boeing biofuel update
DESCRIPTION
Boeing has undertaken a program to utilize bio-fuels in jet engines.TRANSCRIPT
Bio-SPK (HRJ) Approval StatusJames D. Kinder, Ph.D.Technical FellowBoeing Commercial Airplanes
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Plant-Based Feedstocks Remove CO2 from the Atmosphere
Plant feedstocks re-absorb CO2 emissions as they grow
Petroleum releases CO2 that has been locked underground
Petroleum-based fuel Plant-based fuel
No CO2 removed
CO2 removed
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Why Sustainable Biofuels? Challenges and Opportunities
Challenge:Fuel price and availability
Opportunity:Secure advantaged positionMitigate price volatilityMitigate risk from heavy crudes
Challenge:Greenhouse gas emissions
Opportunity:Reduce emissions cost-effectivelyPosition with stakeholders, customersMitigate exposure to regulation
Types of Alternative Fuels
Bio-OilsBiodiesel (FAME) Bio-SPK)
Synthesis Gas FT-SPK (CTL, GTL, BTL) Other (H2 Ethanol)
JatrophaJatropha
SPK = Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene
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The Chemistry of Typical Jet Fuel
H3C CH3
CH3
CH3
S
OH
Ideal Carbon Length C8Ideal Carbon Length C8--C16C16
ParaffinsNormal Paraffins Iso-paraffins Cyclic Paraffins
Aromatics
Olefins
Sulfur, Nitrogen, Oxygen ContainingCompounds
70%-85%
< 25%
(<5%)
Acids, phenols, etc
We desire fuels with composition similar to above (i.e. a replacement or “drop-in” fuel)
For BCA flights & engine tests:Paraffins were producedfrom plant oils and blended
with Jet A at 50% ratio.
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Bio-SPK (HRJ) Approval Status
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Certification Process – ASTM D 4054 Standard Practice for Qualification and Approval of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuels Additives
Fuel Fuel Specification Specification
PropertiesProperties
FitFit--forfor--Purpose Purpose PropertiesProperties
Component or Component or Rig TestsRig Tests
Engine Engine Endurance TestEndurance Test
Test Program OEM Internal Review Specification Change
OEM OEM Internal Internal ReviewReview
FAA FAA ReviewReview
Reject or Reject or Additional Additional
Data as Data as RequiredRequired
Reject or Reject or Additional Additional
Data as Data as RequiredRequired
ASTM Review ASTM Review & Ballot& Ballot
ASTM ASTM SpecificationSpecification
Research ReportResearch Report
OEM ApprovalIncorporate into Fuel Specification with
FAA Consensus
Now ASTM D7566 as
well
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ASTM Research ReportFuel ProducersBio-SPK: UOP, Syntroleum, Energy & Environmental Research Center
(EERC), ENEOS, Neste OilFT-SPK: Sasol, Shell, Syntroleum
FeedstocksJatropha, Camelina, Tallow, Algae, Halophytes, Soybean, Canola,
Palm, Coconut
Fit-For-Purpose tests were run on 100 %Bio-SPK, 100% FT-SPK and 50% jet fuel blends of Bio-SPK and FT-SPK blends
Research Report Prepared by Boeing, UOP and the US Air Force
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"Chemistry" :Hydrocarbon chemistry
Hydrocarbon Types D2425 and GCxGCAromatics D1319 or ASTM D6379Hydrogen D5291 or D3701
Trace materialOrganics Carbonyls UOP 730 E 411
Alcohols UOP 656 or EPA 8015BEsters EPA 8260B
Phenols EPA 8270CInorganics: N D4629
Trace ElementsAl, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, UOP 389P, Pb, Pd, Pt, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn"Bulk physical and performance properties" :Boiling point distribution D86Thermal stability breakpoint D3241 Appendix X.2Viscosity vs temperature D445Density vs temperature D4052Water solubility vs temperature D6304Flash Point D56/3828Freeze point D2386 and 5972Vapor-Liquid ratio D6378 Lubricity and response to lubricity improver D5001Specific heat vs temperature E1269Surface tension vs temperature D1331Bulk modulus vs temperature D6793Thermal conductivity vs temperature D2717Solubility of air (O2/N2) D2779
Fit-for-Purpose Tests
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"Electrical properties" :Dielectric cste vs density D924Electrical Conductivity and response to static dissipator D2624"Compatibility" :With other additives and fuels D4054 Appendix BWith engines and airframe seals, coatings and metallics
"Ground handling / safety" :Effect on Clay Filtration D3948Flammability Limits E 681Autoignition Temperature DE 659
Filtration- coalescers filters and monitors (water fuses) API 1581 (// SAE J 1488)Storage Stability: - Peroxides D3703 - Potential gums D5304Toxicity DoD handbook Aerospace Fuels
Certification, Appendix E
Hot Surface Ignition Temperature FTS 791C method 6053 or ISO 20823
Fit-for-Purpose Tests
The CFM Engine Ground TestGround testing at Peebles, OH with a CFM56-7B development engine
Back-to-back runs comparing Jet A, 50%, and 25% biofuel blends
Performance testing consisted of measuring Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) at several power settings from ground idle to take-off. SFC improved commensurate with the Net Heat of Combustion (NHC).
Operability testingStart times, Lean-blow out margin, and accel/decel times were within expected variationNo engine deterioration noted.
Emissions testing was conducted for regulated emissions species (NOx, CO, HC, smoke). Smoke number and NOxdecreased slightly, while CO and HC slightly increased.
Emissions ProbeEmissions ProbeInlet Turbulent Inlet Turbulent Control StructureControl Structure
Honeywell Engine Test ProgramGround tests run in Phoenix, AZ with 50% biofuel blend and baseline fuel
UOP Bio-SPK - jatropha & algae oil feedstock (CAL)
TFE731-5 turbofan enginePerformance, lean blowout margin, operability (accel/decel transients)
TPE331-10 turboprop enginePerformance and emissions
131-9 APU (Auxiliary Power Unit)Performance, operability, emissions
TFE731-5 combustor rig testPerformance, lean blowout, ignition (ground starting, altitude relight)
ObservationsNo fuel effect on engine performance and operability, lean blowout margin, ignition characteristics, minor changes in emissionsFuel flow & specific fuel consumption (SFC) reduced ~1% due to higher biofuel LHVHigh power smoke emissions reduced due to lower biofuel aromatic content
TFE731 Engine
Inlet Screen & Bellmouth
Air Inlet
Exhaust
TFE731 Comb Rig
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Airline Air New Zealand Continental Airlines Japan Airlines
Aircraft Boeing 747-400 Boeing 737-800 Boeing 747-300
Engine Rolls-RoyceRB211-524G
CFM InternationalCFM56-7B
Pratt & WhitneyJT9D
Plant Feedstock 50% jatropha 47.5% jatropha, 2.5%algae 42% camelina,8% jatropha/algae
Flight date Dec 30, 2008 Jan 7, 2009 Jan 30, 2009
Engine Tests/Ground Run Results Comparison of fuel flow with expected heat of combustion
Engine Operability & Emissions Tests for various blend percentages
Engine Operability & Emissions for Neste- provided paraffins.
Flight Test Profile FL 350, accels/decel, engine windmill restarts, starter- assisted engine relights, simulated missed approach, suction feed test
FL390, accels/decels,engine windmill restarts, starter- assisted engine relights, simulated missed approach, suction feed test
FL390, accels/decels, engine windmill restarts, starter-assisted engine relights,
December 30th, 2008 January 7th, 2009 January 30th, 2009
Flight Test Program
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Bio-SPK Report Status
Fit-for-Purpose tests are complete for Bio-SPK FuelsAPU and Combustion Rig testing are completeCFMI Engine Test (Performance, Operability, and Emissions) Completed by GE/CFMEngine Tests (Performance, Operability, and Emissions) were performed by Honeywell. Data from the Bio-SPK test flights will be included in the report.Material compatibility data generated by AFRL OEM review completedReport will be sent for balloted this week.
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Additional Bio-SPK Test Flights
KLM Royal Dutch AirlinesDate: November 23, 2009Airframe: 747-400Engine Company Partner: GEFeedstock: CamelinaVIP Passengers onboard
US Air Force A-10Date: March 25, 2010Airframe: A10Engine Company Partner: GEFeedstock: CamelinaBoth engines feed by a 50% Bio-SPK blend.
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Additional Bio-SPK Test FlightsUS NavyDate: April 22, 2010Airframe: F/A-18Engine Partner: GEFeedstock: CamelinaSummary: Aggressive flight
profile. Both engines fed 50% Bio-SPK blend.
US Air ForceAirframes: C17, F15, F22Date: Summer/Fall 2010
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D7566 Relationship to D1655
Fuel Produced to D7566 Can Be Designated as D1655 Fuel
5.1 Materials and Manufacture
D1655
Table 1
D7566Av Turbine Fuel Containing
Syn HC’s
Table 1Blended Fuel Performance
Properties
Specification Table for the blended
Specification Table for the pure Synthetic Component
•Currently D7566 only include fuel made from Synthesis gas (FT-SPK). We expect Bio-SPK to be included by the end of 2010
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D7566 Specification
Key ProvisionsBody of Spec Applies to Finished Semi-Synthetic FuelAnnex for Each Class of Synthetic BlendingComponentAllow Re-Certification to D1655−
No need for separate trackingAnnex 1−
Hydroprocessed SPK−
Includes 50% FT FuelAnnex 2−
Bio-SPK−
Includes 50% Bio-SPK blends
Blend Comp’s Criteria and Blend % Limits
Annex 250% Bio-SPK
Annex 150% Hydpross’d SPK Fuel Blends
Fuel Produced to D7566 Can Be Designated as D1655 Fuel
5.1 Materials and Manufacture
D1655
Table 1
D7566Av Turbine Fuel Containing
Syn HC’s
Table 1Blended Fuel Performance
Properties
We Have Published Biofuel Test Results
Paris Air Show Executive Summary – June 2009
AIAA Technical Conference Paper– September 2009
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Hydroplane jet engine ran on 100 % Renewable Jet Fuel (Bio-SPK + Renewable Aromatics) Aug. 2009
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Forever New Frontiers
http://www.newairplane.com/environment/