bluetooth radio and baseband

Institute of Electronics112/04/22

National Chiao Tung University

Bluetooth Radio and Baseband

Kuei-Ann [email protected]

National Chiao Tung University Stella Kuei Ann Wen 112/04/22

Part ARADIO SPECIFICATION


CONTENTS1 Scope 2 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangement 3 Transmitter Characteristics 4 Receiver Characteristics 5 Appendix A 6 Appendix B


2 FREQUENCY BANDS AND CHANNEL ARRANGEMENT


3 Transmitter Characteristics 3.1 Modulation Characteristics 3.2 Spurious Emissions

3.2.1 In-band Spurious Emission 3.2.2 Out-of-Band Spurious Emission

3.3 Radio Frequency Tolerance


TRANSMITTER POWER CHARACTERISTICS


3.1 MODULATION CHARACTERISTICSGFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) with a BT=0.5.The Modulation index must be between 0.28 and 0.35. A binary one is represented by a positive frequency deviation.The symbol timing shall be better than +20 ppm.


3.2.1 In-band Spurious Emission


3.2.2 Out-of-Band Spurious Emission


4 Receiver Characteristics 4.1 Actual Sensitivity Level 4.2 Interference Performance 4.3 Out-of-band Blocking 4.4 Intermodulation Characteristics 4.5 Maximum Useable Level 4.6 Spurious Emissions 4.7 Receiver Signal Strength Indicator (optional) 4.8 Reference Interference-signal Definition


4.1 ACTUAL SENSITIVITY LEVEL

The actual sensitivity level is defined as the input level for which a raw bit error rate (BER) of 0.1% is met. The requirement for a Bluetooth receiver is an actual sensitivity level of -70 dBm or better.

In order to measure the bit error rate performance; the equipment must have a loop back facility as specified in Test Mode Specification.


The signal to interference ratio shall be:


In-band InterferenceIn-band Interference

LL

0 fM

Hz

f1

0 -

MH

zf

10 +

MH

zf

20 +

MH

zf

20 -

MH

zf

30 -

MH

zf

30 +

MH

z2400 M

Hz

2500

dBm71-

dBm60-

dBm30-dBm27-


4.3 OUT-OF-BAND BLOCKINGThe out of band blocking is measured with the wanted signal 3 dB over the reference sensitivity level. The interfering signal shall be a continuous wave signal.The BER shall be 0.1 %.

The Out of band blocking requirements:


Out-of-Band InterferenceOut-of-Band Interference

0 f

MH

z2400 M

Hz

2500L LL L

MH

z2000 M

Hz

3000 MH

z3001M

Hz

1999MH

z30

GH

z75.

12

dBm27-

dBm10-

dBm67-


4.4 INTERMODULATION CHARACTERISTICSThe reference sensitivity performance, BER = 0.1%, shall be met under the following conditions:

1. The wanted signal at frequency f 0 with a power level 6 dB over the reference sensitivity level.

2. A static sine wave signal at f 1 with a power level of -39 dBm.

3. A Bluetooth modulated signal at f 2 with a power level of -39dBm. Such that f 0 =2f 1 -f 2 and f 2 -f 1 =n*1 MHz where n can be 3, 4, or 5.

The system must fulfil one of the three alternatives.


Intermodulation characteristic Intermodulation characteristic

MHzn MHzn

3,4,5=n

dBm39-

dBm64-


4.5 MAXIMUM USEABLE LEVELThe maximum useable input level the receiver shall operate at shall be better than -20 dBm. The BER shall be less or equal to 0,1% at -20 dBm input power.

4.6 SPURIOUS EMISSIONSThe spurious emission for a Bluetooth receiver shall not be more than:


4.8 REFERENCE INTERFERENCE-SIGNAL DEFINITION

A Bluetooth modulated interfering signal is defined as:Modulation = GFSKModulation index = 0.32%BT= 0.5+1%Bit Rate = 1 Mbps +1 ppmModulating Data = PRBS9Frequency accuracy better than +1 ppm.

Institute of Electronics112/04/22

National Chiao Tung University

Bluetooth BasebandBluetooth Baseband


Bluetooth hardwareBaseband

HCI

Physical Bus(USB, PCCard…) Firmware

LM

Bluetooth hardwareBaseband

HCI

Physical Bus(USB, PCCard…) Firmware

LM

Bluetooth Host

Other Higher Layer Driver

HCI Driver

Physical Bus Driver(USB, PCCard)

Bluetooth HostOther Higher LayerDriver

HCI Driver

Physical Bus Driver(USB, PCCard…)

Baseband Packet

2.4GHzBT Radio

BT Link Controller

BT Link Manager & I/O HOST

1. General Description


System Partition

SH In

terf

ace

Packet Composer

Coder

Hop Net Encry.

CLK32k

CLK13M

Packet Composer

GFSKfc=1M

Demod

Con

trol B

uffe

r 2

871b

x2

0~78

42

27

4

X

VCO

DAX2M~81M2.4Ghz

X ADFH Acq

2M~81M2.4Ghz

1M


Specification Overview : HCI Packet

OpCode (2 bytes) Parameter Length(1 byte)

Parameters (the rest of the packet)

Command Packet:

Parameters…

Parameters (the rest of the packet)

Event Packet:Parameter Length

(1 byte)Event Code

(1 byte)


Specification Overview

Connection Handle (12 bits)

Flags(4 bits)

Data (the rest of the packet)

ACL Packet:

SCO Packet:

Length (2 bytes)

Connection Handle (12 bits)

Data (the rest of the packet)Length (1 byte) Data

Reserved(4 bits)


Create_ConnectionHold_ModeWrite_Page_TimeoutRead_BD_ADDRead_RSSI

Examples

Specification Overview

Command Groups(OGF) Link Control Link Policy Host Controller & Baseband Informational Status Testing


545


Propagation Scheme:


Band Selection : 79MHz or 64MHz Channel Selection : 1MHz With digital synthesizer being controlled by LM/HCI signaling

2. PHYSICAL CHANNEL


FH (1600 hops/s)/TDD ChannelSlot numbering range : 0 ~ 227-1

625 s

t

t

master

slave

f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)


• FSK DATA MODULATION• PERIODIC CHANGES IN THE CARRIER FREQUENCY

SPREADS THE SIGNAL• CARRIER FREQUENCY CHANGES AT A SPECIFIED

HOP RATE• CARRIER FREQUENCY HOPS AFTER A PRESCRIBED

TIME• TOTAL SYSTEM BANDWIDTH INCLUDES ALL OF THE

CHANNEL FREQUENCIES USED IN HOPPING

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

AMPLITUDEAMPLITUDE

FREQUENCYFREQUENCY

AP96358 2-13AP96358 2-13

TIMETIME11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212

f1f1

f2f2f3f3

f4f4f5f5


f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)

625 s

t

TX

1250 s

RX TX

Master Timing


625 s

t

1250 s

TXRX RX

f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)

Slave Timing


Multi-slot PacketsMulti-slot Packets

f(k)

625 s

f(k+1) f(k+2) f(k+3) f(k+4)

f(k+3) f(k+4)f(k)

f(k)

f(k+5)

f(k+5)

f(k+5)


Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link•circuit switching•symmetric, synchronous services•slot reservation at fixed intervals

Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link•packet switching•(a)symmetric, asynchronous services•polling access scheme

SCO(Synchronous Connection-Oriented Link ) :1. LM protocol sending SCO setup ( Tsco ( counted in slots), Dsco )2. SCO send in Tsco3. Clock wrap-around should be resolved with LMP setup message.4. CLK(k+1)=CLK(k)+Tsco

3. PHYSICAL LINKS


Packet FormatPacket Format

access code packet header payload

72 54 0-2745

4. Packets


Access Code ComposerPreamble+Sync.+(Tail)

HeaderComposerAM_ADDR +TYPE +FLOW+SEQN +ARQN +HEC

Payload Composer

PACKET COMPOSER

6.LogicalChannel

8.9.TX/RXRoutine & Timing

14.Security

Link ControllerLink Manager

10 ChannelControl

Controler

13.BD_ADD, 10CLK...

13.Sync. Code Composer

5..ARQHandler

5.CoderHEC - CRC- FEC

12.Voice Coding

Coder

7.Whitening

GFSK

11.Hopper

Modem


Access CodeAccess Code

PREAMBLE SYNC WORD TRAILER4 64 4

34 24 6

LSB MSB

BCH LAP BRKR


1. Generate information sequence;2. XOR this with the “information covering” part of the PN overlay sequence;3. Generate the extended BCH codeword;4. XOR the codeword with all 64 bits of the PN overlay sequence;

SYNC WORD

145


Access Code TypesAccess Code Types Device Access Code (DAC):

unit identifier derived from unit LAP

Channel Access Code (CAC): channel identifier derived from master LAP

Inquiry Access Code (IAC): reserved identifier derived from reserved address


Packet HeaderAM_ADDR HEC

3 1 8

AM_ADDR

TYPE

FLOW

ARQN

slave active member address

payload type

LC flow control

ACK/NAK

parameter information

FLOW1

ARQN1

SEQN TYPE4

SEQN retransmit ordering

HEC header error check


Packet Types

0000000100100011

NULLPOLLFHSDM1

NULLPOLLFHSDM1

1

0100010101100111

HV1HV2HV3

DH1

2DV1000

1001101010111100

DM3DH33

110111101111

DM5DH54

TYPESEGMENT ACL linkSCO link

AUX1


Link Control Packets

ID packet IQ packet NULL packet POLL packet FHS packet

ID packet consists of DAC or IAC.It has a fixed length of 68 bits. It is a very robust packetsince the receiver uses a bit corrector to match the received packet to the known bit sequence of the ID packet.

Parity bits | Lap | NA| SR| SP| UAP |NAP | Class of | AM-ADDR | CLK27-2| Page Scan device Mode

34 24 2 2 2 8 16 24 3 26 3


Data Rates (kb/s)Data Rates (kb/s)

Maximum packet size: 28x8+16(crc)+72(access)+54(header)=366


Payload Header

reservedL_CH FLOW2 1 5 4

00

01

10

11

-

UA/UI

UA/UI

LM

reserved

continuation of L2CAP message

start of L2CAP message

LMP message

L_CH channel information

LENGTH4


Forward-Error Correction (FEC) 1/3 rate: bit-repeat code 2/3 rate: (15,10) shortened Hamming code

Automatic Retransmission Query (ARQ) 1-bit fast ACK/NAK 1-bit sequence number header piggy-backing

5. Error Control Coding


ARQ (I)

MASTER

SLAVE 1

SLAVE 2

A B B CX

Z Z

G F H

NAK ACK


ARQ (II)ARQ (II)

CRC check

ACK/NAK

RX

new

retransmissionTX

ACK/NAK


ARQ Scheme


Error Checking

HECCRC


6. Logical Channels

Logical ChannelsLogical Channels Control Channels:

LC link control LM link manager

Traffic Channels: US synchronous user data UA asynchronous user data UI isochronous user data


7. Data Whitening

For Header and Payload


8. TX/RX Routines


BITSTREAM PROCESSES


9. TX/RX Timing

RX/TX cycle of Bluetooth master transceiver in normal mode for single-slotpackets.


RX/TX cycle of Bluetooth transceiver in PAGE mode.


SLAVE RESPONSE/MASTER RESPONSE


Multi-slave transmission


10. Channel Control

• CLKN native clock• CLKE estimated clock• CLK master clock


Clock Derivation


State Transition


OverallOverallstandby

initiating?

sent out DAC?waken by DAC?

page scan inquiry scan pageinquiry

Masterresponse?

Slaveresponse?

inquiryresponse?

connection

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NONO

NO

MASTERMASTERSLAVESLAVE


Page / Page ScanPage / Page Scan

mastermaster slaveslave

page scanwindow Tw

DAC(slave ID)

Slave ID

Slave ID

FHS

(ack)

(data)

standby

page

Masterresponse

connection

standby

page scan

Slaveresponse

connectionyes

yes

no no


Page TrainsPage Trains

f(k) f(k+1)f(k-8) f(k-7) f(k+7)A

f(k-9) f(k+8)f(k-16) f(k-15) f(k+15)B


Connection Setup

train A A A A B B

10 ms

MASTER

SLAVE

11.25 ms

B B

FHS

scan f(k)sleep

CONNECTION

f(k+1)

1.25ms


Inquiry / Inquiry ScanInquiry / Inquiry Scan

mastermaster slaveslaveinquiry scanwindow Tw

IAC(slave ID)

FHS

standby

Inquiry

Inquired?

(page...)

standby

Inquiry scan

Inquiryresponse

(page...)

yes yes

no no


Inquire

train A A A A B

10 ms

INQUIRER

STANDBY

11.25 ms

A

FHS

scan f(k)

sleep RAND2

f(k+1)

1.25ms

f(k)

A

f(k+1)

FHS

f(k+2)

sleep RAND1

A A A

A A A A


625 s

FHS

f(k+1) f’(k+1) f(k+4)f(k)

f(k+1)

f’(k)

IQ IQ IQ

Inquiry Response


Sniff ExampleSniff Example

MASTER

SLAVE 1

SLAVE 2

ACL ACL

SNIFF INTERVAL

ACL

lost


Park Mode

master

active slave

parked slaves

BEACON PM_ADDR


Park Example

MASTER

SLAVE X

SLAVE 2

ACLPARK INTERVAL

SLAVE Y

BC BCACL


0 4 6 8 6264662 78 1 3 737577

segment 1

segment 2

segment 3

Europe/US

Japan/France/Spain

79

23

32

16

16

8

Segment length# of hops

11. Hop Selection


ADDXOR

PERM5 ADD

XOR

mod 79

Y2

X

A B

Y1

C D E F

5

54

5 5

5

5

9

5

7 7

7024

7813

77

Block diagram of the hop selection kernel for the 79-hop system


Continous Variable Slope Delta-Continous Variable Slope Delta-Modulation (CVSD)Modulation (CVSD)

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 . . . . . . .

12. Bluetooth Audio


13. Bluetooth Address

Bluetooth Device Address (BD_ADDR) 48-bit IEEE 802 address 24-bit lower address part (LAP) 8-bit upper address part (UAP)

Active Member Address (AM_ADDR) 3-bit active slave address all-zero broadcast address

Parked Member Address (PM_ADDR) 8-bit parked slave address


14. Bluetooth Security

In order to accommodate for different types of applications, four types of link keys have been defined:• the combination key KAB

• the unit key KA

• the temporary key K master

• the initialisation key K init


REFERENCE DESIGNS


RF ASIC BB ASIC

Flash

- Rx/Tx- regulators- clocking

- Rx/Tx Control- ARM7TDI- CVSD codec- Applic. IF

Control

Data

Bluetooth Module

Vappl1.8V, 2.78 or 3.3V

Applic. IF

3.0 .. 5.2 V 13MHz

1.8 V

42

13 MHz 32 kHz

HW Blocks


BB ASIC: Block Diagram

ReceiverHW Link

Controller

MCUSubsystem

Clock, Reset,

Watchdog

Power Control

Unit

DataIF

UnitResetX13 MHz

SysResetXClock Truncs

Buffer/MCURAM


VLSI Technologies


HAVE A NICE LUNCH

bluetooth radio and baseband

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