Bone TissueBone Tissue

Dynamic Tissue, Dynamic Tissue, full of cells, full of cells, blessed are you blessed are you among tissues among tissues and blessed is and blessed is the fruit of thy the fruit of thy marrow, red marrow, red blood cellsblood cells

ObjectivesObjectives

Name tissues and organs of skeletal Name tissues and organs of skeletal systemsystem

State its functionsState its functions Classify four types of bone by shapeClassify four types of bone by shape Describe general features of long Describe general features of long

bonebone List cells, fibers, and ground List cells, fibers, and ground

substancessubstances

The skeletal system, The skeletal system, what’s up with that?what’s up with that? Bones, cartilage, and ligaments make it upBones, cartilage, and ligaments make it up Functions include…Functions include…

– Support: hold us upSupport: hold us up– Protection for soft, weak organsProtection for soft, weak organs– Movement; leverage for musclesMovement; leverage for muscles– Blood formation: also cells of immune systemBlood formation: also cells of immune system– Electrolyte balance: Calcium & Phosphate storesElectrolyte balance: Calcium & Phosphate stores– Acid/Base balance: absorbing/releasing alkaline Acid/Base balance: absorbing/releasing alkaline

saltssalts– Detoxification: takes up heavy metalsDetoxification: takes up heavy metals

What do you need What do you need electrolytes for?electrolytes for?Definition: Any of Definition: Any of

various ions, such as various ions, such as sodium, potassium, or sodium, potassium, or chloride, required by chloride, required by cells to regulate the cells to regulate the electric charge and electric charge and flow of water flow of water molecules across the molecules across the cell membrane. cell membrane.

Calcium: Activates your Calcium: Activates your muscles muscles

Phosphates: are needed Phosphates: are needed for ATPfor ATP

Kayan Women Kayan Women of S.East Asia. of S.East Asia. supress their supress their collar bones by collar bones by adding rings adding rings giving them giving them the longest the longest necks. necks.

Bones classified by Bones classified by shapeshape Long bones, Long bones,

include humerus include humerus of arm, of arm, phalanges, phalanges, femur.femur.

Rigid levers for Rigid levers for muscles to act onmuscles to act on

Short BonesShort Bonesdude he said bonesdude he said bones

Equal in length Equal in length and widthand width

Limited in motionLimited in motion Carpals in wristCarpals in wrist Tarsals in ankleTarsals in ankle

Flat bonesFlat bones

Protect soft organsProtect soft organs Examples include Examples include

the ribs, sternum, the ribs, sternum, scapula, os coxae scapula, os coxae (hip bone), and (hip bone), and cranialcranial

Irregular bonesIrregular bones

IrregularIrregular Fit no Fit no

preconcieved preconcieved categoriescategories

Rebels, mavericsRebels, maverics Include Include

vertebrae, and vertebrae, and bones in the bones in the skulllskulll

Parts of the long boneParts of the long boneThis will aid you on This will aid you on Friday’s labFriday’s lab Cylinder of dense white tissue: enclosing Cylinder of dense white tissue: enclosing medullarymedullary cavity (contains cavity (contains

marrow)marrow) At the ends: At the ends: spongyspongy (cancellous bone) (cancellous bone) Shaft: Shaft: daphysisdaphysis Heads: Heads: epiphysisepiphysis Joints covered with articular cartilageJoints covered with articular cartilage Nutrient foramina: small holes to let in blood vesselsNutrient foramina: small holes to let in blood vessels PeristoneumPeristoneum: external sheath, helps attach bones and muscle: external sheath, helps attach bones and muscle EndospermEndosperm: internal lining of bone: internal lining of bone

CellsCells

Osteogenic cells: in endosteum, AKA: Osteogenic cells: in endosteum, AKA: stem cellsstem cells

Osteoblasts: make the bone matrix, Osteoblasts: make the bone matrix, mineralize the bone. Non-mitotic.mineralize the bone. Non-mitotic.

Osteocytes: former Osteoblasts that Osteocytes: former Osteoblasts that have gotten trapped in the matrix. have gotten trapped in the matrix. They reside in lacunae. They reside in lacunae. Communicate where more bone is Communicate where more bone is needed.needed.

The matrixThe matrix

1/3 organic; collagens1/3 organic; collagens 2/3 inorganic; 2/3 inorganic;

hyrdoxyapatite, calcium hyrdoxyapatite, calcium carbonate, and trace carbonate, and trace elementselements

The mineral component The mineral component gives support, the gives support, the organic protein gives organic protein gives flexibilityflexibility

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis Matrix is Matrix is

reabosrbingreabosrbing– Osteoclasts break Osteoclasts break

down bone and down bone and release calciumrelease calcium

Matrix is forming Matrix is forming bonebone– Using up calciumUsing up calcium– Osteoblasts do it.Osteoblasts do it.

Lack of estrogen Lack of estrogen leads to more leads to more resorbtion and less resorbtion and less formationformation– That’s OsteoporosisThat’s Osteoporosis

Compact BoneCompact Bone

Transverse Transverse slices show slices show concentric concentric lamellaelamellae – – layers of layers of matrix matrix arranged arranged around around Haversian Haversian canalscanals

This is the This is the basic basic structural unit structural unit of boneof bone

Bone MarrowBone Marrow

Soft Tissue in the medullary cavity & Soft Tissue in the medullary cavity & spaces in spongy bonespaces in spongy bone– Red: hemopoietic: makes red blood cells, Red: hemopoietic: makes red blood cells,

looks like blood, but thickerlooks like blood, but thicker– Yellow: this is what middle aged people Yellow: this is what middle aged people

have instead of red bone marrow, have instead of red bone marrow, doesn’t produce blood, but it can revert doesn’t produce blood, but it can revert to red bone marrow. Adults only have to red bone marrow. Adults only have red marrow in certain spotsred marrow in certain spots

– Gelatinous: found in old age: yellow has Gelatinous: found in old age: yellow has turned to reddish jelly.turned to reddish jelly.

Bone Growth and Bone Growth and RemodelingRemodeling The wily bone, it The wily bone, it

changes throughout changes throughout life to accommodate life to accommodate our selfish, selfish, our selfish, selfish, needs.needs.

Tension leads to Tension leads to individual spines and individual spines and ridgesridges

Those who do heavy Those who do heavy manual labor have manual labor have denser bonesdenser bones

See the strength of See the strength of this man in his facethis man in his face

Growth MechanismsGrowth Mechanisms

Interstitial growth: adding more matrix internallyInterstitial growth: adding more matrix internally Appositional growth: add more matrix to the surface. It Appositional growth: add more matrix to the surface. It

starts with osteogenic cells which develop into osteocytes. starts with osteogenic cells which develop into osteocytes. This is the only way adult bone can grow.This is the only way adult bone can grow.– Why is bone growth so complicated?Why is bone growth so complicated? – interstitial bone growth impossible (too rigid) so all bone interstitial bone growth impossible (too rigid) so all bone

growth must occur on surfaces growth must occur on surfaces – appositional growth OK for width, but not for length (because appositional growth OK for width, but not for length (because

of articular cartilage) of articular cartilage) – interstitial growth essential for length, so this must be interstitial growth essential for length, so this must be

cartilaginous to start with cartilaginous to start with – then, need to create free surfaces within growing cartilage for then, need to create free surfaces within growing cartilage for

bone deposition bone deposition – so, chondrocytes hypertrophy to create cavities, then secrete so, chondrocytes hypertrophy to create cavities, then secrete

calcified (stiffened) cartilage to prevent cavities collapsing calcified (stiffened) cartilage to prevent cavities collapsing when cells die when cells die

– bone can then be deposited on free internal surfaces, as the bone can then be deposited on free internal surfaces, as the temporary calcified cartilage is removedtemporary calcified cartilage is removed

Healing FracturesHealing Fractures

Types of FracturesTypes of Fractures

Bad BreaksBad Breaks

Broken femurBroken femur

Broken Collar BoneBroken Collar Bone

Fractured SkullFractured Skull

Chapter 8 the chapter of skeletons Chapter 8 the chapter of skeletons that that you will be tested on, determining the future of you will be tested on, determining the future of those of you not yet accepted to prestigious those of you not yet accepted to prestigious colleges. Have fun at McDonald’s. Thank you colleges. Have fun at McDonald’s. Thank you for serving my freedom fries.for serving my freedom fries. Cranial bones Cranial bones

correspond to correspond to lobes of brainlobes of brain

Parietal boneParietal boneOccipital boneOccipital boneFrontal boneFrontal boneTemporal boneTemporal bone

Note sutures Note sutures where bones where bones have fused have fused togethertogether

Temporomandibular Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome Joint Syndrome

Temporomandibular Temporomandibular Joint SyndromeJoint Syndrome

one of the most complicated one of the most complicated joints in the body.joints in the body.

Moves in many directionsMoves in many directions During chewing, it sustains an During chewing, it sustains an

enormous amount of pressure.enormous amount of pressure. contains a piece of special contains a piece of special

cartilage called a disk that keeps cartilage called a disk that keeps the skull and the lower jawbone the skull and the lower jawbone from rubbing against each other.from rubbing against each other.

Problems from strain, abnormal Problems from strain, abnormal chewing, or arthritis can lead to chewing, or arthritis can lead to acute painacute pain

Treatment depends on severity. Treatment depends on severity. For mild cases; analgesics, heat For mild cases; analgesics, heat therapy, massagetherapy, massage

Cleft palletCleft pallet

split in the roof of the split in the roof of the mouth resulting in a mouth resulting in a passageway into the passageway into the nose.nose.

can be corrected with can be corrected with surgery.surgery.

likelihood of cleft lip and likelihood of cleft lip and cleft palate can be cleft palate can be reduced if a woman reduced if a woman takes folic acid before takes folic acid before pregnancy and through pregnancy and through the 1st trimester of the 1st trimester of pregnancy. pregnancy.

Warning disturbing Warning disturbing image of cleft pallet image of cleft pallet babies to followbabies to follow

Cleft PalletCleft Pallet

In the past, it was In the past, it was also known as a also known as a hare lip and was hare lip and was more conspicuous more conspicuous even with surgeryeven with surgery

In some cases In some cases speech speech impediments impediments remain remain

Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

Cervical area: Cervical area: around neckaround neck

Thoracic Thoracic vertebrae vertebrae noted for noted for spinous spinous processprocess

Lumbar: lower Lumbar: lower backback

Sacrum: at the Sacrum: at the back of the back of the pelvispelvis

Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae attach to the ribsattach to the ribs

Sacrum once Sacrum once thought to be the thought to be the seat of the soulseat of the soul

Originally 5 bones Originally 5 bones in infants it fuses in infants it fuses around age 16 around age 16 and is one bone and is one bone by age 26by age 26

Upper Upper LimbsLimbs

HumerusHumerus– hemispherical hemispherical

head that head that attaches to the attaches to the shoulder in a shoulder in a ball and socket ball and socket jointjoint

– Radius and ulna Radius and ulna articulated by articulated by the other endthe other end

Radius vs. UlnaRadius vs. UlnaDeath matchDeath match

Ulna is longerUlna is longer Radius has Radius has

the large the large styloid styloid process and a process and a rounder headrounder head

Warning Warning gruesome gruesome vile bloody vile bloody images to images to followfollow

So many people So many people break these break these bones.bones.

MetacarpalMetacarpalss Bones of the palmBones of the palm Look like Look like

extensions of the extensions of the fingers, so they fingers, so they seem much seem much longer than they longer than they really are.really are.

Phalanges are the Phalanges are the actual finger boneactual finger bone

FemurFemur

Attaches to the Attaches to the ox coxae (hip) ox coxae (hip) at the spherical at the spherical headhead

Attaches to the Attaches to the patella, fibia patella, fibia and tibia at the and tibia at the otherother

Bones of the lower legBones of the lower leg

Tibia: thicker, Tibia: thicker, stronger, weight stronger, weight bearingbearing

Fibula: slender, Fibula: slender, stabilizes the ankle, stabilizes the ankle, bears no weight. bears no weight. – Can be removed at Can be removed at

times to replace other times to replace other lost bone.lost bone.

Warning horrible, Warning horrible, disgusting, Sweet disgusting, Sweet mother of mercy mother of mercy why? images to why? images to followfollow

The photograph below shows long jumper, Llewellyn The photograph below shows long jumper, Llewellyn Starks, who suffered a compound fracture to his right Starks, who suffered a compound fracture to his right tibia and fibula when attempting a jump at the 1992 tibia and fibula when attempting a jump at the 1992 New York games. The bone can be clearly seen New York games. The bone can be clearly seen protruding through Stark's leg.protruding through Stark's leg.

Dr. Leonard Dr. Leonard “Bones” “Bones” McCoy U.S.S. McCoy U.S.S. EnterpriseEnterpriseDoing science Doing science &&Fighting Fighting RomulansRomulans

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