Board Assignment

• Please identify 3 significant figures in history and their impact on modern medicine.

The History of Medicine

How did we get where we are today?

Ancient Medicine

The condensed version

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1wCQlOb1jc

Part 1 - IntroductionANCIENT TIMES

People believed that diseases and illnesses were caused by …

… demons and evil spirits.

ANCIENT TIMES

People also believed that treatments were directed toward …

… eliminating evil spirits.

Part 2 - History of Health Care

4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES

Herb and plants were used as medicines. Do you know which ones are still used today?

Morphine for pain and

digitalis for the heart.

Trepanation was the treatment for insanity, epilepsy and headache.

That means boring a hole in the skull.

Average Life Span……. 20 years.

4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES

3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians

Called upon the gods to heal them when disease occurred.

Therefore, physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools.

Earliest people known to keep accurate medical records.

The first physician may have been Imhotep.

Magic and medicinal plants were used to treat disease.

3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians

Believed the body was a system of channels for air, tears, blood, urine, sperm, and feces.

If a channel became “clogged”, bloodletting or leeches were used to “open” them.

Average life span … 20 to 30 years.

3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians

1700 BC – ANCIENT CHINESE

Carefully monitored the pulse to determine the condition of the body.

Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body.

Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs.

Average life span was … 20 to 30 years.

Began to search for medical reasons for illness.

Used moxibustion to treat disease.

Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion.

1700 BC – ANCIENT CHINESE

1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS

Began modern medical science by observing human body and effects of disease.

Believed illness was a result of natural causes.

Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease.

Used therapies that are still used today …

massage art therapy

herbal treatment

1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS

Important People

AristotleDissected animals and is called the founder of comparative anatomy.

1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS

Hippocrates Important PeopleCalled the Father of Medicine

Developed an organizational method to observe the human body

Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases

Created a high standard of ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates, used by physicians today

1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS

Average life span was … 25 to 35 years.

753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS

First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers.

Early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes.

Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions housed in monasteries and convents.

Began public health and sanitation systems:

Aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities

Sewers to carry waste material away from the cities

Filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease

Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria

753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS

Important People

Claudius Galen

Studied infectious diseases and described symptoms of inflammation

Dissected animals and determined function of muscles, kidney and bladder

753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS

Diseases were treated with diet, exercise, and medications.

Average life span was … 25 to 35 years.

753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS

DARK AGES – 400 – 800 AD

The study of medicine was prohibited, emphasis was on saving the soul.

Illnesses and diseases were treated by prayer and divine intervention.

Medications were mainly herbal mixtures.

Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people.

Average life span was … 20 to 30 years.

DARK AGES – 400 – 800 AD

MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD

Interest in the medical practice of Greeks and Romans was renewed.

Physicians began to obtain knowledge at medical universities in the 9th century

Major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria.

A pandemic of the bubonic plague killed ¾ of the population of Europe and Asia.

MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD

Arab physicians used their knowledge of chemistry to advance pharmacology.

Arabs began requiring that physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses.

MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD

Important PeopleRhazes

Arab physician that became known as the Arab Hippocrates

910 AD – developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles

Suggested blood was the cause of many infectious diseases

Began the use of animal gut for suture material

MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD

Avenzoar

Physician who described the parasite causing scabies in the 12th century

Important People

Average life span was … 20 to 35 years.

MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD

What are the following people known for?

HippocratesImhotep

Galen

RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 ADRebirth of the science of medicine

Dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology

Development of the printing press allowed knowledge to be spread to others

Artists Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically

Rebirth of the science of medicine

First chairs (positions of authority) of medicine created at Oxford and Cambridge in England in 1440

First anatomy book published by Andreas Vesalius

First book on dietetics written by Issac Judaeus

Firsts!

RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD

Rebirth of the science of medicine

Average life span was …

30 to 40 years.

RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD

16th and 17th CENTURIES

Causes of disease were still not known and many people died from infections and puerperal (childbirth) fever

Scientific societies, such as the Royal Society of London, were established

Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications

Ambrose Pare

French surgeon who became known as the Father of Modern Surgery

Established the use of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding

Eliminated the use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds

Improved treatment of fractures and promoted the use of artificial limbs

Important People

16th and 17th CENTURIES

Anton van Leewenhoek

Invented the microscope in 1666

Average life span was … 35 to 40 years.

Important People

16th and 17th CENTURIES

18th CENTURY

Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer in 1714

John Hunter

English surgeon who established scientific surgical procedures

Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocals for glasses

Important People

James Lind prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795

Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

Average life expectancy was … 40 to 50 years.

Important People

18th CENTURY

19th CENTURY

James Blundell performed the first blood transfusion in 1818.

Rene Laennec invented the first stethoscope in 1819.

Important People

Florence Nightingale was the Founder of Modern Nursing.

Established efficient and sanitary nursing unites during the Crimean war in 1854

Opened Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital In London in 1860

Began the professional education of nurses

Important People19th CENTURY

Ignaz Semmelweis, in the 1840s, encouraged physicians to wash hands with lime after performing autopsies and before delivering babies to prevent puerperal (childbirth) fever. (This idea was resisted by hospital and medical personnel)

Elizabeth Blackwell became the first female physician in the US in 1849

Important People19th CENTURY

Dorothea Dix was appointed Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army in 1861

Joseph Lister started using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1865

Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 (International Red Cross was founded in 1863)

Important People19th CENTURY

Louis Pasteur contributed many discoveries to the practice of medicine

Proved the microorganisms cause disease

Pasteurized milk to kill bacteria

Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885

Important People19th CENTURY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWv3yq1Uax4

Robert Koch, called the Father of Microbiology, developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and isolated the bacteria causing tuberculosis.

Gregory Mendel established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns

Important People19th CENTURY

Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement in New York City in 1893 (the start of public health nursing)

Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses in 1892

Important People

19th CENTURY

Average life span was … 40 to 60 years.

Almroth Wright developed vaccine for typhoid fever in 1897

Wilhelm Roentgen discovered Roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895

Important People19th CENTURY

20th CENTURY

Walter Reed demonstrated that mosquitoes carry yellow fever in 1900

Carl Landsteiner classified the ABO blood groups in 1901

Important People

Sigmund Freud’s studies formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry

Marie Curie isolated radium in 1910

Dr. Elie Metchnikoff identified how white blood cells protect against disease

Important People20th CENTURY

Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered and used insulin to treat diabetes in 1922

Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928

Important People20th CENTURY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIkUtfJ0yYQ

Dr. George Papanicolaou developed the Pap test to detect cervical cancer in females

The first kidney dialysis machine was developed in 1944

Important People20th CENTURY

Frances Crick and James Watson described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953

The first heart-lung machine was used for open-heart surgery in 1953

Important People20th CENTURY

animation

Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine using dead polio virus in 1952

Albert Sabin developed an oral live-virus polio vaccine in the mid 1950s

Important People20th CENTURY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPXMRZzaZtQ

The first successful kidney transplant in humans was performed by Joseph Murray in 1954

The first successful heart transplant was performed by Christian Barnard in 1968

Important People20th CENTURY

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan was developed in 1975

Physicians used amniocentesis to diagnose inherited diseases before birth in 1975

20th CENTURY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-4o0DxBgZk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNDoYjXgm30

The first “test tube” baby, Louise Brown, was born in England in 1978

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was identified in 1981. (The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was identified in 1984.)

20th CENTURY

Cyclosporine, a drug to suppress the immune system after organ transplant, approved in 1983

Dr. William DeVries implanted the first artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, in 1982

20th CENTURY

The first gene therapy to treat disease occurred in 1990

A sheep was cloned in 1997

Average life span was … 60 to 70 years.

20th CENTURY

21st Century

2005 - The first successful partial face transplant is performed in France.

April 2003 – Completion of the Human Genome Project

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZOvZTLr31s

2008 - The first full face transplant is performed in the U.S.

21st Century

2006 - Australian of the Year Dr Ian Frazer develops a vaccine for cervical cancer

2009 - Swine flu spreads around the globe

21st Century

Average life span … ?????????

What will the future hold?

Artificial Intelligence?

Human genetic engineering?

Cloning of body parts?