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Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN Jongchan Kim June 2013 Head of Technology group (TX) [email protected]

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Page 1: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN Jongchan Kim

June 2013 Head of Technology group (TX)

[email protected]

Page 2: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

CopyrightⓒCDNetworks. All rights reserved. Page 2

How CDNs work?

LDNS

site.com’s authoritative DNS

CDN DNS Director

CDN Optimal Cache

“Here is the image you requested” ⑧

⑤ ⑥

To fetch objects from ‘img.site.com’, below flows will happen in CDN architecture.

Page 3: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

CopyrightⓒCDNetworks. All rights reserved. Page 3

How a Caching CDN works

A Content Delivery Network (CDN) is… • A network of high speed servers, distributed through multiple

datacenters • A series of DNS-based load balancers that can intelligently route

requests to the servers most able to serve them quickly • A balanced network architecture of carefully selected peering

partners and optimized routes • Specialized software that retrieves, stores, and delivers content

requested from the CDN

Page 4: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

CopyrightⓒCDNetworks. All rights reserved. Page 4

Terminology

• DNS : Local DNS, Authoritative DNS, GSLB(Global Server Load Balancer)

• Cache : Reverse Cache, Transparent Cache

• Contents : static, dynamic object

• Origin, Shield, Edge

• Pop, Node, Master node

• Unicast, Anycast

• Transit, Peering

• RTT(Round Trip Time), Bandwidth, Mbps, Gbps, GBytes, Transfer-Bytes

Page 5: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

CopyrightⓒCDNetworks. All rights reserved. Page 5

CDN Basic

Internet

Korea

UK US

Japan

Edge POP

3G/LTE

User in London

User in LA

Caching Origin Contents

without middle mile connection

User in Tokyo

Web Site (오리진)

Last Mile Middle Mile

First Mile

Reducing Origin traffic

and load

Edge POP

Edge POP

Page 6: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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CDN services

Basic CDN Service • Push Type (HTTP, FTP)

• Pull Type (HTTP/S Caching)

• Legacy Streaming (WMS(MMS/RTSP), FMS(RTMP), RTSP) − On Demand and Live

• HTTP Streaming (Apple, Microsoft, Adobe, MPEG DASH) − On Demand and Live

• Portals (Statistics, Control Panel)

Value-Added • SSL (consumes IP per certificates)

• Storage (backup and geo distributed)

• One-time URL (access control)

• Content Protection (DRM)

• Complex rule set for caching

• Access Log Delivery

• Advanced Analytics

Page 7: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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Delivery Type

Internet

Delivery

Upload Contents and Push

Contents are preloaded

before delivery

Push Type

Internet

Delivery

Upload Contents

Contents are cached on demand

Edge Server

Edge Cache

Pull Type (Caching)

Page 8: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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Type of Contents

Static Contents

• “Cacheable”

• Not related to MIME-type or URL

• Defined by HTTP header : Last-Modified, Etag, Cache-Control, …

• Storable on proxy cache or browser

Dynamic Contents

• “Application”

• “Non-Cacheable” : MISS in proxy cache

• Large TTFB or Transfer time depends on origin server

• Not storable on transfer

• Typically with Cookie

Page 9: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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Dynamic Contents

Internet Last-mile

Optimization

Origin Generates Contents every time.

Bypass Caching

Edge Cache

Shield Cache

First Mile

Bypass Caching

TCP Optimization Connection Pooling

Compression, …

Page 10: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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GSLB : DNS direction

GSLB

IDC A

End User

LDNS A

LDNS B

End User

4

3 2

1

1

3

4

1. Health Check IDC 장비에 대한 상태를 측정하여 GSLB에 Health Check 결과를 전달한다. 2. 성능 측정 LDNS와의 RTT를 측정하여 GSLB에 전달한다.

Probe 기능

GLSB

2

Probe

IDC B

Probe

End User는 LDNS에 서비스 도메인을 질의한다. LDNS는 서비스 도메인에 대한 정보가 없으면 GSLB에 질의한다. GSLB에서는 LB정책에 따라 IP를 응답한다. End User는 응답받은 IP로 접속하게 된다.

GSLB Flow

4

3

2

1

Page 11: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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Domain delegation / balancing

• GSLB DNS Answer section [jongchankim@MBP ~]$ dig www.kr.cdnetworks.com

;; ANSWER SECTION:

www.kr.cdnetworks.com. 300 IN CNAME www.kr.cdnetworks.com.cdngc.net.

www.kr.cdnetworks.com.cdngc.net. 20 IN A 14.0.68.221

www.kr.cdnetworks.com.cdngc.net. 20 IN A 14.0.68.215

Resolver /

Local DNS

DNS for cdngc.net (GSLB)

End-user

Browser

• GSLB는 사용자에게 가장 가까운 최적의 서버를 찾아줌 • Local DNS의 IP, AS, Country • CDN Pop과 Local DNS간의 latency • CDN edge의 부하정보 • 추가적인 weight, 규칙(cost) 적용

• Query latency를 줄이기 위해 Anycast DNS 도입 • GSLB에 로드밸런싱 위임을 위해 CNAME 사용

Page 12: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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GSLB : HTTP redirection

Internet

Origin Contents

Contents are cached on demand

Edge Cache

GSLB (HTTP)

2. GET again

• Client IP based 가능 • More accurate but 2x delay with HTTP • 추가적인 redirection rule 적용 (content hit, location, …)

Page 13: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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Anycast GSLB

ANYCAST GSLB (10.10.10.10)

ISP1

ISP2

ISP3

ISP4

ISPs

ANYCAST GSLB (10.10.10.10)

ANYCAST GSLB (10.10.10.10)

ANYCAST GSLB (10.10.10.10)

BGP session

LDNS

LDNS

LDNS

LDNS

DNS query

• All GSLBs have same IP address in anycast network with unicast IP for managing purpose • BGP routing ensures to connect nearest GSLB within ISP networks • Preferential BGP announcement needed

Page 14: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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Anycast GSLB

ANYCAST GSLB (10.10.10.10)

ISP1

ISP3

ISP4

ISPs

ANYCAST GSLB (10.10.10.10)

ANYCAST GSLB (10.10.10.10)

ANYCAST GSLB (10.10.10.10)

BGP session

LDNS

LDNS

LDNS

LDNS

DNS query

② BGP shutdown

① gslb Fail

③ rerouted to another GSLB ISP2

• Failover in Anycast network

Page 15: Bolts and Nuts of Web CDN · 2013-07-01 · Internet Korea UK US Japan Edge POP 3G/LTE User in London User in LA Caching Origin Contents without middle mile connection User in Tokyo

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Content Sync.

Client S/W for content Sync. Upload Zone

Upload

Upload VOD Storage

IDC 1

NAS Storage

Media Platform

End User PC

Delivery

Mgmt. Server DB

Sync. Info/configuration

Sync. Data

IDC 2

NAS Storage

Media Platform

Client S/W를 이용하여 CDN업로드 서버로 전송 업로드서버는 미리 정의된 동기화 규칙에 따라 동기화 진행 동기화의 완료여부에 따라 Client S/W를 통한 정보 업데이트 고객은 동기화 확인후 웹링크

Synchronization Flow

4

3

2

1

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Reverse Cache

Reverse Cache

특정 서버 팜에 앞 단에 위치하며 때로는 웹 가속기라고도 한다.

캐시 서버의 위치상 Proxy 캐시와 반대의 형태, 웹 캐싱을 이용한 서버 부하 감소와 응답속도 및 성능향상

Client는 웹 접속 시 IE에 별도의 설정이 필요 없으며, Origin 서버의 트래픽 부하를 줄여주는 장점

CDN 서비스에서는 대부분 Reverse Cache로 설정

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Transparent Cache

Transparent Cache

Proxy Cache의 발전된 형태로 WCCP/Layer4 스위치 등을 활용하여 웹 요청을 Cache로 전달한다.

클라이언트 웹 브라우저에서 Proxy 설정이 필요하지 않다.

일반적으로 Cache 서버는 Client IP 주소를 캐시 서버 자신의 IP 주소로 변경하여 Origin 서버로 요청한다.

Transparent Cache는 Client IP 주소를 클라이언트/서버에 투명하게 서비스하는 옵션을 제공한다.

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Detail CDN features

기능 설명 기대효과

Connection Pooling and HTTP Keep Alive

• 고객 서버와 CDN Edge 간 일정량의 커넥션 유지하고 재사용 / 시간 최소화 • 사용자와 고객사 캐시 서버 사이에서만 TCP 3 way handshaking

• 응답속도 개선

• 오리진 서버 부하 경감

Origin Cloaking • 고객 오리진 서버는 최종 사용자로부터의 모든 트래픽을 블록하고 오직 CDN

과 연동되는 서버로만 연결 • 서비스 연속성 개선

(외부 공격 방어)

Origin Failover

• 고객 오리진 서버 장애 시 일관된 서비스 가능) 고객사 캐시 서버에 보관되어 있는 디폴트 페이지를 전송 Origin 백업 서버로 재 캐시 요청 Failover 실패 시 502/503 에러 메시지 전송

• 서비스 연속성 개선

Active Compression (Gzip Compression)

• 콘텐츠를 압축해서 콘텐츠 용량과 HTTP request 부하를 감소 • 콘텐츠 타입과 크기 별, 웹 브라우저 HTTP 버전별로 압축하는 능동적 압축 정

책 설정 가능 (압축 효율은 콘텐츠 크기에 따라 결정됨)

• 응답속도 개선

• 오리진 서버 부하 경감

302 Rewriting • 고객 오리진 서버의 페이지 에러 시 최종 사용자에게 에러 페이지 전송 안함 • CDN edge 서버가 다른 고객 서버로 요청을 다시 보낸 후, 정상 페이지가 전

송되면 이를 최종 사용자에게 전송 • 서비스 연속성 개선

Content Variation • 캐시 서버가 최종 사용자 리퀘스트 속성에 기반하여 별도의 콘텐츠를 전송 • 예) Internet Explorer 에는 콘텐츠 1 전송, Firefox 에는 콘텐츠 2 전송

• 사용자 만족도 개선 (맞춤형 서비스)

Multi byte range support

• PDF 파일을 캐시하여 전달하는 데 유용한 기능 • PDF 전송 퍼포먼스 개선

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Detail CDN features

기능 설명 기대효과

SSL Offload • 고객 자체 인증서나 CDN 제공사에서 제공하는 인증서에 의해 SSL 가속 지원 • Last Mile 구간 포함 전 구간 SSL 인증 처리 지원

• 응답속도 개선

• SSL 서버 부하 경감

Authentication

• 고객 웹 서버에서의 인증을 통한 콘텐츠 무단 액세스 방지 지원 • 모든 인증 리퀘스트는 모두 고객 서버로 릴레이되어 인증 처리하는 Origin-

based Access Control와 동적 엑세스 제어가 가능한 Tokenized Access Control (Tokenized URLs) 방식 제공

• 콘텐츠 유출 방지

• 오리진 서버 해킹 방지

Geo IP Control • 최종 사용자의 IP를 당사 GeoIP DB와 비교하여 특정 지역 IP를 블록하거나 필

요 시 Redirection

• 해외 사용자로의 서비스 제한 및 맞춤형 서비스 가능

Self provisioning • 고객이 직접 설정할 수 있는 기능 제공 • 도메인 셋팅 관리, SSL 인증서 관리, 콘텐츠 퍼지 등

• 신속한 캐시 설정

로깅 • Apache 포맷, W3C 확장 로그 제공 • 고객이 직접 로그 데이터를 가져갈 수 있도록 제공함

• 온라인 비즈니스 분석 지원

API • Open API 제공하여 콘텐츠 퍼지(Purge), 가속 도메인 편집, 트래픽 데이터 수

집 등의 기능을 자유롭게 고객 시스템과 연동하여 구현 가능 • 신속한 캐시 설정

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CDN provisioning

The domain name configured on the CDN will point to the CDN’s load balancers. In this case, img.site.com.cdngc.net will point to CDNetworks load balancers, which will return the IP address of a CDNetworks cache node.

Img.site.com Img.site.com.cdngc.net Load Balancer CDNetworks Cache Node

A short overview of provisioning CDN HTTP caching service 1. Set up a DNS record for the origin server, e.g. org-img.site.com 2. Point the origin DNS record to the origin’s IP address with an A record

- Example: org-img.site.com IN A 173.194.33.20 3. Set up a DNS record for the PAD, e.g. img.site.com 4. Point the PAD DNS record to a specific domain name on the CDN, using a CNAME

- Example: img.site.com IN CNAME img.site.com.cdngc.net 5. Configure the PAD with the proper origin address 6. Configure the website on the origin to use the PAD name (img.site.com)

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Performance

Web CDN 성능 측정

• 성능측정 URL

• 측정 위치

• 측정 간격

• 수집데이터 : waterfall chart

시간 분석 • DNS Lookup Time : IP를 얻기 위해 DNS resolving에 걸린 시간

• Connection Time : 서버 IP에 connection이 맺어진 시간, TCP 3-way hand-shaking

• (SSL Time) : SSL hand-shaking

• TTFB : Time To First Byte, HTTP response 의 시작 시간

• Transfer Time : HTTP body의 전송 시간

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Performance Performance 측정 방식

• Synthetic Monitoring

− 측정 노드를 두고 미리 설정된 측정을 수행

− 다양한 기능/측정노드/수집데이터 제공

− Gomez, Keynote, Webmetrics, Catchpoint, Pingdom

• Real User Monitoring (RUM)

− 사용자 브라우져를 통한 passive한 측정, 수집용 javascript 이용

− Google Analytics, lognormal

− Cedexis, Turbobyte : CDN 로드밸런싱용으로 사용

성능 최적화 • User Experience Page Loading time

• 웹서버 성능 최적화 : 서비스 구성, 웹/디비 성능

• 네트워크 최적화 : ISP/IDC

• 사이트 최적화 : HTML구성, 페이지 크기, 로딩속도, 캐쉬

CDN 활용은 서버/네트워크 최적화를 위한 선택

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Performance

Performance impact of dynamic web acceleration

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Performance

For global CDN, performance is important for choosing CDN • DNS latency = DNS resolving time (DNS architecture, anycast) • Connect Time = latency to edge cache • Download time = TCP efficiency

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Performance Cedexis Radar

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Advanced CDN topics

Application Acceleration (HTTP/HTTPS)

• For accelerating non-cached contents

• Reducing round trips and compress bandwidth

• DWA, DSA, WAA …

Network Acceleration (non-HTTP)

• For non-HTTP contents (VPN, Remote Desktop)

• Accelerates IP connections

• DNA, IPA, …

GSLB (DNS Load Balancing) as a Service

• Controlling customer domain without CDN

• With or without CDN

Content Adaptation (Geo Targeting)

• Based on various rules (e.g. client IP, local DNS IP, specific header, language or user-agents)

• Allow, block or redirect contents

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Advanced CDN topics

Security (Anti-DDOS)

• CDN is easy to be attacked

• CDN is distributed system by nature – can handle attacks

• Absorbing global DDOS attacks

Security (Web Application Firewall)

• Filter unsafe access from edge server before going to origin

• Protects origin from exploits

FEO

• Reducing connections and loading time

• HTTP and HTML/scripting techniques

• Running FEO engine on Edge Cache

• mod_pagespeed (Google)

• blaze.io (Akamai), Strangeloop (Radware),

Yottaa

17.8 sec 8.3 sec

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Mobile CDN :: Concept

Similar with Web CDN, but go more close to Mobile Network

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Mobile CDN

• Transit traffic reduction - 80~90% less traffic

• Enhanced mobile user experience - 20~30% faster

• Traffic reduction of mobile access network (RAN*) - 10~20% less traffic * Radio Access Network

Before

Mobile Network

Origin Mobile Terminal

Excessive Transit Traffic

Excessive RAN Traffic

Long Duration

CONFIDENTIAL

After

Mobile Network

Origin Mobile Terminal

Transit Traffic Reduction

RAN Traffic Reduction

Better Response

CDN

80%~90% less traffic

10%~20%less than original traffic

20%~30%faster

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CDN Market

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Revenue ($Mil.)

Source: AccuStream Research.

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CDN Market

Acquired by Fortinet (2013/1)

Acquired by Akamai (2011/12)

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Changes in CDN market

ISP started to enter CDN market aggressively

Reseller, Managed CDN, Licensed CDN, Federated CDN

Build its own CDN vs Use CDN solutions

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CDNetworks strategy

• CDN market continues to grow

• Mobile traffic explosion

• Enterprise Apps. Adoption of cloud platform

• No clear next CDN tech roadmap

Key Market

issues

• Telco moves into CDN space

• #1 global player’s market leadership continues to strengthen

• Continuous price degradation

Key Competitive

Issues

How to ride on mobile traffic explosion?

How to maximize application acceleration market opportunity?

How to collaborate and compete with Telcos?

How to become a market challenger?

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Thank You! Q & A