bones and cartilages of the human body figure 6.1
TRANSCRIPT
Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body
Figure 6.1
Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
Figure 6.5a, b
Classification of Bones: By Shape
•Long bones – longer than they
are wide (e.g., humerus)
Figure 6.2a
Classification of Bones: By Shape
•Short bones–Cube-shaped
bones of the wrist and ankle
–Bones that form within tendons (e.g., patella)
Figure 6.2b
Classification of Bones: By Shape
•Flat bones – thin, flattened,
and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, and
most skull bones)
Figure 6.2c
Classification of Bones: By Shape
•Irregular bones – bones with
complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and
hip bones)
Figure 6.2d
Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic
•Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
•Osteocytes – mature bone cells
•Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
Long Bone Growth and Remodeling
•Growth in length – cartilage continually
grows and is replaced by bone as
shown
•Remodeling – bone is resorbed and
added by appositional growth
as shown
Figure 6.10
Fibrous Structural Joints•The bones are jointed by fibrous tissues
•There is no joint cavity
•Most are immovable
Figure 8.1a
Cartilaginous Joints
•Articulating bones are united by cartilage
•Lack a joint cavity
Figure 8.2a
Cartilaginous Joints
Figure 8.2b
Cartilaginous Joints
Figure 8.2c
Synovial Joints: General Structure
•Synovial joints all have the following:
–Articular cartilage–Joint (synovial)
cavity–Articular capsule–Synovial fluid–Reinforcing
ligaments
Figure 8.3a
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion
•Nonaxial – slipping movements only
•Uniaxial – movement in one plane
•Biaxial – movement in two planes
•Multiaxial – movement in or around all three planes
Types of Synovial Joints•Plane joints
–Articular surfaces are essentially flat
–Allow only slipping or gliding
movements–Only examples of
nonaxial joints
Figure 8.7a
Types of Synovial Joints
•Hinge joints–Motion is along a single
plane–Uniaxial joints permit
flexion and extension only
–Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints
Figure 8.7b
Pivot Joints
•Only uniaxial movement allowed
•Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and
the proximal radioulnar joint
Figure 8.7c
Condyloid, or Ellipsoidal, Joints
•Biaxial joints permit all angular motions
•Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and
metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
Figure 8.7d
Saddle Joints•Similar to condyloid
joints but with greater movement
•Example: carpometacarpal joint
of the thumb
Figure 8.7e
Ball-and-Socket Joints
•Multiaxial joints permit the most
freely moving synovial joints
•Examples: shoulder and hip joints
Figure 8.7f