blue ridge sanatorium: preserving the landscape of...

Preservation Piedmont NewsletterFall 2002

Preservation Alliance of Virginia MemberNewsletter Fall 2002

The Piedmont enjoys a highly regarded reputation forits historic sites and its world-class preservation practices.The well-preserved homes of presidents and extraordinaryexamples of architecture, known worldwide, dominate ourlandscape. We see daily the many ways in which preserva-tion work enriches the livesof people who live in, workin, and visit our community.Numerous residents in thePiedmont understand quitewell the cultural value andimportance of historic pres-ervation.

Despite this reality, thePiedmont can also prove to besurprisingly infertile groundfor preservation. The veryprominence of well-preservedsites in our locale at timesmilitates against the develop-ment of a broad based preservation movement. Some com-munity leaders and residents suggest that we have alreadytaken care of historic preservation; places that do not riseto the level of a presidential home or fit comfortably intothe accepted canon of high-style architecture seem sus-pect when preservation is advocated. Yet the history thatis accessible through presidential homes and high-style ar-chitecture is severely constricted and leaves huge swathsof past experience and culture beyond reach. To the extentthat history and preservation help shape current under-standings of, and actions in, the world, a narrow preserva-tion movement translates into truncated possibilities for aninformed citizenry.

Efforts over the last fifteen years to preserve parts ofthe Blue Ridge Tuberculosis Sanatorium, located on a sitebelow Monticello and Michie Tavern, highlight some ofthe difficulties inherent in pursuing a broader preservationagenda. At Blue Ridge, the Commonwealth of Virginia, withclose cooperation of the University of Virginia, opened itspremier public tuberculosis sanatorium in 1920. In an in- See Blue Ridge on page 2.

Blue Ridge Sanatorium: Preserving the Landscape of HealingDaniel Bluestone

novative architectural and landscape setting, patients fol-lowed a strict regimen of bed rest, fresh air, and goodnutrition. Combating a deadly epidemic, patients and staffbuilt a community of strength and perseverance. With thesuccess of antibiotic treatments, the sanatorium closed in

1978 and the Common-wealth transferred ownershipof the site to the Universityof Virginia. The site’s build-ings reveal changing ap-proaches to tuberculosistreatment and help frameimportant lessons of theways in which governmentofficials and citizens canunite to confront creativelya major community crisis.Today, researchers and de-signers are exploring the re-lationships between land-

scape and healing. They have in the sanatorium a veryimportant precedent.

The building of the sanatorium was a monument of com-munity effort. The University contributed its medical andresearch expertise. The Charlottesville and Albemarle busi-ness community contributed thousands of dollars towardpurchase of the site. Committed and courageous local resi-dents worked among the afflicted. Private citizens and or-ganizations contributed generously. In 1927, the Masonsconstructed the Wright Pavilion, one of the site’s majorbuildings for treating patients. Paul McIntire contributedto the fund to build a handsome chapel. Local ministersrotated through the chapel providing religious services.Interestingly, when the Board of Public Health considerednames for the Sanatorium if came close to naming theplace the Monticello Tuberculosis Sanatorium. It thus soughtto link this institution to the area’s most celebrated localfigure. Indeed, the sanatorium came to enjoy its own ce-lebrity. Buildings at the sanatorium were named after sit-

Postcard from the mid-twentieth century

Preservation Piedmont Newsletter Fall 2002

Blue Ridge continued

ting governors and other prominent politicians. Thousandsof Virginia residents participated in Masonic parades to markthe dedication of the new buildings. Major Virginia archi-tects were responsible for the designs of buildings onthe site.

Despite the obvious historical significance of the site andindividual buildings, the University of Virginia and its Foun-dation have for many years followed a policy of demolitionby neglect. They have also explored especially unimagina-tive and wasteful redevelopment plans that anticipate thedemolition, rather than the adaptive re-use, of historic build-ings. Anxious to open a new visitors’ center and main park-ing area, Monticello signed a preliminary agreement to payup to 3 million dollars toward the demolition of the sanato-

rium buildings. When adaptive re-use possibilities were raised, Monticello equivocated. They did so even though twelveyears earlier they had aggressively advocated preservation at Blue Ridge.

A year ago, thirteen students at the University of Virginia School of Architecture undertook a major study to explore thehistory, design, and adaptive re-use possibilities on the Blue Ridge Hospital site. They succeeded in significantly increas-ing community awareness and enthusiasm for the preservation possibilities at the site. Their methods may well proveuseful in other Piedmont preservation campaigns that may encounter either apa-thy or hostility, simply because they stand in a realm apart from presidentialhomes and high-style architecture.

The keystone of student work involved developing a compelling narrative con-cerning the site. They did this by doing intensive research and by getting in touchwith former staff and patients at the sanatorium. They established a rather mov-ing narrative that made the site and its significance comprehensible. Understand-ing a place, establishing its story, helps move people and institutions from apathytowards engagement. Finding people associated with the site helped tremen-dously in making the story more palpable. People who had worked at Blue Ridgeturned out to have kept scrapbooks filled with important documents and photo-graphs – testimony in and of itself to the significance they assigned to the place.The archives of the Virginia Board of Public Health turned up little known as-pects of the site history. Looking at the site closely helped the researchers decidewhere aspects of the history could be most usefully embedded into the remainingbuildings and landscapes.

Once a command of the history developed the challenge turned to diffusion of the work. Here the students developedan ambitious agenda. They published a guidebook.They set up an internet-web site devoted to the history and adaptive re-use proposals for the sanatorium (www.faculty.virginia.edu/blueridgesanatorium). They also gave public lectures andwalking tours to community organizations that might help guide the future of the site. They designed an exhibit on BlueRidge that the Albemarle County Historical Society put on display.

Using these means of diffusion, students sought both to share their his-torical findings and to mobilize a preservation campaign. In this effort, thecoverage of local newspapers, radio and television stations proved espe-cially important. The Blue Ridge history could easily inspire broad interest.The hook that most readily engaged reporters, editors, and producers wasthe apparent duplicity of the University of Virginia and Monticello. Herewere institutions apparently abandoning their decades of responsible stew-ardship of historic sites to pursue a rather destructive and unimaginativedevelopment agenda. Institutions that daily endorsed the significance ofpreservation were unwilling to extend their stewardship beyond Jeffersonianresources. Needless to say this sad story made for great news – the C’ville

Lyman Mansion

Lyman Mansion, exterior detail

ChapelSee Blue Ridge on page 3.


Weekly headline reported: “History threatened, in the nameof History. Bulldozers will jeopardize an Albemarle land-mark. Tom Jefferson will be at the wheel.”

The students also met with officials of both Monticelloand the University of Virginia Foundation to share theirunderstanding of the significance of the site and their ideasabout the future. They argued that preservation and rede-velopment were compatible and that the plans for a visi-tors’ center and a research office park would be mademore valuable and distinct by recycling buildings and fea-turing the rich layers of the site history. Their work hasalso succeeded in drawing the interest and attention of lo-cal officials who will ultimately be involved in making thedecisions about the use of the site. Moreover, their workhas prompted the Virginia Department of Historic Resourcesto take renewed interest in the preservation issues at theBlue Ridge site. As of this writing, the University is con-tinuing to let buildings on the site deteriorate. Monticello isrumored to be seriously considering withdrawing from the

Blue Ridge continued

Jefferson School NewsHelena Devereux

Members of Preservation Piedmont have supported thepreservation of Jefferson School for several years. A fewrecent developments will play a role in the lengthy processof creating a plan for the future of the building.

On August 30, Ron Hutchinson, Charlottesville’s Super-intendent of Schools, turned the keys of the school over tothe new owner, the City of Charlottesville. The buildingwill not be used for educational purposes during this schoolyear. The pre-school program and the adult education pro-grams which had been in the school were moved to otherlocations during the summer. On August 29, Hutchinsonconducted a walk-through of the building to verify that theschool programs had completed their move (only a fewboxes of books and school items remained) and to inspectthe condition of the building.

Rochelle Small-Toney, Assistant City Manager, was alsopresent for the walk-through, as were representatives ofthe city schools and city public services and maintenance.Julie Gronlund was there as a representative of the SchoolBoard. Mr. Hutchinson had invited some members of thecommunity including Ann Carter, an alumna of JeffersonSchool, and Genevieve Keller and Helena Devereux, whoare members of Preservation Piedmont and Citizens forJefferson School.

With the building almost completely empty, the architec-tural features of the classrooms stood out clearly. Many ofthe rooms have the original cloakrooms, original windows,original finish on the woodwork and original light fixtures.The alumna of Jefferson School who was present thought

that the only change in the auditorium was the replacementof folding chairs with chairs which are bolted to the floor.The stage is unaltered. The present building gives a verygood picture of the school as it was when it was builtin 1926.

The Citizens for Jefferson School, a group of volun-teers working for the preservation of the school, have askedthe City to use great care in performing maintenance workin the school. They have requested that the building betreated as an historic building even though it has not yetbeen designated as such, and that no changes be made tothe interior finishes, the windows, the doors, and otherprominent architectural features until the Jefferson SchoolTask Force and the City Council have developed a plan forthe future of the structure.

On Labor Day weekend, the Jefferson School Alumniheld some of their reunion events in the school. Their af-fection for their high school was very evident and manyexpressed delight to see the school looking much the sameas they remembered it. That same weekend, the JeffersonSchool Oral History Project began interviewing graduatesof the school as part of an effort to document social andeducational aspects of the school’s history. Some veteransof the Ridge Street Oral History Project will be helpingwith the Jefferson School Oral History.

Jefferson School has significance for people who areinterested in architecture, the history of education in Vir-ginia and the South, and U.S. social history.

development of the site and from their commitment to funddemolition of buildings there. Despite this hopeful sign,there is still much to be done. A member of AlbemarleCounty’s officially appointed historic preservation com-mittee recently declared that as far as he was concernedthe place could be “blown to smithereens.” Local preser-vationists will need to continue pursuing a broad-basedhistoric preservation strategy. In the Piedmont, the pres-ence of presidential homes and high-style architectureshould inspire, rather than limit, our preservation ofthe past.

Daniel Bluestone is an Associate Professor and Director ofthe Preservation Program, Department of ArchitecturalHistory at the UVa School of Architecture.Illustrations for this article are drawn from the websitepresenting the studies done by Profesor Bluestone’sstudents:http://www.faculty.virginia.edu/blueridgesanatorium


114 Lankford Avenue: Where It Stands and What’s at StakeAaron Wunsch

By now, most readers are aware of the controversy sur-rounding 114 Lankford Avenue in Charlottesville. That ad-dress belongs to an unprepossessing house erected byRobert Goins, one of the city’s first free black landown-ers. Regardless of the building’s ultimate fate, the caseraises theoretical and procedural issues of broad interest tothe area’s preservation community. The following essayhighlights those issues after outlining the significance ofthe site.

During the mid nineteenth century, a new settlement tookroot behind Ridge Street, an artery running southwest fromCharlottesville’s core. The development of Ridge Streetitself comprises an important chapter in the city’s physicaland social history. There, starting in the 1840s, wealthywhite merchants erected impressive brick houses, whileeast of Ridge a different sort of enclave arose. It consistedof wooden buildings inhabited exclusively by free blacksand grew up around a three-acre parcel belonging to Rob-ert Goins.*

Historians have identified Goins as one of the first Afri-can-Americans in Charlottesville to own a substantialamount of land. His original purchase east of Ridge oc-curred in 1845. Four years later, he and his wife Patsy haderected a “log-bodied dwelling house” on the property, alongwith “a stable planked upright and other similar buildings”;in 1860, Goins extended his land holdings and appears tohave built a second house. Remarkably, both houses stillstand. Although there has been some confusion regardingtheir chronology, a recent survey suggests that 114Lankford Avenue is the earlier of the two (the other candi-date is 116). All the more unfortunate, then, that the build-ing has been at the eye of the storm.

Last spring, Dale Ludwig of Palmyra, VA, acquired 114Lankford and applied for a demolition permit. Aware of thebuilding’s local landmark status (conferred in 1997), Ludwignonetheless had reason to believe his application would beapproved. A previous owner’s neglect and unfinished reno-vations had left the house a vacant eyesore, and the city’sbuilding inspector had condemned it earlier in the year.These conflicting imperatives – preservation and demoli-tion – have been at the root of this case ever since.

In the months since Ludwig’s initial application, severalshortcomings of local preservation law and practice be-came clear. First, it appears that no bureaucratic safetymechanism prevents the condemnation of historic build-ings or requires special review in such cases. The Goinshouse was condemned simply because it was open to tres-passers and the elements, not because of structural prob-lems. Had the inspector known of the building’s signifi-cance, he might never have issued the order. Second, asthe Board of Architectural Review deliberated on Ludwig’srequest, they repeatedly came up against the limits of their

power in such cases. The BAR’s jurisdiction over locallandmarks governs only those features visible from a pub-lic right-of-way. Since the original log structure lies buriedbehind later additions, did the BAR have any say over itsfate? Third, there was the (unstated) question of how muchresponsibility the city bears for bringing preservation casesinto the public eye. The Goins House saga received wide-spread media coverage only after the City contactedMonticello in hopes of finding a party willing to recon-struct the log section of the building at a new location.

Finally, one might question the appropriateness of suchreconstruction schemes and the city’s role in advancingthem. Most preservation literature of the last ten years hasstressed the importance of place. Yet the city felt free tobroker an entirely placeless solution – at once understand-able (given the city’s embarrassing predicament) and par-ticularly ill-suited to a house whose builder helped spawnthe surrounding community. Luckily, this effort failed.

At present, the Goins House remains intact. After hav-ing his application postponed and then denied by the BARthis summer, Dale Ludwig turned to City Council for re-lief. His appeal was rejected unanimously on October 7th.Yet preservationists should consider these promising deci-sions as the start of their work, not the end. By law, Mr.Ludwig may demolish 114 Lankford in six months if hemakes a bona fide (and unsuccessful) attempt to sell thebuilding in that period. Moreover, the house remains emptyand far from water-tight. Further neglect could ultimatelyamount to slow demolition unless the city steps in (thepowers afforded by nuisance laws might afford some pro-tection but are obviously a double-edged sword). In theshort run, those concerned about the building’s fate shouldtry to keep abreast of Ludwig’s plans. Perhaps he could beconvinced to apply caulk and tar paper where needed, orto allow volunteers this privilege. In the long run, preser-vationists must aim to close the more obvious loopholesraised by this case. Better communication between branchesof city government might be the place to start.

* Sources: Leslie A Giles and J. Daniel Pezzoni, “CulturalResources Survey of the Ridge Street Expansion Area”(1997); “Survey of the Ridge Street Historic District andProposal for Local Designation” (1994). Both reports areon file in the city’s planning office.

Preservation Piedmont Annual MeetingThursday, December 12, 5:30 p.m.

422 Second Street NE

Mr. & Mrs. David Morris welcome usto “The Old Manse”, their Federal Era house.


Marshall-Parrish Store in NortonsvilleUndergoing Renovation and Restoration

Ashlin Smith

In the northern tip of Albemarle County and very closeto the Greene County line rests the village of Nortonsville.It is a place apart and very few know the story behind thesmall cluster of buildings on either side of Route 810.

The center of Nortonsville is marked by a general storeand outbuilding complex known as the Marshall-ParrishStore. It was recently bought by Mike Richardson who isa native of England and an independent radio journalist whofocuses on environmental issues. Richardson has had ex-perience living in and renovating historic buildings in bothEngland and France, including a twelfth-century timberframed Kentish yeoman’s house, a Georgian manor house,and a late eighteenth-century manor farm complex in Brit-tany that is built of granite. Richardson also currently ownsa 200-year-old blacksmith’s cottage in southwest France.News of Richardson’s Nortonsville project reached Pres-ervation Piedmont this summer through former board mem-ber, Jodie Webber.

On the afternoon of September 15, several members ofPreservation Piedmont and representatives from theAlbemarle County Planning Department and the HistoricPreservation Committee met with Richardson and his fam-ily as well as with descendants of the Parrish family. Memo-rabilia including old photo albums and newspaper clippingsbelonging to the Parrishes were exhibited, and stories wereshared by Frances Gibson, the oldest living member of theParrish family as well as by Jack and Marjorie Parrish.

A tour of the the late nineteenth-century rural store build-ings and related complexes revealed a spacious two storygeneral store that also provided storage and living quartersfor the owners and living and office space for a doctor. Anadditional residence was built a few feet from the store ata later date. The narrow space between the side of the oldstore and the newer house was recently closed in byRichardson to connect the buildings. The result is an at-tractive two story interior courtyard enhanced by retainingmost of the original exterior surfaces.

Other structures in the complex include a combinationwell and dairy house very close to the store and road and asmaller spring house in an adjoining field. Also in closeproximity is a cluster of structures consisting of a smokehouse, chicken house, combination barn and mill and twoschool houses built during the last quarter of the nineteenthcentury. In a more distant location is the site of the oldhomeplace of the Norton family for whom the village isnamed and the cemetery for the Hamm family who werealso early owners of the property.

“This is an unusually extensive and complete store andoutbuilding complex (and correspondingly, a massive res-

toration / renovation project)” writes Ann Miller*. “Ruralstore buildings / related complexes, particularly ones infairly original condition, are a dwindling resource. Theseresource types were important economic and social ele-ments in their day; as such, these are worthy of study,recordation, and preservation as feasible.” Because its stateis relatively unaltered the Marshall-Parrish Store can yieldconsiderable information about regional vernacular build-ing practices and technologies as well as suggest moreprecise dates of construction.

In a recent letter Mike Richardson stated, “It is our in-tention to copy photographs, etc. and hold a ‘round table’taped conversation with the surviving family members andto put on permanent record life at Nortonsville from 1917-1982. We shall strive to put together the history of theNorton and Hamm families who lived here, with others,before that time.”

Those who gathered at the Marshall-Parrish Store onthat rainy September afternoon were indeed impressed bythe existence of such a complete community of vernacularbuildings in Albemarle County. Preservation Piedmont sup-ports and encourages the ongoing restoration and renova-tion of each structure. We greatly appreciate the willing-ness of Mike Richardson and his family to pursue such adaunting project and to collect and record the history ofthe families that have lived there before them. May this bean inspiration to others.

*Ann Miller is an architectural historian employed by theVirginia Transportation Research Council. In addition tomany monographs about Virginia’s historic bridges andearly road orders, she has also written Antebellum Orange:the pre-Civil War homes, public buildings and historicsites of Orange County, Virginia.

Historic Charlottesville Tour BookNow Available

The Historic Charlottesville Tour Book is a convenient200-page paperback that features walking and driving toursaround Charlottesville. Although it will be great for tour-ists, it is also fun browsing for locals.The book was pre-pared by Charlottesville’s Historic Resources Task Forceand published by the Albemarle County Historical Society.Preservation Piedmont also provided financial support tothe publication.

Historic Charlottesville is available at the AlbemarleCounty Historical Society’s headquarters and at local book-stores and gift shops.


Lois McKenzie(with thanks to Rick Britton and David Maurer)

The words, “How small a part of time they share, that are so wondroussweet and fair”, inscribed on the back of Maud Woods’ tombstone atMaplewood Cemetery, are barely visible, having almost been worn awayby wind and rain. The grave itself is littered with debris blown there by thewind. On the front of the gravestone, beneath a carved bouquet of lillies, isinscribed just the bare minimum: “Aug. 23, 1877–Aug. 24, 1901” fol-lowed by “Blessed are the Pure in heart for they shall see God.”

Who was Maud Woods? She was the daughter of local commonwealth’sattorney Micajah Woods. Although the young woman was known for hermusical talents, grace and charm, she was also known for her beauty. Infact, she later became so well known for her beauty that she left her homein Charlottesville to escape extensive unwanted attention because of thatbeauty, and journeyed to her Mother’s family home in Hanover County,whereupon she contracted typhoid and died one day after her twenty-fourth birthday.

Several events precipitated Maud’s flight from her High Street home. Atthe 1898 reunion of Southern veterans, Maud was chosen to be photo-graphed as one of the beauties in the “Rosebud Garden of Girls”, whichwas considered a high honor for a Southern girl. Her photograph was thenseen by New York photographer Alexander Black, who came toCharlottesville himself to photograph the young beauty. Permission wasgranted with the stipulation that any published photographs would notreveal Maud’s name.

Unbeknownst to the family, one of Black’s photographs of Maud wouldlater appear on the cover of a book entitled “Miss America”, which in-cluded two more pictures of Maud as well as photographs of other beau-ties. This event was accepted with grace by the young Maud Woods andher family because her identity had not been revealed. Unknown to thefamily, Black later submitted Maud’s photograph to a national newspapercontest, which was eventually won by Maud and another young woman.Maud had been chosen as the most beautiful representative of NorthAmerica, and when news of this accomplishment was published, her iden-tity was revealed.

Her picture would appear in all the leading newspapers. Maud wasshocked! “Oh Papa . . . I’m so mortified”, she apparently sobbed. Tele-grams and letters deluged the young girl and her family. She was besiegedand humiliated by unwanted attention. The unhappy Maud refused all re-quests for publicity and photographs, and sought refuge with her Mother

Maud Coleman Woods (1877-1901)Charlottesville’s Reluctant “Miss America”

Maplewood Sketches

Top: Photo of Maud Coleman Woods from a 1901 newspaper. Courtesy of“Doing the Pan . . .” web site (http://panam1901.bfn.org/index.html) whereyou can also see images of Raphael Beck’s 1901 Pan Am Exposition logowith the personification of North America based on Miss Wood.Center & Bottom: Miss Woods’ tomb in Maplewood Cemetery,Charlottesville.

See Woods on next page.

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Preservation PiedmontP.O. Box 2803Charlottesville, VA 22902

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Board of Directors 2002Ashlin Smith, President293-6435Ben Ford, Vice-President977-0415Clara Colby, Secretary842-3006Clarence McClymonds, Treasurer977-2919

Mary Hill Caperton296-1513John Farmer540-832-3263Chris Madrid French293-2872Mary Ann French293-5672Margaret Maliszewski296-5823 ext. 3276 (O)

Lois McKenzie979-1973Ann Miller293-1955 (O)Lindsay Nolting842-3049Liz Sargent296-2564Carol Troxell295-2552 (O)

Preservation Piedmont is a non-profit corporation dedi-cated to protecting old buildings, sites and neighborhoods,as well as traditional routes and open spaces. We do this inorder to create an appreciation for the historic resourcesof the region. Based in Charlottesville, we also serve theCounty of Albemarle and bordering counties.

Membership Form

NOTE: If the number by your address is not ‘03or later, then it is time to renew yourmembership. (*=Life Membership.)

Welcome to New MembersPreservation Piedmont welcomes the following new

members: George Worthington, IV, Joanne Sedlenick, GeneBarnes and Betty Black from the Charlottesville-Albemarlearea; the Mary Ann French family, Barboursville; RebeccaGilmore Coleman, Orange County; Kelly Remington,Fredericksburg, Virginia; and Thomas P. Hughes, Philadel-phia, Pennsylvania.

and sisters at the Hanover County family home. The doc-tors could do nothing about the typhoid that struck Mauddown in August of 1901.

Her obituary remembered her as “little more than grown,her death occurring on the night of her birthday. She hadbrown hair, deep blue eyes, and fair skin, with delicateroses in her cheeks. She was of medium height, ratherslender, and her every movement was full of grace.”

Although the headstone at the grave of our first “MissAmerica” is intact, the carved urn at the foot of the gravehas been smashed into three pieces. The pieces have beenrudely piled upside down, one on top of another. How orwhen the urn was knocked over and broken is a mystery.No attempt appears to have been made to repair the urn.

This is the second in a series of sketches of interestingpeople buried in Maplewood and Oakwood Cemeteries.

Woods continued


Maud Coleman Woods, daughter of localcommonwealth’s attorney Micajah Woods was theinspiration for this image of North America inRaphael Beck’s design for the logo of the 1901Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.See the related story on page 6. Image courtesyof “Doing the Pan . . .” web site (http://panam1901.bfn.org/).

P.O. Box 2803Charlottesville, Virginia 22902

Barboursville PerseveresNo mining has yet occurred on the parcel of Orange

County land purchased last summer by brick manufac-turer General Shale. The company has not received thenecessary state mining permit, and extensive road improve-ments would have to be in place to accommodate theadditional heavy truck traffic (up to 16,200 loads per year)before mining operations could begin. The Friends ofBarboursville are working on many fronts to ensure thatmining does not occur there.

As part of the Section 106 Review of the proposed mine,a Phase I Cultural Resources Survey was conducted. TheVirignia Department of Historic Resources found the sur-vey inadequate and recommended that a more detailed studybe conducted that would consider the impacts of the pro-posed mine on the Madison-Barbour Rural Historic Dis-trict and on the adjacent historic resources, including theAfrican-American community of Careytown.

A lawsuit brought by Friends of Barboursville againstGeneral Shale and the County is going forward on threecounts, charging violations of zoning law, arbitrary andcapricious decision-making, and violations of the equalprotection guarantee of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Friends of Barboursville are grateful for the gener-ous financial support they have received from thecommunity.

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