bombs away

November 2014

> BROWNFIELD SITES

> UV SYSTEMS

> REUSING WATER

> PARTICULATES

> BILGE WATER

PG 20PG 23PG 27PG 30PG 32Solutions for Air, Water, Waste and Remediation

| www.pollutionengineering.com

Bombs Away PG 14

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Brand new name. Decades of experience.

You might not have heard of PeroxyChem, but we’ve been in the business of soil and groundwater remediation for quite some time. As a division of FMC, we’ve worked to develop an ever-expanding portfolio of technologies that includes In Situ Chemical Oxidation, In Situ Chemical Reduction, bioremediation and stabilization. With these groundbreaking products and time-tested expertise from the industry’s top minds, we can help you develop and execute site-specific solutions that address your environmental challenges.

www.peroxychem.com/remediationFormerly a division of FMC Corporation

FMC Environmental Solutions is now PeroxyChem.

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4 Pollution Engineering JANUARY 2013

F E A T U R E S

N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 4 V O L U M E 4 6 N O . 1 1

Subscribe to Pollution Engineering and our electronic newsletters at www.pollutionengineering.com.

14 Investigating Undersea Munitions Using increasingly innovative technology, the Army has

been investigating munition disposal sites on the sea floor to study the effects of the discarded munitions on the sea and surrounding wildlife.

20 The Remediation of Brownfield Sites Cleaning sites for reuse can be a rewarding experience and

will help to save public health and improve safety as well as improving aesthetics.

23 Testing New UV System Designs for NWRI Approval

As precious water resources dwindle, it is vital to find ways to reuse water but in a safe and healthy manner.

27 The Challenges with Potable Water Reuse Simply treating water for reuse may not be enough. People

have to be taught that the new product is safe for the application.

30 Particulate Control Tiny particles can cause major damage to people when they

are aspirated into a lung. Though difficult, these air pollution elements can be controlled.

32 New Bilge Water Treatment System Design Protecting bay waters was a high priority and the system

had to function with low maintenance and last.

Member March 2-5 2015

C O L U M N S

D E P A R T M E N T S 07 The Editor’s DeskThe EPA has again prepared a plan to expand control of all water that falls on the country. By Roy Bigham

09 Legal LookoutThe DOT is seeking to change some of the transportation rules in order to better conform to international shipping standards used around the world. By Lynn L. Bergeson

46 The Air EducatorAs EPA makes changes to guidance documents and air regulations, expect additional air modeling work to be added as well. By Dan Holland

08 EnviroNews

08 PE Events

10 Air Pollution Control Products

11 Water Pollution Control Products

12 PE Products

47 Classified Marketplace

49 Advertisers Index

INSIDE

18

20 23

2014

Ann

ual C

onfe

rence & Exhibition Navigating Environm

ental Crossroads

Long Beach, Cal i forn ia

Air & Waste ManagementA S S O C I A T I O N

50 State Rule ChangesEnvironmental Rules change daily. BLR brings a few of the latest changes needed to stay in compliance. By BLR

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© 2013 AMETEK Inc. All rights reserved.

6 Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER 2014

ONLINE W W W . P O L L U T I O N E N G I N E E R I N G . C O M

Early Bird Special (FOR REGISTRATIONS BEFORE 1/30/15)

March 2-4, 2015

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WESTMINSTER, COLORADO

The SERDP and ESTCP research programs are proud

to launch a new webinar series with the goal of

promoting the transfer of innovative, cost-effective

and sustainable solutions developed using SERDP

and ESTCP funding.

The series is geared for Department of Defense

and Department of Energy practitioners, the

regulatory community and environmental

researchers. The goal is to provide cutting-edge

and practical information that is easily accessible at

no cost. The webinars will be held approximately

every two weeks on Thursdays from 12:00 to 1:30

pm EDT. Each webinar will feature two distinguished

speakers per technical topic from the SERDP and

ESTCP research programs.

For more information, please see http://www.serdp-estcp.org/Tools-and-Training/Webinar-Series.

SERDP and ESTCP Kick Off Webinar Series

Roy Bigham • Editor • (248) [email protected]

Pollution Engineering covers a variety of topics throughout the year, and our editorial team is always open to receiving audience-supplied features. We are seeking submissions for high-quality, well-written technical articles for editorial review.

Think of it as a new way to network with your peers and for a chance to be published in the number one source for must-read pollution control information!

FLIP

PAGE

to see to

pics

of interest

• Submissions should be less than 2,000 words in length and include up to three supporting hi-resolution images.

• Send us your story and include photos and graphics that demonstrate a working knowledge of a particular technology or system.

• Write it as if explaining it to a friend because we are not interested in printing a commercial.

• Flip the page for a list of suggested topics or contact our Editor to discuss your idea.

WE NEED YOU! CALL FOR ARTICLES

Have a topic you don’t see listed? We’re always open to new ideas

for topics that matter most to our audience. Contact our Editor to

discuss your suggestion.

Pumping Aggressive Fluids

· Remediation Technology

· Remediation

· Soil & Groundwater Treatment

· Waste Handling

· Water Treatment

· Air Treatment

· Control Air Emission

· Controlling Waste

· EPA Air Standards

· Industrial Wastewater Treatment

· Managing Water Quality

Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

WE NEED YOU! CALL FOR ARTICLES

Roy Bigham • Editor • (248) [email protected]

NOVEMBER 2014 www.pollutionengineering.com 7

Just a few months ago, the public learned that EPA had secretly devel-oped comprehensive maps of water found in each state in the United

States. Then, on April 21, 2014, EPA proposed new regulations and a new definition for waters that could fall under the agency’s jurisdiction.

When Congress passed the Clean Water Act, the legislation included a phrase, “navi-gable waters of the United States.” Unfortu-nately, the phrase was not defined, and the agency, with the help of other government departments such as the Army Corps of Engi-neers, has struggled to find a suitable definition ever since that would satisfy industry and the public. Periodically, Congress will debate the issue, and the courts are forced to decide individual cases to determine if the agency had jurisdiction. Various members of Congress have uttered statements along the line that they do not intend to allow regulation of every mud puddle in the country but failed to actually make legislation defining any limitations or boarders. In the April proposal, EPA dropped the word navigable in their definition of waters they could or should regulate. In speeches, EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy stated that no new waters would be added to their control.

Is Past Action Significant?In February 2012, I wrote in the Editor’s Desk about draconian measures EPA took against a couple who were in the process of build-ing their dream home in Idaho. Basically, an enforcement officer from the EPA showed up and halted all construction activity. The officer explained that there was standing water on the property in what was described in newspaper reports as a puddle. The family then received orders from the agency demanding they take very precise remedial actions and continue with long-term monitoring or face hefty daily fines.

The couple tried to talk with the agency to no avail and took legal action. At every turn, EPA wielded its considerable weight to deny

any court actions until some judges tossed out the private citizens’ claims. However, the couple persisted, and the case ended up in the Supreme Court. The decision and order was that the EPA did have responsibility to meet with the couple to discuss the case. I can find no record that such a meeting ever took place.

Mapping a CourseThe maps that EPA developed include such details as ditches. On their website at http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/streams.cfm, they define just what waters they expect to control and why. It reads as follows:

Small streams, including those that don’t flow all of the time, make up the majority of the country’s waters. They could be a drizzle of snowmelt that runs down a mountainside crease, a small spring-fed pond, or a depres-sion in the ground that fills with water after every rain and overflows into the creek below. These water sources, which scientists refer to as headwater streams, are often unnamed and rarely appear on maps. Yet the health of small streams is critical to the health of the entire river network and downstream communities. These small streams often appear insignifi-cant, but in fact are very important, as they

feed into and create our big rivers.So, it appears that if there is a puddle of

water that could ever possibly overflow, and such overflow could potentially in any way reach flowing water, then it should be regulated. I think that covers just about any mud puddle. Note also that they mention the inclusion of additional waters that might not be mapped.

What to ExpectThere is no need to panic at this point. However, keep in mind that the agency is embarking on an all-out plan to educate the public about water issues. Their website was recently updated to include a number of pages on the topic. There are blogs and videos talking about the issue. Tons of comments have been received, but the agency has been fully convinced for decades that all waters are tied together and all must be protected by regulation. Expect new regulations will be finalized and new requirements will be established on industry and communities. Storm-water runoff will no longer be allowed, and such water will be required to be collected and reused. Once these rules are out there, there will also be many lawsuits, and the cycle of litigation will start again. Expect the process to again travel all the way to our nation’s top court.

EDITOR’S DESK

Water Issues Become More ClearThe EPA has again prepared a plan to expand control of all water that falls on the country.

Roy Bigham is Editor of Pollution Engineering. He can be contacted at [email protected]

Note also that they mention the inclusion of additional waters that might not be mapped.


> REMEDIATION

Wastewater Plants Upgrades Could Cost Nearly $200 billion The U.S. House of

Representatives Appropriations

Committee recently heard tes-

timony which makes a strong

case that “modernizing and

replacing the country’s aging

water and wastewater infra-

structure may be the single

largest public works need that

the U.S. faces,” and it requires

a serious investment. The EPA’s

most recent needs survey esti-

mates $187.9 billion is needed

by clean water agencies to

comply with the Clean Water

Act (CWA).

Some of the wastewater

plants in the U.S. were built

more than 100 years ago. Some

plants are keeping up with their

aging infrastructure, but most

are not able to do so due to inad-

equate funding. The status of

upgrades is continually report-

ed in North American Municipal

Wastewater Treatment Facilities

& People Database.

> REGULATIONS

WEF Gains Korean SupportThe Water Environment

Federation (WEF) signed a

Memorandum of Understanding

(MOU) with two of Korea’s

top water associations, the

Korean Water & Wastewater

Works Association (KWWA)

and the Korean Environment

Corporation (KECO). Intended

to strengthen ties between

the respective organizations,

the MOUs were signed by

officials in the Global Center

at WEFTEC 2014 – WEF’s 87th

Annual Technical Exhibition &

Conference.

Specifically, WEF, KWWA and

KECO will seek opportunities

for knowledge exchange and

mutually beneficial support

of each other’s publications,

activities, initiatives and spe-

cial projects to assist with a

shared goal of protecting the

environment and encouraging

sustainable development.

“WEF is delighted about this

important step to strengthen

our connection with Korea

through ties with these two

distinguished associations,”

said WEF Executive Director

Eileen O’Neill. “As a result of

these two new MOUs, we can

look forward to more exciting

opportunities to support our

mutual interest in improved

water management and sus-

tainable practices.”

> CORRECTION

The October

cover story

on page 18

incorrec t ly

listed the

author. The

story was

s u b m i t t e d

from Frankie

Wood-Black, Ph.D., REM, MBA,

she is the principal for Sophic

Pursuits Inc., Ponca City, Okla.

Send comments or questions to

[email protected].

NOVEMBER1-6 Summit 2014: Inspiring

Action, Creating Resilience estuaries.org/summit

5-6 Power Experts 2014 worldarena.us

5-6 WWEM wwem.uk.com

6-18 WWEMA 106th Annual Meeting wwema.org/annual.php

16-20 International Water Conference

eswp.com/water

19-20 Canadian Waste & Recycling Expo

waste360.com

DECEMBER9-11 Renewable Energy World renewableenergyworld-

events.com

9-12 NGWA Groundwater Expo groundwaterexpo.com

JANUARY12-15 The Eighth International

Conference on Remediation and Management of Contaminated Sediments

Battelle.org

FEBRUARY16-18 EUEC euec.com/index.aspx

MARCH2-4 RemTEC Summit remtecsummit.com

ENVIRO NEWS

PE EVENTS

FIND ADDITIONAL NEWS & EVENTS AT WWW.POLLUTIONENGINEERING.COM.

PE Poll DataThe EPA has mapped all surface water down to the smallest ditch in the US. Many think this is part of the new waters of the United States definition rules. Does this worry you at all?

51%49%

October 2014

> MANAGING METHANE

> STACK TESTING

> FRACKING

PG 24

PG 31

PG 34

Solutions for Air, Water, Waste and Remediation

| www.pollutionengineering.com

Proposed REFINERYRule PG 18

Super Early Bird expires on

9/30/14!

No, it is a tool that the agency needs to do their job. Yes, private property

should not be under the same scrutiny as industry or public property.


LEGAL LOOKOUT

Harmonizing DOT HMR International StandardsThe DOT is seeking to change some of the transportation rules in order to better conform to international shipping standards used around the world.

On Aug. 25, 2014, the U.S. Depart-ment of Transportation’s (DOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)

issued a proposed rule seeking to harmonize the hazardous materials regulations (HMR) with international regulations and standards. The rule would revise proper shipping names, hazard classes, packing groups, special provi-sions, packaging authorizations, air trans-port quantity limitations and vessel stowage requirements. The key changes to this HMR proposed by PHMSA are summarized below.

BackgroundPHMSA proposes to incorporate by refer-ence the most recent versions of various international hazardous materials standards, including the 2015 to 2016 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Techni-cal Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dan-gerous Goods by Air; Amendment 37-14 to the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code); the International Atom-ic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Standards for Protecting People and the Environment; Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radio-active Material, No. SSR-6 (IAEA Regula-tions), 2012 Edition; and the 18th Revised Edition of the United Nations Recommenda-tions on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (U.N. Model Regulations). PHMSA also proposes to update by reference the Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regula-tions and to adopt updated International Stan-dards Organization (ISO) standards.

PHMSA proposes amendments to the Haz-ardous Materials Table (HMT) at 49 C.F.R. Section 172.101 to add, revise or remove certain proper shipping names, hazard classes, packing groups, special provisions, packaging

authorizations, bulk packaging requirements, and passenger and cargo aircraft maximum quantity limits.

PHMSA proposes an exception from the HMR for marine pollutants up to 5 liters (1.3 gallons) for liquids or 5 kilograms (11 pounds) for solids when these materials are packaged in accordance with the general packaging requirements of 49 C.F.R. Sections 173.24 and 173.24a. The proposed amend-ment would exempt small packages of hazard-ous material from the HMR that are regulated only because of the presence of one or more

marine pollutants because PHMSA believes such materials pose little transport risk.

PHMSA is proposing to modify the list of marine pollutants in Appendix B to the HMT. PHMSA periodically updates its list based on changes to the IMDG Code and evaluation of listed materials. PHMSA is also proposing to add minimum sizes for the OVERPACK and SALVAGE markings. These markings would be characters at least 12 mm (0.47 inches) high.

PHMSA is proposing to revise and add vessel stowage codes listed in column 10B of the HMT and segregation requirements in 49 C.F.R. Section 176.83 consistent with the IMDG Code. PHMSA also proposes to increase the required segregation distances between Division 4.3 dangerous when wet materials, Class 3 flammable liquids and Divi-sion 2.1 flammable gases.

Consistent with amendments adopted into the U.N. Model Regulations, PHMSA is proposing to revise the HMT to include 17 new entries for adsorbed gases. PHMSA also proposes to add into the HMR a definition for adsorbed gas, authorized packaging and safety requirements, including but not limited to quantity limitations and filling limits.

PHMSA proposes harmonization with the latest version of the ICAO Technical Instruc-tions to ensure that information currently authorized by the HMR to be provided by means of an alternative document be included

on a shipping paper for batteries transported under the provisions of 49 C.F.R. Section 173.185(c)(4)(v), the equivalent of Section IB ICAO Packing Instructions 965 and 968. PHMSA also proposes requiring a “cargo aircraft only” label on packages containing small lithium metal batteries not packed in or with equipment.

PHMSA states that if the amendments are not adopted in the HMR by Jan. 1, 2015, the date most of the international standards above are scheduled to take effect, U.S. companies will be at an economic disadvantage. These companies will be forced to comply with a dual system of regulations, a result to be avoided.

The proposal is an important step in ensur-ing harmonization. Readers with interest in these issues should review the proposed regulations carefully.

By Lynn L. Bergeson

Lynn L. Bergeson is managing partner of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C. She is president of The Acta Group, with offices in Washington, D.C., Manchester, U.K., and Beijing, China, and president of B&C Consortia Management LLC (BCCM) with offices in Washington, D.C.

The proposal is an important step in ensuring harmonization. Readers with interest in these issues should reviewthe proposed regulations carefully.


PE PRODUCTS

Spray ScrubbersThe Series 9000 preformed spray scrubber is designed to simultane-ously remove solid and gaseous particulates from dryers and other pro-cessing operations. It features a fine droplet scrubbing liquid spray zone within a confined involute section that eliminates any bypass of untreated gas. A fully open, cyclonic entrainment removal section without internal drop-let removal components is designed to make the scrubber highly reliable while also requiring low maintenance.

Bionomic Industries Inc.Mahwah, N.J. • (800) 311-6767www.bionomicind.com

CNG Let-Down SystemsThe LD series Let Down systems combine Bruest’s catalytic heater with controls technology to lower the pres-sure of the CNG to a range specified by the user. They can be used in hazardous loca-tions, including Class I Divi-sion 1 and Division 2 rated locations, and they emit virtually zero NOX. The heaters range from 2,500 BTU input to 2,800,000 BTU. The smallest heaters are less than 100 pounds; larger units are stationary or trailer-mounted for complete portability.

Catalytic Industrial GroupIndependence, Kan. • (620) 331-0750www.cat-group.com

Air VentThe VS3 air vent is designed for use with

sanitary applications needing an air vent for a liquid line or filter. Three-point seating

and a rubber valve seat allow for tight sealing of TLV’s Free Float. The VS3 also meets spe-cific requirements for materials,

surface treatments, component configuration and Industry standards

set by the FDA and USP. It is available with internal and external electro-polished surface

finishes as fine as 0.4 µm Ra.

TLV Corp.Charlotte, N.C. • (704) 597-9070www.tlv.com

Pressure/Temperature Data LoggersThe OM-PR series of pressure/temperature data loggers features a temperature range of minus 4 to 185°F; pressure ranges are 35, 150, 350, 550, 2,000 or 5,800 psia; and vacuum ranges are 760 and 380 Torr. The data logger is packaged in a submersible 316L stainless steel housing and has a standard one-fourth NPT fitting. It is CE compliant and has 150 percent over-range protection, programmable start/stop time and sample rates, up to 64,000 samples per record, alarm set points and a five-year battery life.

OMEGA Engineering Inc. Stamford, Conn. • (800) 848-4286www.omega.com

Particulate MonitorThe TRIBO.dsp U3400H is a two-wire, loop-powered, wide dynamic range par-ticulate monitor for both high- and low-temperature applications utilizing HART protocol. It is reportedly

ideal for all emission monitoring and process flow applications where a continuous 4-20 mA signal is needed. The HART protocol allows bi-directional communication with the unit for remote access and control. The U3400H is designed to be wired directly to a PLC, DCS, data logger or any control device capable of providing the 24V loop power, while simultaneously receiving the continuous 4-20 mA signal.

Auburn SystemsDanvers, Mass. • (978) 777-2460www.auburnsys.com

Air Quality Control SystemWisconsin Power and Light will install an Air Quality Control System on Unit 5 at their Edge-water Generating Station in Sheboygan, Wisc. The system includes the Gebr. Pfeiffer scope, which will include the KLV 02/630-4.0 hydrator, a weigh feeder and a bag filter for dedusting the hydra-tor’s exhaust vapors. The KLV 02/630-4.0 hydrator allows for dry injection – the process of adding water to pebble lime in order to pro-duce a dry, volume-stable lime hydrate.

Gebr. Pfeiffer Inc.Pembroke Pines, Fla. • (954) 668-2008www.gebrpfeifferinc.com

> Product Focus: Air Pollution Control Products


PE PRODUCTSPE PRODUCTS> Product Focus: Water Pollution Control Products

Stormwater Management SystemCULTEC’s heavy-duty Contactor 100HD plastic subsurface cham-bers maximize storage capacity while maintaining a low profile. The chamber holds 112 gallons and has nearly 30 cubic feet of storage per unit when surrounded

with stone. The chambers have repeating support panels to add strength and feature a side portal to allow internal lateral manifolding of the system. A small chamber – the HVLV SFCx2 feed connector – is inserted into the side portal to create the internal manifold, which eliminates the need for an external custom pipe and fitting header system.

CULTEC Inc.Brookfield, Conn. • (203) 775-4416 • www.cultec.com

New WebsiteWilden has launched a completely redesigned website with a more user-friendly, intuitive interface; improved navigation; enhanced content and site optimization for a vast array of mobile devices such as smartphones and tab-lets. Website visitors can access the entire suite of information on Wilden AODD pumps, Air Distribution Sys-tems (ADS) and elastomers including specifications, literature, guides, tools, performance data, technology applications, educational materi-als, manuals/EOMs, case studies, videos and white papers.

Wilden Pump & Engineering LLCGrand Terrace, Calif. • (909) 422-1730www.psgdover.com

Ultraviolet Disinfection SystemsNeptune Benson installed a UV drinking disinfecting water system in Berea, Ohio, enabling the town to seek the Cryptosporidium credit in Ohio after the parasite was found in 10 of 24 samples collected from

the East Branch of the Rocky River, which is typical for this type of surface water. Cryptosporidium is effectively deactivated using ultra violet light, which has become an important barrier in the U.S. and globally to ensure that drinking water is wholesome and free from any harmful organisms.

Neptune BensonCoventry, R.I. • (401) 821-2200 • www.neptunebenson.com

Suspended Solids Density MeterThis meter measures and monitors primary, secondary and return-activated sludge concentrations in pipes, tanks or clarifiers, and auto-mates biosolids removal. It allows operators to program underflow pumps to automatically shut off before sludge becomes too thin and helps operators determine floccu-lent dosages for improved filter press/centrifuge/digester performance. The reportedly non-intrusive, safe ultrasonic sensor needs no permits or approvals, and is simple to install, calibrate and clean.

Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.Georgetown, Ontario, Canada(855) 873-7791 • www.sludgecontrols.com

UV Water DisinfectionThe AmaLine system for drinking water and reuse is a highly compact, low pressure, high output (LPHO) multi-lamp UV system. Its hydraulics rotate the liquid flow to ensure optimal disinfec-tion with minimal head-

loss. Aquionics is conducting validation over a broad range of flows and UV-T to meet all global drinking water standards.

AquionicsErlanger, Ky. • (859) 341-0710www.aquionics.com

Critical pH MeasurementSensorex’s TX2000 Intelligent pH/ORP Series Transmitters deliver critical ana-lytical information from process sensors to water treatment plant operators. Full featured with alarm/control relays and current outputs (4-20 mA), the TX2000 transmitter interfaces to plant SCADA or DCS control systems, keeping operators apprised of changing process conditions. The transmitter features easy-to-navigate text and graphic illustrations in a large, backlit display. Supplied in a compact NEMA 4X/IP65 enclosure, units can be wall-mounted, installed in a panel or pipe/handrail mounted.

Sensorex Garden Grove, Calif. • (714) 895-4344www.sensorex.com


Online StoreCOMPASS is an online store offering Kenics static mixers. The online store is self-man-aged 24/7 for order entry and payment efficiency. The store reportedly offers accuracy in proper product selection and rapid shipment as well. The online configurator allows customers to input the pipe

diameter, flow rate and viscosity for the application. After specifications are validated, the ideal Kenics static mixer model is selected and the model number displayed. Payment is accepted directly online.

ChemineerDayton, Ohio • (800) 643-0641www.chemineer.com

Ceramic Pumps FMI’s valveless, ceramic meter-ing pumps have sapphire-hard ceramic internal components, which are chemically inert, wear resistant and dimensionally stable. In addition, FMI pump’s Ceram-Pump valveless rotating and reciprocation piston pump design eliminates the need for check valves, which can clog, leak or fail over time. These features are designed to allow the pump to handle a broad range of chemicals under varying conditions with extreme precision and accuracy.

Fluid Metering Inc.Syosset, N.Y. • (800) 223-3388www.fmipump.com

Porous Metal ProductsMott Corporation’s all-metal mem-brane meets ASTM F838-05 for bacterial retention. Their sterilizing grade membranes are supplied in 316L stainless steel or titanium. This technology is available in a variety of form factors from very small discs or tubes for drug delivery applica-tions to larger 10-inch cartridges for

biotechnology and pharmaceutical processing. This membrane is reportedly able to withstand aggressive chemistries and drug cocktails without the potential for leaching, outgassing or other adverse reactions. The porous metal components are available with filtration ratings from sub-micron (0.1µm) to coarser filtration ratings, including 0.2 µm sterilizing grade media.

Mott CorporationFarmington, Conn. • (860) 747-6333 • www.mottcorp.com

Cut Resistant Tube SleeveThe KRG Sleeve provides ANSI Level 4 cut resistance and flame resistant properties. This highly reusable sleeve is made from Kevlar and other mate-rials to provide superior comfort and protection. The 2-ply tube design offers outstanding cut resistance while further reducing total cost of ownership since the sleeve is made to withstand multiple launder-ings. The KRG sleeve is available in multiple sizes, with or without a thumb hole. It is sold by the dozen pair.

Wells Lamont IndustrialSkokie, Ill. • (800) 247-3295www.wellslamontindustrial.com

PE PRODUCTS

Restraint Coupling and Flange AdaptorThe HYMAX Grip pipe coupling and flange adaptor uses universal teeth to restrain all types of connecting plastic and metal pipes. As pressure

is applied to the connecting pipes, the adaptor actually increases its hold

on the pipe. It has a hydraulic sealing that allows joining pipes to move up to four

degrees on each end of the coupling and still maintain a tight, durable seal. It comes as a restraint coupling and as a flange

adapter, both with a pipe diameter range of 4 to 12 inches.

Krausz Industries Ltd.Tel Aviv, Israel • 972-3-5154013www.krausz.com

Think Pink CampaignMagid is encouraging its customers to select from an assortment of pink PPE, including gloves, eye protection and hard hats, to wear throughout the month of October. Magid will donate 10 percent of the pink PPE sales to the National Breast Cancer Foundation. The pink PPE brands being offered include the company’s own lines of hearing protection, eye protection and gloves, as well as products from PIP, Showa Best and Honeywell. The products include ChromaTek cut-protection glove, which comes in a variety of high-visibility colors, including pink, and a women’s gardening glove that works with touchscreen devices and smartphones.

Magid Glove & Safety Mfg. Co. LLCRomeoville, Ill. • (800) 444-8030www.magidglove.com

PE PRODUCTS> Product Focus: General


Chip on Board BulbsThe LED PAR30C series comes with a clear, precision UV-sta-bilized polycarbonate lens that directs high-brightness 820 lumens in warm white, 840 lumens in natural white, and 790 lumens in pure white LED color temperature. They have a 60-degree beam of light in a medium flood illumination pat-

tern. The PAR30C bulb operates in a voltage input of 100 to 277 VAC, offering long-lasting durability and easy drop-in installation in existing standard 26 mm Edison screw-base sockets. This bulb with COB LED replaces up to 60-watt halogen PAR30 bulbs, while consuming only 11 watts of power, resulting in energy savings of up to 80 percent.

LEDtronics Inc.Kashiwa Conn. • (800) 579-4875 • www.ledtronics.com

Drum Crusher/In-Drum CompactorThe Sahara explosion-proof drum crusher/in-drum compactor is suitable for use in Class I, Division I areas. It reportedly reduces waste volumes for safe and economical disposal – crushing drums down to 4-inch pancakes. Its explosion-proof construction makes it ideal for use in NFPA Class I, Division I areas. It features 60,000 lbs. of compaction force, welded steel construction, a non-sparking compaction chamber and a quick-change head for easy conversion to in-drum com-pacting mode.

Benko Products Inc.Sheffield Village, Ohio(440) 934-2180www.benkoproducts.com

Combination TruckThe PAT 360-HD is a multi-pur-pose cleaning truck that utilizes a combination of jetter, vacuum and downhole pump to provide a complete stand-alone cleaning system for large diameter lines, digesters, grit chambers, lift sta-tions, water treatment plants,

ponds, lagoons and other hard-to-clean environments. It utilizes four, 8-inch hydraulic pumps, enabling it to pump/separate sand and water at up to 10,000 gallons per minute. It delivers up to 1,100 horsepower and performs in surcharged conditions, allowing a facility to remain com-pletely on-line. It features an extra-long hydraulic knuckle boom crane with up to 49 feet of reach from the center and 180-degree rotation.

Polston Applied TechnologiesOnalaska, Texas • (941) 444-1440 • www.PolstonProcess.com

Bushed Para-Flex CouplingsThe Baldor-Dodge Para-Flex QD (PXQD) prod-uct line is available in sizes PX50 through PX200, with torque ratings through 82,500 in-lbs. Para-Flex QD flanges are designed to offer greater bore capacity, allowing customers to downsize their coupling selections. The QD bushing allows for easy installation and removal with minimal shaft damage, reducing overall replacement costs. When used with the Para-Flex element, the complete couplings system reportedly per-forms in difficult applications, providing excellent misalignment capabilities.

Baldor Electric CompanyFort Smith, Ark. • (479) 646-4711www.baldor.com

Decentralized AC DriveThe VACON 100 X is equipped with advanced control capabilities and sup-ports both induction and permanent magnet motors up to 50 HP (37 kW). It is designed for wide-ranging applications, including outdoor installations, as well as heat, dirt and vibration. It is rated for zero to 100 percent relative humidity, 3 g vibration resistance, 25 g shock for 6 ms (3M7 acc. to IEC 60721-3-31), and operating temperatures from 10°C to 40°C (up to 60°C with current derating).

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Temperature Transmitter Omega’s M12TX temperature transmitter features a sensor with a computer-programmable built-in transmitter, a molded connector (IP67), a M12 connection, 4 to 20 mA output and a minus 58 to 932°F temperature range. The probe is ideal for areas with space limitations where traditional head connections are too large to fit. The transmitter is ideal for HVAC, automation and industrial processing.

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> Product Focus: GeneralPE PRODUCTS


he Hawaii Undersea Military Muni-tions Assessment (HUMMA) is a multi-phase program addressing the challenge of characterizing a historic deep-water munitions disposal site. The specific objectives of the pro-gram are to determine the potential

impact of the ocean environment on sea-disposed muni-tions and of sea-disposed munitions on the ocean environ-ment and those that use it.

Due to the environmental conditions at the site (average temperature: 43°F; average pressure: 55 atmospheres) and the difficulty accessing it, the field program consists of sever-al short-duration, high-intensity deployments. Maximizing

COVER STORY

T

Investigating Undersea Munitions

Using increasingly innovative technology, the Army has been investigating munition disposal sites on the sea fl oor to study the effects of the discarded munitions on the sea and surrounding wildlife.

> > BY GEOFFREY CARTON, CALIBRE SYSTEMS INC. ; SONIA SHJEGSTAD, ENVIRONET INC. ; MARGO EDWARDS, UNIVERSIT Y OF HAWAII ; J. C. KING, OFFICE OF THE DEPUT Y ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE ARMY FOR ENVIRONMENT SAFET Y AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Deploying one of the submersibles, Pisces IV,

with Diamond Head in the background. The HUMMA

study area is between 3 and 20 miles from shore. Photo

credit: Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory


the effectiveness of the overall effort involves orchestrating a multidisciplinary team – historians, oceanographers, geo-physicists and geochemists, environmental scientists, and biologists from academia, industry and government – and a variety of sophisticated equipment to accomplish the objec-tives. To date, the HUMMA team has achieved a series of programmatic successes, facilitated technology transfers,

and documented lessons learned that are being applied to underwater munitions investigations worldwide.

BackgroundThrough the 1970s, sea disposal was internationally accept-ed as an appropriate method for disposal of a variety of wastes, including conventional and chemical munitions. It was common international practice to dispose of munitions and other wastes in the oceans. Following this accepted practice of the time, the U.S. Armed Services disposed excess, obsolete and unserviceable munitions in U.S. coastal waters from as early as the late 1800s through 1970.

In 2006, Public Law 109-364 § 314 (Research on the Effects of Ocean Disposal of Munitions) required the Department of Defense to identify sea disposal sites in U.S. coastal waters, identify navigational and safety haz-ards, characterize six of these sea disposal sites and inves-tigate the feasibility of remediation of the munitions. The 2009 Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress contained the final report on the sea disposal of military munitions, which was based on four years of archival research. The report details disposals of conven-tional and chemical munitions in U.S. coastal waters. The chemical munitions and bulk containers held approxi-mately 32,000 tons of chemical agents. In Hawaiian waters, the disposal of conventional munitions is known to have occurred between 1920 and 1951, with the disposal of chemical munitions occurring between 1933 and 1946.

Policies governing the sea disposal of military munitions were not specific in the early 1900s, but they became more restrictive over time. By 1945, the Department of Defense required munitions to be disposed 10 miles from shore, with conventional munitions at a minimum depth of 3,000 feet and chemical warfare materiel at least 6,000 feet. About 96 percent of the net chemical agent weight was disposed of in water depths of 1,000 feet or more. In 1970, the Department of Defense discontinued the use of sea disposal. In 1972, Congress passed the Marine Protection, Research and Sanc-tuaries Act. This act effectively prohibited ocean disposal of waste materials, including military munitions.

Investigating a Deep-Water Disposal SiteTo aid the Department of Defense in meeting the unique challenge posed by Public Law 109-364 §314’s require-ments, the Army initiated HUMMA in 2006 to investigate a Department of Defense military munitions sea-disposal site in Hawaii (Department of Defense sea-disposal site HI-05). This poorly documented site is 3 to 20 miles south of Oahu in water depths of 800 to 2,000 feet. The site con-tains conventional and chemical military munitions, includ-ing 16,000 100-pound mustard-filled bombs. The site’s close proximity to shore and the University of Hawaii’s research facilities, technologies and personnel facilitated the logistical

Coal


COVER STORYCOVER STORY

support required for a detailed investigation.Investigations in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012 used inno-

vative technologies to map and verify, using two three-man, deep-sea research submersibles, towed-video cameras, and remotely operated vehicles, to find small seafloor munitions targets; and collect an array of samples (sediment, seawater and biota) within 6 feet of selected munitions. The final 2014 field program will complete the sampling program using a more sophisticated remotely operated vehicle. HUMMA’s approach allows the site to be studied across a broad range of resolutions, stretching from regional maps covering hundreds of square miles to extremely high-reso-lution imagery of individual munitions and the animals co-existing with them. This approach and its resulting robust, multi-disciplinary dataset will aid in optimizing sampling at other sea-disposal sites in both deep and shallow water.

Prior to the 2007 SONAR survey, the University of Hawaii reviewed its extensive library of past manned submersible training missions in the area and mapped the locations of munitions detected by submersible video cameras. This analysis provided an indication of the types of munitions present and their general distribution, docu-menting that hundreds of munitions were exposed on the seafloor and not buried by sediment. This seven-day 2007

survey started with the collection of medium-resolution (6-by-6 foot grid cells) bathymetry and reflectivity data over 250 sq. miles using a SONAR system hull-mounted on a University of Hawaii research vessel navigated using GPS. The GPS-navigated SONAR data provided a base map that depicted enough topographic detail to allow other systems to be towed within a few feet of the seafloor with reduced risk of collision and could later be used for co-registration with higher resolution datasets. The last five days of the 2007 survey used a higher frequency SONAR system towed 150 to 200 feet above the seafloor to capture higher resolution (1.5-by-1.5 foot grid cells) information of surface roughness and detect munitions, including the 100-pound mustard bombs.

The data from the higher resolution 2007 SONAR sur-vey covered 30 sq. miles and allowed the 2009 survey by manned submersibles and a small remotely operated vehicle to focus on target-rich areas. The manned submersibles collected 94 sediment and 30 water samples within 6 feet of high-interest munitions and control sites to evaluate whether munitions constituents, including chemical agents or agent breakdown products, were detectable at levels higher than at nearby munitions-free control sites. Tissue samples from edible marine life, 16 fish and 19 shrimp, were also collected.

Photo from a submersible showing box core for the

collection of sediment and shrimp trap. Note: A bomb is seen in the

background. Photo credit: Hawaii Undersea

Research Laboratory


Given the potential for encountering toxic chemi-cal agents, strict screening and decontamination protocols were followed at sea. Sediment and biological samples were screened onboard for the presence of chemical agent prior to release to a shore-based commercial environmental laboratory for analysis. Although the 2009 HUMMA survey successfully identified more than 2,500 munitions and collected samples near 20 munitions, no 100-pound mustard bombs were identified.

In 2009 and 2010, commercial surveyors investigating pathways for cables and pipelines south of Oahu contacted the HUMMA team and, based on the distribution of munitions depicted in HUMMA’s data, planned high-res-olution surveys for their efforts outside known munitions sites. In 2009, the first commercial survey photographed 103 munitions in trails outside the southern boundary of the 2007 study area, and in 2010, five additional munitions were photographed near the northern boundary. The casings in both sets of photographs were consistent with the size and shape of 100-pound mustard bombs. In several photographs, the munitions’ markings, which were still visible, identified the bombs as most likely being chemi-cal munitions. In 2001, based on these findings, a second SONAR survey was conducted. The 2011 SONAR survey expanded on the 2007 survey, encompassing the region where the com-mercial surveyors photographed the munitions and covered five times as much area as the 2007 survey over an equivalent five-day period thanks to implementing lessons learned during the original survey. The equipment used was also modified between the 2007 and 2011 SONAR surveys, yielding significantly sharper imagery for muni-tions, shipwrecks and smaller geological features. Numer-ous additional munitions’ trails were detected, including some near the commercial survey sites.

One aspect of the program worthy of special mention was the safety precautions related to possible contact with chemical agent. Equipment contacting the seafloor and samples had to be screened to ensure that neither the personnel nor the research vessel had been contaminated with any chemical agent. The Army worked closely with the researchers during the planning stages to outline the onboard safety procedures to be followed. Army person-nel screened each sample for chemical agent prior to releasing it to team scientists who handled and packaged the samples for shipment to commercial laboratories. The Army initially screened equipment and samples on deck immediately upon the equipment’s recovery from the seafloor, and then each sample was quantitatively analyzed

within 24 hours of collection in an onboard laboratory, providing data suitable for risk assessment.

The 2011 SONAR survey was followed by a 2012 HUMMA program that returned to sampling, with the objective of collecting information to make informed decisions regarding the condition, potential impacts, risks and actions that, if needed, might be taken to address sea-disposed chemical munitions in deep water. The 2012 HUMMA program used manned submersibles to col-lect 212 samples (153 sediment, 36 shrimp, 12 in fauna, six deep-sea dwelling starfish and five water) within 6 feet of 100-pound mustard bombs and at control sites. An innovative mass spectrometer was deployed on three submersible dives to collect in-situ, real-time readings for chemical agent in seawater at select munitions sites, with results correlated against the discrete samples collected for laboratory analysis. Additionally, 30,000 high-definition downward-looking photographs were collected during 17

Above is a map of the HUMMA study area, south of Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. The area covered by the 2011 SONAR survey is clearly much greater than that in the 2007 survey due to improvements in both equipment and methodologies.


transects through the area, two time-lapse cameras were deployed to observe the interactions of marine life with munitions, and shrimp and starfish in direct contact with munitions were collected; the latter action resulted in the discovery of a new starfish species.

Dissemination of Methods and TechnologyThe academic, government and industry participants agreed early in the planning that open discussion of the team’s approach and alternatives would benefit not only HUMMA but other investigations as well. Given this, the participants shared completed work at technical meetings through the project website (www.hummaproject.com) and in peer-reviewed and industry journals. HUMMA researchers are currently collaborating with the multi-national Baltic Sea Chemical Munitions Search and Assessment (CHEMSEA) research team to compare data from the two sites to increase the understanding of both.

The Path ForwardThe planned HUMMA field activities will conclude with a 2014 field program that will use the Woods Hole Oceano-graphic Institution’s Jason-2 remotely operated vehicle to collect samples near chemical munitions and at control sites. Sampling and analytical techniques will replicate those used during the 2012 manned submersible effort. This pro-gram will allow a direct comparison of the capabilities and

cost effectiveness of using remotely operated vehicles and manned submersibles for sampling. The substantial collec-tion of a wide array of samples, using a variety of both dis-crete and in-situ technologies, will provide one of the most comprehensive and robust datasets in the world for under-water munitions disposal sites. HUMMA is furthering the Department of Defense’s understanding of the effects of sea-disposed munitions on the ocean environment and will provide a comprehensive database for use in tailoring future sampling programs at underwater munitions sites.

To date, the study has drawn a number of conclusions and achieved a series of programmatic successes, technol-ogy transfers and lessons learned:

• Most munitions in the study area were disposed of by ships while underway, resulting in linear trails of muni-tions that are readily apparent to SONAR.

• Backscatter data from sidescan SONAR are extremely effective in detecting 3- to 5-foot-long reflective targets.

• The integrity of munitions widely varies.• Analytical methods used to detect munitions constitu-

ents during the program were effective.• Improvements in the SONAR platform motion sensors

and the use of non-overlapping survey tracks yielded a five-fold improvement of SONAR coverage with notice-ably sharper resolution.This research led to cooperation with overseas institu-

tions that are studying HUMMA approaches and results to improve the effectiveness of analogous research in other water bodies.

Mr. Hershell Wolfe, the deputy assistant secretary of the Army for Environment, Safety and Occupational Health commented that “The Army considers this research effort extremely important as it is helping close data gaps in DoD’s understanding of the effects of chemical muni-tions on the ocean environment and helping validate and improve upon procedures developed for investigating sea disposal sites, particularly those in deep water.”

Comments, views and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their employers, the U.S. Army or the Department of Defense.

A manned submersible preparing to collect

samples next to a suspected 100-pound

mustard-filled bomb at a depth of about 1,700

feet south of Oahu, Hawaii. Photo credit:

Colin Wollerman, Hawaii Undersea

Research Laboratory

COVER STORY

Geoff Carton is a senior analyst with Calibre Systems and

provided technical oversight throughout all HUMMA phases.

Sens questions to him at [email protected]

Margo Edwards is a senior research scientist at the University

of Hawaii and principal investigator for the HUMMA program.

Sonia Shjegstad is the environmental division manager

at Environet Inc., and has been involved in designing and

implementing the multiple phases of the HUMMA program.

J. C. King is the director for munitions and chemical matters

for the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army

for Environment Safety and Occupational Health.

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round the United States, many lands lie aban-doned and wasted because potentially hazard-ous contaminants may be present in the soil or groundwater. But hope of reinvestment is not lost for lands such as these, known as brown-

fields. In Pittsburgh, for example, many former steel mill sites have been converted into high-end residential, shop-ping and business areas. One area in Pittsburgh, known as Nine-Mile Run, was formerly a dumping area for industrial slag, a waste product of steel processing. The Pittsburgh Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), with help from the EPA, assessed and redeveloped Nine-Mile Run and another smaller tract of land into valuable residential property.

Papa John’s Stadium in Louisville, Ky., was constructed on a 92-acre former industrial site that was contaminated

with chemicals and petroleum during almost a century of use as a railroad repair yard. One hundred cubic yards of soil were contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 47 constituents were addressed, including lead, arsenic and chromium. The initial estimated cost of the remediation was $40 million, but the final cost was just under $7 million, after a risk assessment and the imple-mentation of a cleanup and containment plan.

Similarly, the Jenkins Valve Site in Bridgeport, Conn., was once an abandoned 18-acre area with industrial contamination. In 1994, the city used a brownfield pilot assessment grant from the EPA to evaluate the extent of the contamination at the site. Today, the former brown-field is now Harbor Yard, a sports complex with a 5,500-seat baseball park, an indoor ice skating rink, an arena and a museum.

Cleaning sites for reuse can be a rewarding experience and will help to save public health and improve safety as well as improving aesthetics.

A> > BY S AVA NN A H C OOP E R , W RI T E R AT W OR L D W IDE R EC YC L ING EQ UIP ME N T S A L E S L L C

REMEDIATION

The Remediation of Brownfi eld Sites

Above: Remediation gear can sometimes

be delivered in modules that are

quick to stage at the brownfield site.


All over the country, there are brownfield sites waiting to be cleaned up and reused. The EPA estimates that there are more than 450,000 brownfields in the U.S. alone. Most commonly found in urban areas, brownfield sites are contaminated properties that have previously been used for industrial or com-mercial purposes. Brownfields can be aban-doned factories, mills, foundries and even gas stations. Brownfield land is often con-taminated by low concentrations of hazard-ous wastes, such as hydrocarbons, pesticides or heavy metals, such as lead.

In the U.S., the investigation and cleanup of brownfield sites is regulated by state envi-ronmental agencies in cooperation with the federal EPA. The EPA often provides techni-cal help and some funding for the assessment and cleanup of brownfield sites. Through the Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act, funds from the federal government help with the cost of cleaning up these sites.

Numerous organizations may play a part in the cleanup and redevelopment of a brown-field site. State environmental agencies, com-munity groups, technical consultants, legal counsel, investors, real estate professionals and federal government agencies, such as the EPA, are just a few of the groups that may be

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involved in the remediation of brownfields.The actual cost of the cleanup is dependent on a variety

of factors, including the level, type, amount and extent of contamination in the soil or groundwater. For example, if the groundwater beneath the site is also contaminated, the cost of cleanup will likely be higher. Similarly, the time it takes to clean the site varies. Brownfield sites with extensive contamination that will be reused for residential purposes will take longer to clean than sites with minimal

contamination that will be reused for industrial purposes.There are many advantages for property owners who

clean up and reuse their brownfield properties. Often, it is borderline impossible to sell a brownfield site as is or even to receive a bank loan with a brownfield site as security. Cleaning up brownfields helps property owners avoid potential environmental enforcement actions by regulatory agencies – actions that could result in high penalties and expensive cleanups. Also, there are often tax benefits for cleaning up and reusing contaminated properties, as well as increased returns from the revi-talized property, which is more valuable and market-able. Remediating brownfield sites reduces the potential contamination of adjacent properties or groundwater, decreasing the likelihood of additional cleanup costs in the future. The cleanup and redevelopment of brownfield sites can encourage higher property values and stimulate job growth, as well as have a positive impact on the local economy by creating safer, healthier urban spaces.

Savannah Cooper is the writer at Worldwide Recycling

Equipment Sales LLC. For more information on remediation

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> > B Y J I L L B I B B Y , N E P T U N E B E N S O N

As precious water resources dwindle, it is vital to fi nd ways to reuse water but in a safe and healthy manner.

rticles that highlight the water crisis facing a number of areas in the U.S. are published with increasing frequency. One recent article,[1]

accepted for the journal Geophysical Research Let-ters by the University of California and NASA

scientists used data from the NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate (GRACE) satellite mission to track changes in the mass of the Colorado River Basin, which is directly related to changes in water amount on and below the surface. The results, which have been determined by analyzing data from December 2004 to November 2013, show that the basin has lost nearly 53 million acre-feet of freshwater. This amount is double the size of Nevada’s Lake Mead, the largest reser-voir in the U.S. More troubling is that 77 percent of this, or 41 million acre-feet, is from groundwater.

According to Stephanie Castle, a water resources spe-cialist at UC Irvine and the study’s lead author, “We don’t exactly know how much groundwater we have left, so we don’t know when we’re going to run out.”

The amount of water above ground in the basin’s rivers and lakes is documented by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, so the losses above ground are well docu-mented. However, pumping from underground aquifers is regulated by individual states and not always as well documented.

This has major mid-term implications; the Colorado River is the only major river in the southwest part of the U.S. Its basin supplies water to approximately 40 million people in the seven basin states and irrigates 4 million acres of farmland. Given the well-documented drought that the western part of the U.S. has been experiencing and a vastly diminished snow pack, the rapid depletion rate of groundwater will further compound the water cri-sis, as groundwater has for some time now been used to bridge the gap between supply and demand.

A perfect storm of changing rainfall patterns, a warm-ing climate, growing demand, and decreasing availability means that many areas in the U.S., as well as globally, will experience a shortage of drinking water in the next 30 years. A report from the Columbia Water Centre[2]

illustrates this point; a 99 percent population increase since 1950 has led to a 127 percent increase in water use, which has further decreased water availability making it increasingly difficult to replenish aquifers after a drought. The Columbia study identifies several locations within the U.S. that will experience water stress, and it develops risk metrics used to predict future water stress including one called normalized deficit cumulated (NDC) that uses data gathered over several years to point to future shortages. Some of the regions they identify below are surprising:

A

WATER

Testing New UV System Designs for NWRI Approval

Above: Temporary structure over test unit, with flow visible in clear spool piece • Picture credit Neptune Benson


• Washington, D.C., metro area• New York metro area• California from San Diego to Santa Barbara and

inland• Agricultural belt: Dakotas• Agricultural belt: Nebraska• Illinois• Lower Mississippi belt: Arkansas area• Agricultural belt: North Texas• Agricultural regions in Ohio• Agricultural regions in MinnesotaA third report from the Cooperative Institute for

Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colo-rado, Boulder[3] analyzes water supply trends over the last 10 years. This report shows that 193 out of the nation’s 2,103 watersheds – almost 10 percent – are stressed, mean-ing their current supply of water is less than demand. Aquifers underlying central California and the Ogal-lala Aquifer (or High Plans Aquifer) that stretches from Nebraska to Texas are being drawn down more quickly than they are being recharged. Vast stretches of Texas

farmland lying over the High Plains Aquifer no longer support irrigation. In west-central Kansas, up to 20 per-cent of the irrigated farmland along a 100-mile swath of the aquifer has already been depleted. This region receives only 12 to 24 inches of rain each year. In many other places, there no longer is enough water to supply farmers’ peak needs during the Kansas summer heat.

The rate of Aquifer decline is accelerating: in 2011 and 2012, the Kansas Geological Survey reports, the average water level in the state’s portion of the aquifer dropped 4.25 feet – nearly a third of the total decline since 1996. More than 90 percent of Kansas is in drought; this is the worst drought since the Great Depression, and consequently, nearly every monitoring well in the state is “much below normal” or “low.” The High Plains Aquifer has traditionally been used as a fall-back water source, but this resource is dwindling. The north-ern end of the High Plains Aquifer in Nebraska is, however, showing a gain in reserves, and for this reason the Keystone XL pipeline was re-routed as the original plan showed the pipeline routed over sand hills which feed the Aquifer.

The scarcity of water supplies is producing a variety of actions across the U.S.; in most regions water conserva-tion is now being taken more seriously, leakage rates in pipes are being addressed and improved, and water ration-ing is being considered, with California water regulators voting July 8, 2014, to approve fines of up to $500 per day for residents who waste water.

Attention is also being turned to uses of water that do not require potable water, such as municipal and crop irrigation, dust suppression and urinal flushing. Water supply for each of these applications is now being switched to previously used water, or indirect potable reuse water (IPR). In some of the most water-stressed regions, com-munities are now directly consuming reuse water. Such direct potable reuse will grow as the public becomes more comfortable with the safety of the process.

The disinfection of reuse water is clearly a critical step in protecting public health, and ultraviolet light has for some time been an integral step in the treatment of reuse water.

UV light has the ability to damage the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) found within all microbes. When exposed to a sufficient dose of UV light, DNA becomes permanently damaged, or dimerized. The dimers form where the cross bonds within the DNA structure is broken by the UV light, rendering the microbe non-viable. Normal cell functions such as respiration, replication and the assimilation of food cease, and the organism quickly dies. No organisms have demonstrated any tolerance to UV light; however several species have become tolerant to chemical disinfection meth-ods such as chlorination or biocide dosing. Some organisms do show repair mechanisms, most of which occur when the organism has received a low dose of UV light and is subse-quently exposed to sunlight. UV-A exposed to sunlight trig-gers a repair enzyme reaction called photolysis, which can

WATER

Neptune Benson UV system undergoing performance testing. Access hatch visible in foreground.


assist in a repair mechanism. For this reason, most advanced UV systems used for IPR and now DPR are contained with a closed pipe rather than the older open channel type. Open channel UV systems must be covered to prevent sunlight from reversing the germicidal action.

Most UV systems are validated using bioassay tech-niques by a third party to demonstrate adequacy of per-formance. The National Water Research Institute (NWRI) Guidelines are the standard protocol used when selecting and sizing UV systems for water reuse or reclamation. Originally launched in 2000, the guidelines were updated in 2012 and are now the standards most commonly used by regulators, design engineers and water/wastewater agencies.

All of the leading UV companies such as Trojan Tech-nologies, Calgon and ETS-UV by Neptune Benson have systems that have been validated in accordance with the NWRI guidelines, and as computer based emulation techniques such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have evolved, reactor geometry and design features have also improved. CFD models allow manufacturers to build virtual UV reactors and to simulate fluid flow through the reactor. When the actual reactor performance is under-stood as determined by bioassay, then the manufacturer has the ability to refine the models and hence to produce and validate highly optimized UV designs.

Validation of UV SystemsValidation of UV systems is generally undertaken by a third party. Neptune Benson hired Carollo Engineers to oversee the validation of a family of closed vessel, advanced UV systems, specifically for the high level disin-fection of reuse water.

Between December 2011 and September 2012, Carollo Engineers undertook a series of performance validation

tests on the ETS-UV equipment from Neptune Benson at the Dublin San Ramone Services District Wastewater Treatment Facility (DSRSD-WWTF) in Pleasanton, Calif.

A total of nine such systems were validated. In each case, a bioassay test was conducted by adding a non-pathogenic surrogate organism, MS-2 coliphage (MS-2) to the process water upstream of the UV system, which was filtered secondary effluent from the WWTP. Influent and effluent samples were taken to quantify the performance of the UV system via inactivation of MS-2 phage for a range of flow rates, power settings and UV transmittance levels. UV transmittance was altered using Super-Hume, which is a humic acid with strong UV absorbing properties.

Power was provided by diesel generators, and pumps lift-ed the filtered wastewater from the treatment plant and then returned it after the UV treatment for each case. For each reactor, the flow, transmittance, power level, pressure loss across the UV chamber, and UV intensity were measured. In total, 2,400 microbiological samples were analyzed, 700 collimated beam samples were run and approximately 65 liters of MS 2 phage (5x1011 PFU/ml) was used.

All of the ancillary equipment needed was rented for the duration of the testing, and a temporary shelter was erected to shield the ETS engineers and Carollo scientists from the elements.

The results were analyzed in accordance with the 2003 and the 2012 UV guidelines, and algorithms were derived

Most UV systems are validated using bioassay techniques by a third party to demonstrate adequacy of performance.

CFD model of ETS -UV system to emulate performance • Picture credit Neptune Benson


WATER

that calculate how much UV reduction equivalent dose (RED) was delivered by each of the UV systems for the performance envelope defined.

The report that Carollo completed was presented to the state Water Resources Control Board, and Neptune Benson has now received conditional acceptance of each reactor reviewed.

The NWRI guidelines are designed to ensure that the water produced poses no health risk, so a 5-log reduction of Polio virus and a 7-day median total coliform of 2.2

most probable number (MPN) /100 mL must be achieved. The standards require a UV dose of 100 mJcm2 when the effluent is filtered before the UV system by a cloth or other conventional filter. The UV dose is permitted to be reduced to 80 mJcm-2 when the UV is used in combina-tion with micro filtration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) and is permitted to be reduced to 50 mJcm-2 when the effluent is treated by reverse osmosis (RO).

The testing program is rigorous and requires each system to be tested and performance to be verified. In each case, the CFD model prediction of the manufacturer is compared with the actual microbiological performance achieved, and the correlation between the Neptune Ben-son model and the actual performance achieved was in excess of 98 percent.

REFERENCES1. Stephanie L. Castle, et al. “Groundwater Depletion During Drought Threatens

Future Water Security of the Colorado River Basin.” Geophysical Research Letters 2014: DOI: 10.1002/2014GL061055

2. “America’s Water Risk: Water Stress and Climate Variability” Columbia Water Center White Paper

3. Co-operative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Bolder: Sectoral Contributions to Surface Water Stress in the Coterminous United States (Averyt et al.) (www.iopscience.iop.org)

ETS-UV systems installed at reclaim facility. • Picture credit Neptune Benson

Jill Bibby is directory of marketing for Neptune Benson in Coventry, R.I. Send any questions to her at [email protected].

Minimize Wastewater Volume – Introducing Caloris Cubix™ Compact EvaporatorsUltra-compact Caloris Cubix™ Evaporators are ideally suited for

concentrating waste streams to provide clean water for reuse and

to dramatically reduce disposal costs. The Caloris proprietary design

uses mechanical vapor recompression, making the units extremely

energy-efficient. This reliable system requires limited space – even

the largest models fit under a ten-foot ceiling. Please contact Caloris

to learn how the Cubix™ Compact Evaporator can help you meet

your water management goals.

Caloris Engineering LLCEaston, Md. • 410-822-6900 • www.caloris.com

PRODUCT SPOTLIGHT


here are two potable water reuse options cur-rently in use for transforming wastewater into potable water. One is direct potable reuse (DPR), which involves purifying wastewater into purified water and then introducing the purified water directly into a water supply

system. The other is indirect potable reuse (IPR), which involves releasing treated wastewater into groundwater or surface water sources, which is subsequently reclaimed and then treated to become purified water that meets drinking water standards.

While a number of water and wastewater utilities are considering DPR, IPR is already a proven technology and has been providing benefits around the country, especially in the Southwest.

Public Utilities Department – San DiegoHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, involves the use of large quantities of water, three to eight million gallons per well, mixed with additives, to break down the rocks and free up the gas. About 10 to as much as 40 percent of this fluid returns to the surface as “flowback water” as the gas flows into a wellhead. In fracking, millions of tons of water are injected at high pressure down wells to crack open deeply buried shale deposits to extract natural gas trapped within the formation. Some of the water flows back up through the well, along with natural brines and the natural gas.

One utility planning an IPR process is the Public Utili-ties Department of San Diego, which is the eighth largest city in the U.S., with a population of about 1.3 million. The city receives an average annual rainfall of less than 11

Simply treating water for reuse may not be enough. People have to be taught that the new product is safe for the application.

> > BY W IL L I A M AT K INSON

WATER

The Challenges with Potable Water Reuse

T


WATER

inches and has limited local water supplies. It depends on importing 85 percent of its water from the Colorado River and Northern California. However, prolonged droughts and court-ordered pumping restrictions have reduced the reliability of these deliveries. “We are currently in a drought state of emergency, with the last two winters being extremely dry,” said Beth Murray, program manager, management support. “These conditions, plus continued population growth, have intensified the need for new sources of water.”

As a result, the city began looking for ways to diversify its water portfolio to reduce its dependence on imported water. It has determined that potable reuse is feasible, from cost, regulatory and technical standpoints. As a result, San Diego is proceeding with a full-scale potable reuse implementation. The first facilities will be capable of delivering 15 MGD of potable reuse and are scheduled to be completed by 2023. Additional facilities to be built by 2035 could increase total delivery to more than 80 MGD, which is approximately 30 percent of the city’s projected water need.

For treatment, a combination of membrane filtration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet/advanced oxidation will be

used. The resulting water will then be piped to a reservoir where it will be blended with imported water and runoff, then piped to a drinking water plant for additional treat-ment and distribution. “The Orange County’s Groundwa-ter Replenishment System has used membrane filtration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet/advanced oxidation to produce purified water since 2008 for its county,” said Murray. (Orange County’s system is discussed below.) Throughout the purification process, the water undergoes frequent testing and continuous monitoring.

San Diego worked with the California Department of Public Health (now the Division of Drinking Water within the state Water Resources Control Board) and the Region-al Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB). The city engaged the Division of Drinking Water staff throughout the demonstration project’s reservoir study, from scripting out reservoir modeling scenarios to determining appropri-ate metrics for the reservoir’s performance as a barrier and ultimately to obtaining their concept approval of the proposed project. In September 2012, the division issued a letter to the city expressing its conceptual approval of the proposed San Vincente Reservoir Augmentation Project.

The city similarly engaged the RWQCB throughout the reservoir study because it would have jurisdiction over a res-ervoir augmentation project. While the Division of Drink-ing Water’s main interests were in retention and dilution of the water in the reservoir, the RWQCB’s interest was the impact to reservoir water quality. “Reservoir modeling showed no adverse impacts of purified water on reservoir quality,” said Murray. The RWQCB issued its concept approval of the city’s proposed project in February 2013.

The project will provide multiple benefits. It will pro-vide a more reliable water source, allow the city to become more water-independent, increase diversification, greatly reduce (and potentially eliminate) the need for expensive secondary upgrades at the Point Loma Water Treatment Plant, reduce ocean discharges in Point Loma and provide a system that is more resilient to drought, climate change and natural disaster. “That is, the project has the benefit of offloading some of the city’s wastewater from the system and eliminating the need for a costly update and capital improvements to that system,” said Murray. “There are also environmental benefits in reducing ocean discharges.”

Orange County Water DistrictWhile San Diego is working toward IPR, the Orange County Water District (Fountain Valley, Calif.) already has the technology in place. “Our interest in this devel-oped in the mid-1970s, when the Water District developed a project called Water Factory 21,” said Mike Markus, general manager. “This was the first project in the nation to use reverse osmosis to treat wastewater.” The water was injected into the ground along a seawater barrier that has been built along the coast, which prevents seawater

Convincing the PublicWhile the technology to treat water for reuse can be challenging, convincing the public to drink the water can be even more challenging.

The Public Utilities Department of San Diego retained a nationally recognized consulting firm to assist with the outreach and public education on the project. The outreach effort began in the summer of 2011 and includes specialized services of three multi-cultural consultants, development of a comprehensive communications plan and strategy, coordination of speakers for bureau presentations, facility tours, community events, production of collateral materials, stakeholder involvement and media outreaches. “To date, we have reached more than 20,000 members of the public through these efforts and have seen acceptance of purified water rise from 26 percent in 2004 to 73 percent in 2012,” said Beth Murray, program manager, management support.

“When it came to getting the word out to the public, our board was visionary,” said Mike Markus, general manager of the Orange County Water District (OCWD). “The board realized from the beginning that we would have to do some type of public outreach campaign.” In the mid-1990s, the OCWD conducted focus groups and polling and found out what concerns that the public had. It then went out and talked with its main customers, which were the 19 retail agencies that would be pumping the water out of the ground, and got letters of support from them. “We also went to our local political leaders at the state and federal levels and got their support,” said Markus. “We also reached out to and got the support, of the health and medical communities.” The OCWD then went out to service organizations such as the Kiwanis, Rotary, Chambers of Commerce, etc. It also reached out to the environmental community and was able to get their support, including the Surfriders Foundation, the Coastkeepers and the Sierra Club. “We ended up giving over 1,200 presentations in a 10-year period,” he said. “We had, and continue to have, no active opposition to the project.”


from coming in and contaminating the groundwater base. “Since that time, we have become very large groundwater managers,” he said. “The system currently provides about 72 percent of the water supply to 2.4 million people.”

In the mid-1990s, the OCWD wanted to expand its seawater barrier as a way to increase the Water Factory 21 from 15 MGD to 35 MGD. At the same time, the Orange County Sanitation District, which is located next to the OCWD, was considering the need to build a second ocean outfall. “As a result, we began to work together,” said Markus. “The idea was that if we would increase the size of our project to 70 MGD, the Sanitation District would not need to build the second ocean outfall, and they were willing to contribute half of the cost of our project.” In this project, the OCWD is using secondary effluent from the Sanitation District. “This project became operational in 2008 and is currently the largest IPR project in the world,” said Markus.

Two years later, the OCWD board decided to expand the project from 70 MGD to 100 MGD. “We expect this new expansion to be completed by early 2015,” he said.

In terms of the technology, since the OCWD is tak-ing secondary effluent from the Sanitation District, it is receiving wastewater that has already been treated and is safe enough to discharge into the ocean. “We then run this secondary effluent through a three-step process,” said Markus. The first is micro-filtration, which removes bac-

teria, protozoa and suspended solids. “This is an effec-tive pretreatment to the second process, which is reverse osmosis, which removes dissolved minerals, viruses, pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals,” he said. However, there are still some very small, low-weight molecular organics that can get through the reverse osmosis, and the third step, which is intense UV light with hydrogen peroxide, destroys these. “By the time the water has gone through this three-step process, it is as pure as distilled water,” he said.

Mike Markus is the general manager for Orange

County Water District in Fountain Valley, Calif.Send

questions to Gina Ayala at [email protected].

Beth Murray is the program manager, management

support for the Public Utilities Department in San Diego.

Send questions to her at [email protected].

INTERVIEWEES:

This project became operational in 2008 and is currently the largest IPR project in the world.


articulate is a word used in the environmental industry that simply means dust. The composi-tion and size of the particles can make a large difference in the potential impacts that must be considered and why it is so important to con-trol this special subspecies of dust.The JOS of

the LACSD is a large regional sewerage system consisting of 17 sanitation districts, serving 73 cities and unincorpo-rated areas within Los Angeles County. The economies of scale and efficient operation of the large system have kept sewer rates in the districts among the lowest of all Califor-nia and U.S. sewerage agencies.

What’s the Big Deal?Size is perhaps the most important of all the problems cre-ated by particles suspended in the air. A bar of aluminum is not dangerous, but if that same bar was milled into tiny dust-sized particles suspended in air and contained in an area, a tiny spark could easily ignite those particles.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration dis-cusses the dangers of what they refer to as explosible dust, which would be conditions that could allow rapid oxidation resulting in powerful explosions of materials that are not normally flammable. They provide examples such as an

incident in West Virginia in 2010 when dust from titanium caused an explosion that killed three workers. In 2008, accu-mulated dust at a Georgia facility resulted in an explosion that killed 14 people. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Haz-ardous Investigation Board listed 281 combustible dust inci-dents between 1980 and 2005 that killed 119 people, injured another 718, and resulted in extensive property damage.

But depending on the size of a dust particle, it can be aspirated and then lead to a much slower but just as dead-ly situation. The EPA has established airborne concentra-tions for any dust less than 10 microns because particles of this size can be drawn into the lungs where they can become attached and lead to infections. There is a separate standard for dust particles less than 2.5 microns because they can travel even deeper into the structure of the lungs.

While dust masks can help reduce the particles, the commonly seen types that come 50 to a box at the local hardware store will not even slow down a 10 micron particle. Facial hair, even a light shadow, will destroy the capability of the mask to hold back much of the particles.

Many people do not really relate to the the size of a particle or what a 10 micron particle would look like. In the first place, 10 microns is right at the limit of visibility for someone with good eyesight. Figure 1 is a table that

Tiny particles can cause major damage to people when they are aspirated into a lung. Though diffi cult, these air pollution elements can be controlled.

> > BY R OY BIGH A M

AIR

Particulate Control

PAbove: Figure 2:

Cutaway schematic of a typical Cloud Chamber System

shows its operational sequence. Based on new discoveries and patented innovations in electrofluidics, the CCS utilizes a unique

method of charging water droplets and capturing particles.


provides an idea of the normal size range of some every-day substances. Keep In mind that particles larger than 10 microns can still be lodged in the bronchial tube and nose. So it is still important to use proper mask equipment to keep these critical pathways clean.

Controlling ParticlesControlling or removing such tiny particles can be a chal-lenge. An exhaust fan can move particles from a workplace but can also leave dead spaces. Additionally, if the problem is small particulate, then they cannot be exhausted either. A good plan is to hire a quality air flow engineer who can assist in system designs. A HEPA filter must be capable of removing 99.97 percent of particles 0.3 microns or larger, according to the Department of Energy standard 3020-2005. Maintenance is critical with such filters.

Some operations will require control of large volumes of particulate materials. For example, transferring coal or coal dust can yield very large volumes of small particles. The tiny particles are easily airborne and suspended because they are so light. Waste to energy plants can also produce high volumes of tiny particles if left uncontrolled.

Calling in expert engineers can be helpful because what works in one place may not do so well in another. For example, in one plant that made cement in Michigan, it was determined that an electrostatic precipitator would easily remove the particles. The impact was quite dramatic. Before the plant installed the precipitator, the process emit-ted a whitish smoke from its stacks. When the installed pre-cipitator was activated, the smoke simply disappeared. The electrostatic precipitator worked by directing the air flow between charged plates. The particles were attracted to the charged plate by electromagnetic forces. Flow was periodi-cally changed to a different stack, and the electromagnetic plates were turned off. The collected dust fell to a hopper at the bottom of the stack and collected in super sacks that were easily moved and transported for disposal. The sacks contained the materials quite well.

Company managers decided to install another system at a plant in a Southern state that made the same product. However, when the new system was activated, the smoke from the stack remained white. They ended up calling in the same engineer to come down and help solve the problem. It turned out that the source of the raw material was different enough, and that little difference in chemistry did not allow the particles to take on the same charge. It was a costly repair.

Another practice to remove particulates from an exhaust air stream is a counter-flow sprayer system in which tiny particles will be removed from the exhaust gases by the well-dispersed water droplets. The water is collected at the bottom of the stack and treated as needed to remove the solids. The water can then be filtered and reused in the stack treatment. It is critical to work with a good supplier to choose the correct spray nozzle for the application. Bete

Fog is a good source for such information.Another innovation used in this industry is a combina-

tion of technologies called wet electrostatic precipitation (WESP). There are a few variations on this technology, and competition is high. Michael Beltran, president of Beltran Technologies Inc., wrote about WESP technology in Pollu-tion Engineering’s October 2012 issue (http://bit.ly/1x7F1NQ page 21). Their multistage system is capable of removing fine particulate and gas contamination from exhaust air streams.

Taking the technology to the next level, Tri-Mer Corp. developed a Cloud Chamber System technology (see Fig-ure 2) that can capture particulates of all sizes, including the fine particles that are less than 2.5 microns, and gases simultaneously. In a Pollution Engineering article in June 2007 (http://bit.ly/1tXd8FR), Development Director Kevin Moss described in some detail how the system functioned. Basically, the system mimics nature by charging really tiny water particles so that they are attracted to the particles as well as to the gases. The combined materials collect and are easily treated as needed.

One other source might be Eisenmann. They have a product called the WESP-2F that can remove fine particles as well as gases from an exhaust stream.

These are certainly not the only methods of controlling particulate materials. It is important to properly character-ize the tiny bits and find a competent engineering advisor to help with the design.

Figure 1: The chart provides a comparison of common particles in the atmosphere to provide an idea of the dimension of 10 and 2.5 microns.


niversal Environmental Solutions (UES) of Tampa, Fla., recently began operating its new industrial wastewater pre-treatment system. UES is an affiliate of Hendry Marine Indus-tries, an 88-year-old business that began as a dredger and is now a ship repair company.

The plant was officially unveiled to the public on April 17 by Ed Kinley, president of the company, in a ceremony at the Hendry dry docks and berths in Port Tampa Bay.

The new plant was designed to treat oily bilge water from ships using the Port of Tampa Bay in a manner that is highly protective of the environment. Bilge water is water that does not run off the ship’s deck and collects in the lowest part of the ship; it can include sea water taken in from rough seas, and it typically contains residual petro-leum hydrocarbons generated from leaks, routine repairs, cleaning and other maintenance activities conducted on board. Pollution prevention regulations prohibit the con-taminated oily bilge water from being pumped overboard.

This facility was partially financed by an economic devel-opment opportunity from the state of Florida. The facility’s

operation will benefit Florida not only because it minimizes potential marine pollution, but also the residuals from the plant are recycled by way of energy input production.

The plant’s primary treatment method is based on the use of dissolved air flotation (DAF) technology, a proven technology that can be used to reduce biochemical oxy-gen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, phosphorus and certain metals in a wide variety of wastewater streams. The DAF was designed to treat influent concentrations of 2,000 milligrams per liter (mg/l) oil and grease (O&G) and 500 mg/l total suspended solids (TSS) to less than 100 mg/l O&G and 870 mg/l TSS, so that the effluent meets Tampa’s pre-treatment standard for disposal in the city’s sewer system.

The major parts of the treatment plant complex include:• A 10,000 square foot operations building that houses, in

containment, the treatment system and plant controls.• A transfer pipeline that allows oily bilge water to be

off-loaded from ships docked at the Hendry berth. The pipeline is made of a fused high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe and has double-walled construction to

Protecting bay waters with a low-maintenance, long-lasting system was a high priority.

> > BY BR UC E C L A R K , P. E . , S C S E NGINE E R S

U

WATER

NEW BILGE Water Treatment System Design

Exhibit 1: Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) unit is shown above.


capture leakage, allow-ing it to be re-processed. The interstitial space between the two pipe walls is continuously and automatically mon-itored for leakage from the operations building within the plant.• An aboveground bulk storage tank farm and transfer pump sys-tem. The tank farm receives the flow from the pipeline or tanker trucks and provides approximately 270,000 gallons of storage. The main tankage was creat-ed by refurbishing four steel tanks purchased from the city of Key Largo that were former-ly used at its wastewater treatment plant. Trans-fer pumps feed the DAF reactor at a maximum

flow rate of approximately 175 gpm (252,000 GPD). The tank farm is surrounded by a concrete spill con-tainment wall built to the 100-year flood elevation.

• A high volume “Butterworth/Gas Freeing” tank cleaning system at the Hendry Corporation shipyard. Cargo tanks of petroleum service barges are cleaned in advance of repair and “hot work/welding” in the shipyard. These cleaning efforts can result in as much as 1,000,000 gallons of wastewater treated per vessel.

• A 10,000 gallon capacity DAF reactor unit (Exhibit 1) constructed of 304 stainless steel, mechanical peripherals and an automated control system manu-factured by Piedmont Technical Services, Charlotte, N.C. As the flow comes into the head of the DAF, more compressed air is introduced into the lower part of the unit. The compressed air bubbles rise through the flow and simultaneously sweep oily par-ticles up to the surface. The heavier solids continue to coagulate and sink to the bottom of the unit. The floating oily layer (called float) moves to the end of the unit where it is skimmed and processed to initially separate the oil from the water.

• A chemical injection and mixing unit. As the flow comes into the treatment plant, flocculating chemicals and compressed air are introduced into the DAF piping system. The flow moves through a circuitous pipeline to allow time for the chemicals to start the flocculating

process on the solids and oily droplets in the wastewa-ter. Bench tests conducted by the DAF vendor demon-strated the efficacy of the chemical application.

• Two 1,000-gallon decant tanks that promote separa-tion of the float into two phases, an oily layer phase and a clarified water phase. The oil residue is then pumped out to the tank farm and stored in tote con-tainers where it is periodically transported to an off-site reclamation facility and refined for re-use. The clarified water is mixed in with the treated effluent from the DAF.

• A sludge thickening area. Settled sludge drawn from the DAF unit is pumped to a sealed, water-tight roll-off box which is periodically transported for disposal of its contents at an off-site permitted solidification facility.

Treated effluent discharged from the DAF unit is pumped into a new sanitary sewer gravity main which connects to Tampa’s main wastewater collection system. The flow rate is monitored by an ultrasonic meter and digital recorder.

Redundant systems are used on the plant to reduce the potential for adverse environmental impact. These systems include 1.) placing the entire treatment system and related pumps and piping inside a covered spill containment area, including spill curbing for the sludge roll-off container, 2.) high-level alarms and pump shut-down in the farm tanks and DAF unit and 3.) use of double-walled piping with continuous interstitial leak monitoring for buried piping.

The plant’s engineering design, permitting and con-struction plans were completed by SCS Engineers, Tampa. The plant required four environmental permits, three from the city and one from the county. The plant construction was handled by Seavy & Associates, Tampa, Fla., and was completed in six months and within budget. Mr. Kinley indicated that the Hendry facility provides a significant amount of space for future expansion of the treatment plant as other wastewater sources are anticipated.

Ed Kinley is president of Universal Environmental Solutions

LLC, Tampa, Fla.

Bruce Clark, P.E., is a project director with SCS Engineers in

Tampa, Fla. Send questions and comments to him at bclark@

scsengineers.com.

The new plant was designed to treat oily bilge water from ships using the Port of Tampa Bay in a manner that is highly protective of the environment.

RemTECSummit.com

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We are pleased to bring back the RemTEC Summit, on March 2-4, 2015, conveniently located just 15 minutes from downtown Denver in Westminster, CO.

The 4th RemTEC Summit will once again deliver a truly unique platform focused on advancing the environmental science and remediation industry. At this event, you will hear essential sources of information on technology, application and policy affecting the restoration of contaminated sites from the world’s leading experts within the academic, regulatory, industry and environmental consulting communities.

The 2015 program is fi lled with experienced and knowledgeable industry experts. With 15 different topics, plus 2 keynote presentations and an exciting panel discussion, you will have the opportunity to attend 16+ hours of education over the course of 2 1/2 days. In addition, there will be multiple opportunites for networking where you can make powerful connections and build important relationships.

Attending the RemTEC Summit is a highly worthwhile investment as the event focuses on applications of cost-effective restoration and site closure - in addition to the theory and key technical advances from cutting edge research studies. You will leave this event well informed and enthusiastic about applying the latest concepts and information to your own projects.

We invite you to join us for this advanced forum where knowledge sharing and innovative thought leadership come together to pave the way to progress. Reap the benefi ts of one-on-one personal contact with KEY industry leaders and professionals and learn the latest on emerging technologies. You don’t want to miss the 2015 RemTEC Summit!

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The 2013 RemTEC Summit was a huge success!Over 425 industry professionals attended in 2013, a 57% increase from the 2011 event. The program was better than ever with top-notch educational sessions and presenters.

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MONDAY, MARCH 2, 20158:15 AM — 9:00 AM

9:30 AM — 10:00 AM Morning Networking Break

11:50 AM — 1:15 PM Luncheon / Exhibit Hall Opens

2:55 PM — 3:25 PM Afternoon Networking Break

Advances in Bioremediation Metals and Radionuclides: Investigative, Regulatory and Remedial Approaches

New Life for Physical Treatment Processes and Remedy Enhancement Using Treatment Trains

Session ChairsJohn Wilson, Scissortail Environmental SolutionsMary de Flaun, Geosyntec Consultants

Session ChairsJennifer Nyman, Geosyntec ConsultantsJohn Vidumsky, DuPont

Session Chairs Mike Basel, Haley & AldrichJim Cummings, U.S. EPA

Session KeynoteOptimization of Biogeochemical Transformation of Chlorinated SolventsPatrick Evans, CDM Smith

Session KeynoteJohn Izbicki, U.S. Geological Survey

Session Keynote Self-Sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR): A Smoldering Solution to Groundwater and Soil ContaminationDave Major, Savron Solutions

Do the Benefi ts of In-Situ Bioremediation Persist for Years? Results from a Data Mining and Field Study of 5 to 15 Years of “Sustained Treatment”Travis McGuire, GSI Environmental

Hexavalent Chromium Remediation in Soil and Groundwater Mike Apgar, FTC&H

World’s Largest In-Situ Thermal Desorption (ISTD) Project – How it was Completed? Gorm Heron, TerraTherm

Full-Scale Electronkinetically-Enhanced Bioremediation (EK-BIO) of PCE DNAPL in Clay — Results from Year 1Evan Cox, Geosyntec Consultants

Microbial Technetium Reduction: The Whole Community Model Brady Lee, Pacifi c Northwest National Laboratory

Revisiting the Life Cycle and Sustainability of Physical Remedies with Modern Conceptual Site Models Shawn Burnell, ARCADIS

Evaluating the Microbial Potential for Iodine Remediation at the Hanford Site, Washington Joshua Ellis, Pacifi c Northwest National Laboratory

Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Cadmium and Lead Impacted Groundwater Michael Borda, Golder Associates

Using Phytoremediation for Hydraulic Control and Combined Treatment in the Rhizosphere Louis A. Licht, Ecolotree Inc.

Characterization of Soil-Associated Organic Acids Released During Thermal Treatment that Support Microbial Reductive Dechlorination Natalie Capiro, Tufts University

Biogeochemical Factors Regulating Mercury Cycling in Berry’s Creek Study Area, New Jersey – Implications for Remedy Decision-Making Dimitri Vlassopoulos, Anchor QEASteven Brown, Dow Chemical Company

Combining Thermal Treatment with Bioremediation: Case Studies

An Innovative Bioremediation Strategy for Treating Chlorinated VOCs in Low-Permeability Saturated Soils Using Specialized Jetting Techniques Brad Elkins, EOS Remediation

Application of Biochar for the Stabilization of Mercury in a Dynamic Watershed Carol Ptacek, University of Waterloo

Design, Construction and Operation of a Dual Biorecirulation System to Facilitate VOC Mass Reduction and Hydraulic Control in Fractured Bedrock Jeff Bamer, CDM Smith

Title Optimization of Metals Remediation using Column and Microcosm Studies Jeff Roberts, SiREM

Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation — Adjusting Practices in the Formulation of Surfactant SystemsMark Kluger, Dajak

Session Chairs: Seth Pitkin, Stone EnvironmentalMichael Smith, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation

Session Chair:Tom Simpkin, CH2M Hill

Session Chairs:Thomas Sale, Colorado State UniversityEric Daniels, Chevron Energy Technology Company

Session Keynote: Facies and Flux: A Hydrostratigraphic Framework for Mapping Contaminant Transport Behavior and Improving Remediation PerformanceJoseph Quinnan, ARCADIS

Session Keynote:Addressing the Agent Orange Legacy at the Danang Airport, VietnamKent Sorenson, CDM Smith

Session Keynote:Environmental Impacts of Shale Gas Extraction in Canada: Council of Canadian Academies Expert Panel FindingsJohn Cherry, University of Guelph

RemTEC 2015 Technical Program

Advances in Site Investigation and Environmental Monitoring

Remediation at Extreme Scales: Pit Lakes and Mega Plumes

Hydraulic Fracturing and other Upstream Oil and Gas Environmental Issues

Conference Keynote AddressRegulation is Better than Litigation: Cleanup Standards are Better Set by Regulators than Jurors, Rick Wallace, Litigator, Sedgwick LLPSetting standards for remediation is a complex and challenging process, involving competing concerns and delicate balances meant to meet social and environmental goals. Regulators prescribing standards have the benefi t of specialized experience and teams of experts. They are aided by formal procedures which allow stakeholders the opportunity to be heard. With increasing frequency, however, states eschew regulatory procedures in favor of litigation. They fi le suits that seek to impose different and more stringent standards, based on common law theories rather than legislation or regulation. They outsource the job of regulation to private lawyers and ask jurors to supplant regulators. Courts and juries are not well suited for this task. The motivation for choosing litigation over regulation is often the prospect of money damage awards. That lure has no place in environmental regulation. Regulators should not let their responsibilities be assigned to judges and juries who are ill-equipped to set appropriate standards.

MONDAY, MARCH 2, 2015 Cont inued

5:15 PM — 7:00 PM Networking Reception on Exhibit Hall Floor

7:00 AM — 8:00 AM Registration Open / Continental Breakfast


12:00 PM — 1:35 PM Luncheon

Advances in Microbiology Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Investigation and Treatment Approaches

Advances in NAPL Source Zone Characterization and Remediation

Session ChairsAlfred Spormann, Stanford UniversityJim Spain, Georgia Institute of Technology

Session ChairRamona Darlington, Battelle

Session Chairs Stephanie Fiorenza,BP America Inc.Kurt Pennell, Tufts University

Omics: The Fantasy is Over — We Need Multiple Lines of EvidenceTerry Hazen, University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Argo Mine Project Experiences – Lessons from a Large SiteMary Boardman, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

Methods for Characterizing the Source of Migrating Methane Angus McGrath, Stantec

A Cross-Section of Point Velocity Probe ApplicationsJ.F. Devlin, University of Kansas

Large Plume Remediation: Quantifying the Effects of Scale on Remedy Design & OperationScott Potter, ARCADIS

Assessing Potential Upward Migration of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid and Brine through Fractures, Faults and Intact Rock Sam Flewelling, Gradient

Real-Time, On-Site Quantitative Flux EstimatesWilliam Davis, Triad Environmental Solutions Inc.

Mine Site Closure Strategies – Optimization of Multiple Factors at Large ScalesBob Reisinger, CH2M HILL

Challenges of Resolving Methane Sources in Groundwater in the Denver Basin Tom Sale, Colorado State University

Session KeynoteProcesses Leading to Vinyl Chloride Detoxification Frank Loeffler, University of Tennessee

Session Keynote Opening up the Black Box on Oxidative Remediation of Conventional and Emerging ContaminantsDavid Sedlak, University of California, Berkeley

Advances in High Resolution Site Characterization for NAPL Source Zones: The Development of an Objective-Driven Remedial Investigation Method at a Coal Tar DNAPL Site Gary Wealthall, Geosyntec Consultants

Demonstrating the Prevalence, Diversity and Activity of Vinyl Chloride-Oxidizing Bacteria at Chloroethene-Contaminated SitesTim Mattes, University of Iowa

USAF Investigation of Non-Fire Training Area AFFF Releases Cornell Long, Air Force Civil Engineer Center

An Integrated Approach to Multi-Strategy DNAPL Remediation Considering Uncertainty Using Stochastic Cost Optimization Jack Parker, University of Tennessee

Nanoliter qPCR Platform for Highly Parallel, Quantitative Assessment of Reductive Dehalogenase Genes and Populations of Dehalogenating Microorganisms in Complex EnvironmentsKoshlan Mayer-Blackwell, Stanford

A Multi-Site Survey to Identify the Scale of the 1,4-Dioxane Problem at Contaminated Groundwater Sitesl David Adamson, GSI Environmental

Your 3D Model is Wrong: Why you Can’t Visualize DNAPL without Geology Nick Welty, ARCADIS

Controlling Methane Production During ERD and ISCR Remedial Actions Jim Mueller, Provectus Environmental Products

Biodegradation Kinetics of 1,4-Dioxane in Contaminant Mixtures Shaily Mahendra, University of California, Los Angeles

Obtaining High-Resolution Data to Demonstrate BOS 100 Performance in a Large TCE Plume with Extensive DNAPL Present Tim Harp, LT Environmental Inc.

Recent Advances in EDB Biodegradation Paul Hatzinger, CB&I

Biogeochemical Factors Regulating Mercury Oxidative and Reductive Studies for the Treatment of Perfluorinated Compounds in Groundwater Victor Medina, US Army Corps of Engineers

NAPL Dissolution, Transport, and Degradation in Soils Mixed with ZVI and Bentonite Mitchell Olson, Colorado State University

Biodegradation of Contaminants in Fracking Produced Waters Larry Wackett, University of Minnesota

Biodegradation of the New Insensitive Explosive, 2,4-Dinitroanisole Jim Spain, Georgia Institute of Technology

Session Chair: Alan Seech, PeroxyChem

Session Chairs: Andrea Leeson, SERDP & ESTCPKim Parker Brown, Naval Facilites Engineering Command

Session Chairs: Carl Spreng, Colorado Dept. of Public Health and EnvironmentSam Brock, U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Center


New Applications In Chemical Oxidation and Reduc-tion

Translating Research into Practice: Lessons Learned from DoD’s R&D Efforts

Long Term Management of Complex Sites

TUESDAY, MARCH 3, 2015

TUESDAY, MARCH 3, 2015 Cont inued

2:50 PM — 3:20 PM Afternoon Networking Break

5:00 PM — 7:00 PM Networking Reception on Exhibit Hall Floor

8:45 AM — 10:00 AM

Panel Discussion Considerations for Site Management and Remediation in Multi-National Settings Chairs: Curtis Stanley, Shell Golbal Solutions; Peter Zeeb Geosyntec Consultants Panelists: Richard Moss, AkzoNobel; Dominique Darmendrail, BRGM & ICCL (France); Carol Wood, King and Spalding (USA); Paul Nathanial, The University of Nottingham (United Kingdom)


Session Alternates

12:30 PM RemTEC Summit Concludes

Nanometals and Enhanced Biological Degradation: Results from a Field TrialDenis O’Carroll, Western University

Distinguishing Between Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds Thomas McHugh, GSI Environmental

Superfund Groundwater Remedy Performance and Completion Strategies Linda Fiedler, U.S. EPA Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology InnovationAnne Dailey, U.S. EPA Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation

One Injection System for a Multi-Phased Subsurface Doug Knight, FRX

Compounds of Military Environmental Interest Steve Larson, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

In Situ Bioremediation of 1,2-DCA Source Area and Impact on Bedrock and Seeps Mike Gefell, ARCADIS

Session Keynote:Efficacy of Chemical Treatment as a Long-Term Remedial Approach: An Industry PerspectiveRobert Luhrs, Raytheon

Session Keynote:Chlorinated Solvent Site Remediation: Where Are We and What’s Needed?Hans Stroo, Stroo Consulting LLC

Session Keynote:Long Term Management of Complex Sites: Parallels with the Medical FieldChuck Newell, GSI Environmental

Chemical Oxidation vs. Reduction: ISCO and ISCR as Complementary AlternativesPaul Tratnyek, Oregon Health & Science University

Extreme (Heated) Soil Vapor Extraction (XSVE) for Treatment of 1,4-Dioxane Contamination in SoilRob Hinchee, Integrated Science & Technology

Innovative Diffusion Model for Predicting Remediation Timeframe at Complex Sites Grant Carey, Porewater Solutions

Sustained-Release MultiOx Technology: Reactive Synergies resulting from Permanganate in combination with Persulfate for Emerging Contaminant TreatmentPamela Dugan, Carus Corporation

Developing New Diagnostic Tools to Improve Remediation PerformanceRichard Johnson, Oregon Health & Science University

Systems-Based Integration of Monitoring Data and Simulation to Support Optimization of Remedial Decision Making and Long Term Monitoring Carol Eddy-Dilek, SRNL

Lessons Learned from Conducting Over 150 Chemical Oxidation Treatability StudiesIan Ross, ARCADIS

Processes Impacting TCE Uptake and Back Diffusion in Rock MatricesCharles Schaefer, CB&I

A Large, Multi-Contaminant, Multi-Plume Complex Ground Water Remediation Site — Lessons in Adaptive Management Dave Becker, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Session Chairs: Dawn Wellman, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryBrad Schumacher, U.S. EPA

Session Chair: Anna Willet, ITRC

Session Chair: Fred Payne, ARCADISDavid Tsao, BP

Session Keynote:Paul Johnson, Arizona State University

Session Keynote: State Perspective on Managing Remediation in a Climate of Technological and Regulatory Change Jeff Steers, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality

Using High Performance Simulation to Assess the Impact of Heterogeneities on Contaminant Transport in the Vadose ZoneVicky Freedman, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Nitrate: Emerging Regulatory Issues and the Nitrogen Cycle – Is Closure Possible? Denice Nelson, ARCADIS

Natural Attenuation of Non-Volatile Contaminants in the Capillary Fringe Zohre Kurt, Georgia Institute of Technology

Regulatory Initiatives in the Twenty First Century: New Tools for Better Site Management Dot Lofstrom, California Deptartment of Toxic Substances Control

Lines-of-Evidence Approach to Estimating Non-Volatile Contaminant Flux from the Vadose Zone to the Groundwater Mike Truex, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Treatment of 1,4 Dioxane with Changing Regulations Randy Putnam, Geosyntec Consultants


Vadose Zone: New Understandings in Contaminant Fate and Transport

Emerging Regulatory Issues and Cleanup Implica-tions

Remediation 101 Workshop

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 4, 2015

There are still sponsorship and exhibiting opportunities available. Visit RemTECsummit.com/sponsor for more details!

RemTEC Student Program

We are privileged to showcase the important roles that the academic community and private sector

organizations can play to promote thought leadership in our industry at the RemTEC Summit.

The following opportunities are included in the 2015 RemTEC Summit Student Program:

REMEDIATION WORKSHOP • 1-ON-1 CAREER PLANNING • FLASH POSTER PRESENTATIONS • STUDENT PRESENTATION COMPETITION

Visit remtecsummit.com to learn more about the student program.

Special thanks to our sponsors, partners, and exhibitors!

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WHY should you attend the RemTEC Summit?At the 2015 RemTEC Summit you will:

DISCOVER cutting-edge developments based on completed projects and/or conclusive evidence within the environmental science and remediation fi eld.

LEARN from focused and relevant presentations on current theoretical and practical aspects of environmental science and remediation as well as related industry-specifi c topics of interest.

INTERACT with carefully selected chairs and presenters consisting of the world’s leading experts within the academic, regulatory and environmental consulting communities.

BENEFIT from longer presentation times across three parallel session tracks so that messages and fi ndings can be thoroughly conveyed, actively discussed and you can attend all the sessions that interest you most.

CONNECT and network FACE-TO-FACE with hundreds of top industry professionals. With two receptions, breakfasts, lunches and various networking breaks, you’ll have the chance meet with new industry contacts and further establish existing business relationships.

EVALUATE the latest technologies and products where you can interact directly with multiple suppliers who can answer your on-the-spot questions and provide solutions to your most pressing concerns.

EXPERIENCE an interactive and vigorous exchange of ideas related to today’s most important environmental remediation science and research issues.

It’s An Investment You Can’t Afford Not To Make! Reserve Your Seat Today!

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Get Your Discounted Room Rate! For overnight accommodations please call The Westin Westminster directly at 303-410-5000. Mention “RemTEC Summit” to receive the discounted group rate of $149/night + tax. Reservations must be made by February 16, 2015 to guarantee discounted pricing and availability.

DON’T WAIT– REGISTER TODAY!


Advertorial HOW-TO

One of the primary objec-tives in the management of any combustion-based process is to minimize the potential for haz-ardous events that might result from control system excursions, equipment malfunction and operator error. To help in achiev-ing that objective, refineries and chemical and petrochemical processors have implemented Safety Instrumented System (SIS) protocols per IEC 61511, designed to recognize and mitigate potentially hazardous system upsets.

The primary duty of the SIS is to quickly identify hazardous conditions and then to return the system to safe operating condi-tions or to implement a safe, controlled shutdown sequence that reduces, as much as pos-sible, the risk of operator error that might cause a catastrophic event. Because the SIS’s first job is to identify potentially haz-ardous operating conditions, oxygen and combustible flue gas analyzers stand as a first line of defense in most SIS control schemes.

In this application, the kind of flue gas analyzer can have a sig-nificant impact on operating efficiency and effectiveness. AMETEK Pro-cess Instrument’s WDG-V combustion analyzer, for instance, has been designed specifically to measure oxygen, combustibles and methane levels in hot, wet flue gas. When used for primary combustion control, this unit can provide reliable, cost-effective monitoring of combustion processes while helping to reduce oxygen, lower emissions of NOx, CO and CO2 and improve operating efficiency.

A close-coupled extractive analyzer, the WDG-V can also be used as the primary analyzer in SIS control. To assure SIS integrity, any com-bustion analyzers located in the radiant or convection zone that serve as part of the SIS should be kept independent of the basic process control system’s combustion analyzers.

Recognizing that the WDG-V might find widespread use in SIS con-trol, AMETEK engineers designed it to provide as much sensor and calibration performance, diagnostic self-check and operational data as possible through its graphical display, data logging and digital com-munication functions.

With the WDG-V, process plant operators have a highly reliable combustion analyzer that reads accurately, verifies its accuracy and informs the operator what services are needed and when they are needed to maintain that accuracy.

Specifically, the WDG-V includes:• An improved aspirator design with larger orifice sizes and

improved response times even with flame arrestors installed• Low-flow sample alarm that monitors combustion gas flow at

the sensors and provides an indication of low sample flow• Automatic verification of cell and detector integrity for ensuring

proper accuracy and operation• Cell- and detector-age tracking for proactive calibration or ser-

vice scheduling• A reduced-drift, hot-wire catalytic detector that is resistant to

SO2 degradation and can operate in process streams up to 3200°F (1760°C)

Virtually all fired-combustion processing operations today face the dilemma of trying to maximize fuel efficiency while simultaneously reducing combustion emissions. The result is the use of aggressive operating set points that may leave little room for error. To manage and reduce the risk to personnel and plant equipment, prudence has led to the widespread use of SIS control.

The inclusion of Thermox WDG-V combustion analyzers as an inte-gral part of such safety instrumented systems provides an additional layer of control designed to improve the safety and integrity of plant operations while significantly reducing the risk of an uncontrolled combustion event.

AMETEK Process Instruments www.ametekpi.com

Using Flue Gas Analyzers to Implement SIS Control for Process Heaters


Advertorial HOW-TO

BETE – Performance through Engineering

A t BETE Fog Nozzle Inc., our success has always been focused on understanding our customers’ business and providing effec-

tive engineered solutions to their most difficult fluid process challenges. With more than 55 years of expe-rience designing and fabricating spray nozzles, BETE has the engineering expertise on which customers can count.

If it’s a new spray nozzle application (or a new twist to an old application) BETE Applications Engineers will put their years of experience to work helping to deter-mine the best spray nozzle for the performance you need. Our experience goes beyond these industries and applications:

• Flue Gas Desulphurization• Pollution Control. NOX• Chemical Processing• Fire Protection• Petrochemical, Ethanol, Biodiesel• Spray Quench• Dust Control• Evaporative cooling• Mist eliminator washing

BETE Spray LaboratoryThe BETE Spray Laboratory is equipped to provide spray test data for a wide range of nozzles over an array of operating conditions. Our state-of-the-art spray laboratory is used to test nozzle performance characteristics such as spray pattern, coverage, spray angle and drop size distribution. Customers have also used our spray laboratory and nozzle expertise for special test programs. Whether you’re working on a new application or a system modification, BETE’s spray test-ing expertise can provide an effective solution.

Manufacturing and FabricationOur manufacturing facility features rapid prototyping, code compliant welding, Computer Integrated Manufacturing, and an in-house invest-ment-casting foundry. These capabilities give us complete control over the production of stainless steel, cobalt and nickel-base super alloys and other metals. Our delivery times are the best in the industry, saving you time and money.

We take pride in our willingness to provide custom solutions specifically

tailored to suit an application. Because of this, we routinely fabricate spray lances and custom nozzles to match customer requirements, such as ASME B31.3. Our highly qualified welders are some of the best in the world, with extensive experience in welding dissimilar metals and exotic alloys, including cobalt alloys. In addi-tion, we can meet almost any testing, code, or inspection requirement. Over 60% of our nozzles shipped have been customized to meet the strin-gent needs of our customers’ applications.

Nozzles may be a rather small component of major systems, but they are absolutely critical to process performance and efficiency. BETE is the quality leader in the nozzle industry. We were the first spray nozzle manufacturer in the world with a quality system registered to ISO 9001 standard. BETE nozzles can be counted on to perform to each customer’s requirements.

• 3D Computer Aided Design• In-house Investment casting foundry• Rapid Prototype• Code compliant fabrication and testing• Reliable delivery

The BETE DifferenceBETE’s mission goes beyond just selling spray nozzles: it is to provide engineered spraying solu-tions that exceed customer expectations in every detail. Extensive in-house capabilities including

CAD design and rapid prototyping, investment casting, welding, and spray testing, make it possible to offer the highest level of quality throughout every phase of production.

The BETE Difference is our unparalleled ability to respond quickly and effectively to any kind of spraying challenge anywhere in the world with the most knowledgeable customer service in the industry.

Let BETE put our experience to work for you to recommend the best spray nozzle for your process. Let us take you to the next level in spraying performance.

BETE – Performance Through Engineering(413)772-0846 • [email protected]

www.bete.com


Advertorial HOW-TO

Plant Background• Type of Wastewater and Upstream Treatment Processes: Munici-

pal wastewater with conventional activated sludge treatment processes and an average flow rate of 2.0 million gallons per day.

• Current Disinfection Process: Chlorination using sodium hypo-chlorite followed by dechlorination using sodium bisulfite.

Challenges• The facility encounters challenge to comply with effluent limits

for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with the current chlorination process. The effluent limits for DBPs are 360 mg/L for bromoform (CHBr3) and 34 mg/L for chlorodibromomethane (CHClBr2). These DBPs are formed when chlorine reacts with specific organic com-pounds including natural organic matter in wastewater.

• The facility sought a cost effective disinfection technology to replace the current chlorination process.

Proposed Solution• VigorOx® WWT II is desirable because of its high disinfection

efficiency without formation of harmful DBPs, rapid degradation in aquatic system, very low toxicity to aquatic organisms, ease of operation, small footprint and low capital costs.

• PeroxyChem provided completed services and executed a bench-scale test followed by developing a 60-day full scale trial program to confirm the efficiency and to develop optimal design/operating parameters to implement VigorOx® WWT II technology.

Results and Conclusions• Bench scale test confirmed that VigorOx® WWT II is a cost effec-

tive solution to this plant to achieve the disinfection goals without formation of harmful DBPs.

• Specifically, a VigorOx® WWT II dosage of 2.0 to 3.0 mg/L (as PAA) with contact time of 30 to 60 minutes was found to be effective to reduce microbe levels to below the permit limits.

• In terms of Ct value (C being VigorOx dose and t being contact time), a Ct of 80 min-mg/L or higher is sufficient to reduce both indicator microorganisms to below permit limit. The correspond-ing log inactivation efficiency varies from 2 logs (99%) to 5 logs (99.999%).

• Results of DBPs indicate, as expected, that adding VigorOx® WWT II does not form any bromoform and chlorodibromomethane. Adding chlorine, on the other hand, forms significant amounts of DBPs.

• Full scale trial at this facility is pending.

[email protected] (866) 860-4760 • peroxychem.com

VigorOx® WWT II Achieves Disinfection Goals and Complies with Disinfection Byproducts Requirements for a Wastewater Plant

ONE SYSTEM– PM, SO2, HCl, Hg, & NOx

www.tri-mer.comSince 1960 ©2014 Tri-Mer Corp.Factory and Headquarters: Owosso, MI. [email protected] • (989) 723-7838

Technology Leaderair pollution control

Tri-NOx®: Multi-Chem® NOx Wet Scrubber SystemTri-NOx Handles Any NO/NO2 Ratio, Guarantees a Clear Stack, Free of NO2 Plume• Wet destruct technology simultaneously removes SO2 and other acid gases.

• Systems operate in tough California southcoast region.

• Virtually any target stack output can be met, including reducing loads in

excess of 100,000 ppm to below 5 ppm.

E-mail: [email protected] • Ph: (989) 723-7838

Whirl Wet® Dust Collector for Particulate Over 3 MicronsMost Important: Low Water Use, Low Maintenance• Highly advanced dust and particulate collector has no internal moving parts .• 99% efficient for a wide range of micron sizes.• Whirl Wet units will not clog under any operating condition.


Cloud Chamber® SystemCharged Water Droplets Capture PM and Gases• CCS treats submicron particulate, plus PM2.5, PM10 and condensables.• Simultaneously treats all soluble gases at 99% efficiency.• Low total energy use, less than 1.5 inches pressure drop.


Cement NESHAP, Boiler MACT, CISWI MACT

Tri-Mer supplies complete all-in-one turnkey systems

• Tri-Mer UltraCat provides one system for PM, NOx, SO2, HCl, dioxins, mercury, organic THC HAPs, or any combination.

• Operating temperature 300°F to 1650°F.

• Particle removal to below 0.001 grains/dscf (2mg/Nm3).

• Over 90% NOx removal. Replacesconventional SCR.

• Organic THC HAPs and dioxins destroyed by catalyst in filter.

• SO2, HCl, mercury control using dry sorbent injection.


Air Flow PollutedGas

Inlet gas composition –Particulate PM,Sorbents for SO2, HCl, Hg, Cement O-HAPS, dioxins, NOx + injected ammonia

Nano-catalyst embedded in the filter walls destroys NOx, dioxins, Cement O-HAPS

Particulate captured on the surface; does not penetrate the surface wall

CLEANAIR

Out

let


Improvements in technology have made an impact on many of the regulatory programs that are governed under the Clean Air Act (CAA). Both ambient and

continuous emissions monitoring have experi-enced technological improvements, pollution control equipment and systems are more sophisticated and efficient, and combustion engineering has incorporated advanced tech-nology over the years with gains in efficiency and reduced emissions. Similarly, the tools used to assess air pollution’s effect on human health have become more sophisticated (e.g., air dispersion modeling and human health studies). As technology advances, EPA faces a big challenge in keeping its guidance up-to-date and consistent with such advances. Although EPA has been successful in many instances, there are a few regulatory areas where current EPA guidance remains fixed in the technology of a generation removed. This month’s Air Educator will discuss one area where EPA could implement new guidance to reflect advanced technology.

EPA’s definition and interpretation of ambi-ent air extends back to the 1970s and it is due for a re-evaluation. In the CAA, Congress stipulated that the general public’s health and welfare be protected from air pollution and left it to the EPA to implement the regulations for accomplishing such a task. As part of the regulation process, the agency promulgated a definition of ambient air at 40 CFR Part 50.1(e). Specifically, ambient air means “that portion of the atmosphere, external to build-ings, to which the general public has access.” EPA subsequently provided guidance defin-ing access as those areas owned or controlled by the source and to which the public is not precluded by a fence or other physical bar-rier. The federal agency reviewed its working definition of ambient air in the mid-1970s and

again in the 1980s. EPA provided a final affir-mation of the ambient air definition in 1988 and referenced a 1980 guidance memo by EPA Administrator Douglas Costle that con-firmed the ambient air definition along with a promise “to review individual situations on a case-by-case basis to ensure that the public is adequately protected.”

There are two aspects to the working definition of ambient air that could be refined and updated while still meeting the intent of the CAA. The first refinement involves considering how to define those areas to which the general public has access. Congress and EPA in the 1970s could not have envi-sioned the capabilities of technology to restrict access in the same way fences do. Current surveillance technology is capable of restrict-ing public access as efficiently as a fence. Surveillance cameras are relatively inexpen-sive (high-end cameras cost only $5,000 to $6,000), operate in daytime and lowlight conditions, provide a wireless signal and when combined with motion detection can

provide constant observa-tion cover for entire prop-erty boundaries. Facilities can and do easily utilize surveillance technology and security manpower to restrict the public’s access to unfenced areas of their

property. Several U.S. agencies factor moni-toring property lines with camera surveillance

into their regulations (e.g., the Nuclear Regu-latory Commission and Homeland Security’s Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards).

A second refinement to how ambient air is defined involves a more detailed examination of the purpose of the air quality standards that apply in ambient air. The agency is tasked with performing studies “to identify and

evaluate exposure to and effects of air pollut-ants on human health.” These studies lead to the development of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as well as air toxic standards. A key concept to air quality standards development is assessing the effects of short-term and long-term exposure to air pollution concentration levels. Thus, restrict-ing the general public’s access to an area for periods less than the length of exposure (e.g., 24-hour and annual exposure) identified in the development of an air quality standard should protect the general public’s health.

A better way of restricting the general public’s exposure to air pollution is extremely important for facilities as the air quality stan-dards become more stringent. Within the next year, EPA intends to commence a review of some of their guidance and interpretations concerning air dispersion modeling and com-pliance with the NAAQS. Facilities should be prepared to offer the agency suggestions about how the long-standing interpretation of ambient air should be updated to reflect the advantages of current and affordable technology.

AIR EDUCATOR

Technology and the Clean Air ActAs EPA makes changes to guidance documents and air regulations, expect additional air modeling work to be added as well.

Brought to you by ALL4, a nationally recognized, environmental consulting company. Dan Holland is a principal consultant for the organization.

By Dan Holland, EnviroReview

Use tag to go to ALL4.com

Congress stipulated that the general public’s health and welfare be protected from air pollution and left it to the EPA to implement the regulations for accomplishing such a task.


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Publication Detail1 Publication Name POLLUTION ENGINEERING/BNP MEDIA II LLC1 Publication Number 5054302 ISSN 3236403 Filing Date 09/15/20144 Issue Frequency MONTHLY5 Number of Issues Published Annually 126 Annual Subscription Price 123.007 Complete Mailing Address of Known Office of Publication 2401 W BIG BEAVER RD STE 7007 TROY, OAKLAND, MI 48084-33337 Contact Person CATHERINE RONAN7 Telephone (248) 244-82598 Complete Mailing Address of Headquarter or General Business Office of Publisher "2401 W. BIG BEAVER RD., STE 700"8 TROY, MI 48084-33339 Publisher (Name and complete mailing address) SARAH HARDING9 "2401 W. BIG BEAVER RD., STE. 700"9 TROY, MI 48084-33339 Editor (Name and complete mailing address) ROY BIGHAM9 "2401 W. BIG BEAVER RD., STE. 700"9 TROY, MI 48084-33339 Managing Editor (Name and complete mailing address) CRISTINA TOSCANO9 "2401 W. BIG BEAVER RD., STE. 700"9 TROY, MI 48084-3333

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15d4Nonrequested Copies Distributed Outside the Mail (include Pickup Stands, Trade Shows, Showrooms and Other Sources) 327 252

15e Total Nonrequested Distribution 4818 458115f Total Distribution 25347 2535215g Copies not Distributed 625 67315h Total 25972 2602515i Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation 80.99 81.93

16 If total circulation includes electronic copies, report that circulation on lines below16a Requested and Paid Electronic Copies 0 016b Total Requested and Paid Print Copies (Line 15c) + Requested/Paid Electronic Copies 20529 2077116c Total Requested Copy Distribution (Line 15F) + Requested/Paid Electronic Copies 25347 2535216d Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation (Both print & Electronic Copies) 0 0

17 Publication of Statement of Ownership Publication of this statement will be printed in the 11/01/2014 issue of this publication

18 Signature and Title of Editor, Publisher, Business Manager, or Owner WAFAA S. KASHAT18 Title Audience Audit/Postal Specialist18 Date 09/15/2014 01:50:35 PM

Version PS Form 3526, September 2007


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CT – DEEP TO RENEW MODIFIED GP FOR SMALL MS4S

DEEP recently issued a notice of intent to renew with

modifications the General Permit for the Discharge of

Stormwater from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer

Systems (MS4s). The proposed modified general permit

will be based on maps prepared following the 2010

census and will add eight more MS4s to this total. As

required by the EPA, the modified general permit will

also cover state and federal institutions, such as prisons,

colleges, hospitals and military facilities. The EPA also

allows permitting authorities to designate additional

regulated MS4s outside urban areas, allowing DEEP to

regulate all municipal separate storm sewer systems in

the state under the new general permit.

IA – GRAIN VACUUMING RULE CHANGES PROPOSED

A proposed rulemaking is expected affecting grain vacu-

uming activities at small grain elevators. The purpose of

this rulemaking is to establish best management prac-

tices (BMPs), including practical activities that may be

used at elevators to minimize dust and possible air quality

impacts resulting from vacuuming grain out of storage

facilities. The rulemaking will amend the current BMPs

for Group 1 grain elevators. Grain elevators not classified

as Group 1 elevators are not covered under the proposed

rule changes.

MD – ADDITIONAL DISCHARGE CATEGORIES FOR DEWATERING GP

The MDE recently proposed to amend regulations to

include additional related discharge categories of dewa-

tering, such as aquifer testing, construction dewatering,

foundation drainage and groundwater remediation to the

general discharge permit (GP) for Tanks, Pipes and other

Liquid Containment Structures at Facilities other than Oil

Terminals. The new GP would be renamed the General

Discharge Permit for Dewatering, Hydrostatic Testing

and Groundwater Remediation.

MA – ASBESTOS REGULATION REVISIONS

The state DEP has amended the air pollution regulation

for managing asbestos in demolition and renovation

projects to include the following:

• A predemolition/renovation survey, similar to the

federal asbestos NESHAP requirement

• New notification exemptions for certain very small

asbestos abatement projects

• Postabatement visual inspection requirements

• The integration of work practices, previously in DEP

policies, into the regulations

• A new permit for nontraditional asbestos abatement

work practice approvals

• New Massachusetts waste shipment record forms

• New recordkeeping requirements

• New fees

NC – STORMWATER PERMITS FOR O&G SITES

The DENR recently proposed a rule that would put in place

stormwater management requirements for oil and gas

(O&G) exploration and production. Under the proposed

rule, a permit would be required before any on-site activi-

ties other than land surveying and surface soil testing of

hydraulic conductivity and engineering properties. This

would be a stormwater-only permit and would not address

discharges to surface waters of stormwater commingled

with any other fluid. Under the proposal, the DENR may also

require stricter measures for development activities drain-

ing to high quality waters and outstanding resource waters.

PA – O&G PERMIT FEES INCREASEThe state DEP recently announced that permit

fees for unconventional natural gas wells, often referred

to as fracking wells, have increased. The existing permit

fees varied based on the well bore length, but the new

permit fees for unconventional wells are fixed at $5,000

for nonvertical natural gas wells and $4,200 for vertical

wells. The fee change will result in the average fee for

unconventional wells increasing by approximately $1,800

for nonvertical wells and $1,300 for vertical wells.

SC – WASTE TIRE CHANGES The DHEC recently proposed to amend South

Carolina’s regulations for managing waste tires. The

amendment would update, clarify or amend the stan-

dards for hauling, sorting, storing, processing and dispos-

ing of waste tires. Exemptions from the requirements of

the regulation will be clarified. Also under consideration

are penalties for violations of the regulation and the state

statute governing waste tire management.

TX – EXPEDITED PERMITSA recently proposed rule would give the TCEQ

authority to develop a process to expedite permit applica-

tions. The proposed expediting process is specifically for

air quality permit applications, registrations or the federal

operating permit. In the proposed rule, if the applicant can

demonstrate that the purpose of the application would

benefit the state or local economy, the TCEQ may grant

expedited processing. There would be a surcharge for

expedited permit applications due with the application.

This update is provided by Business & Legal Reports

Inc., practical EHS publishers since 1977. Find environ-

mental answers and state compliance help online at

http://enviro.blr.com or contact BLR at (800) 727-5257.

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NOVEMBER 2014

Conference Highlights:Coordinating Research Council

24th Real-World Emissions Workshop in San Diego, CA

2014 Air Pollution Workshop in Guadalajara, Mexico

Also in this issue:

VOCEmissions& Control

The Air & Waste Management Association (A&WMA) invites you to read and enjoy this complimentary condensed versionof the November 2014 issue of EM Magazine, a monthly magazine for environmental professionals.

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Engineering

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