to the text.

THANK YOU!

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