blue green algae: an overview monique d’amour safe environments programme (longueuil, québec) and...
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Blue Green algae: Blue Green algae: an overview an overview
Blue Green algae: Blue Green algae: an overview an overview
Monique D’Amour
Safe Environments Programme
(Longueuil, Québec)
and
Michèle Giddings
Water Quality & Microbiology Division
(Ottawa, Ontario)
Health Canada
Federal-Provincial Roles and Federal-Provincial Roles and Responsibilities for Drinking WaterResponsibilities for Drinking Water
Federal-Provincial Roles and Federal-Provincial Roles and Responsibilities for Drinking WaterResponsibilities for Drinking Water
Federal Federal (Health Canada)(Health Canada) adviceadvice research research risk assessment/management risk assessment/management
with provinceswith provinces drinking water quality on drinking water quality on
Federal landsFederal lands
Federal Federal (Health Canada)(Health Canada) adviceadvice research research risk assessment/management risk assessment/management
with provinceswith provinces drinking water quality on drinking water quality on
Federal landsFederal lands
Provincial/TerritorialProvincial/Territorial provision of safe DWprovision of safe DW source water source water
protectionprotection water treatmentwater treatment monitoring & surveysmonitoring & surveys researchresearch
Provincial/TerritorialProvincial/Territorial provision of safe DWprovision of safe DW source water source water
protectionprotection water treatmentwater treatment monitoring & surveysmonitoring & surveys researchresearch
Responsibilities divided among levels of Responsibilities divided among levels of governmentgovernment
Responsibilities divided among levels of Responsibilities divided among levels of governmentgovernment
Federal-Provincial-Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Territorial Committee on
Drinking Water Drinking Water
Federal-Provincial-Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Territorial Committee on
Drinking Water Drinking Water Representatives from each province, Representatives from each province,
territory, and the federal governmentterritory, and the federal government• 30+ year working collaboration30+ year working collaboration• Meets twice yearlyMeets twice yearly
Establishes the Establishes the Guidelines for Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water QualityCanadian Drinking Water Quality
Health Canada’s Water Quality and Health Canada’s Water Quality and Health Bureau is the Technical Health Bureau is the Technical Secretariat to the CommitteeSecretariat to the Committee
Representatives from each province, Representatives from each province, territory, and the federal governmentterritory, and the federal government• 30+ year working collaboration30+ year working collaboration• Meets twice yearlyMeets twice yearly
Establishes the Establishes the Guidelines for Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water QualityCanadian Drinking Water Quality
Health Canada’s Water Quality and Health Canada’s Water Quality and Health Bureau is the Technical Health Bureau is the Technical Secretariat to the CommitteeSecretariat to the Committee
IdentificationIdentification
AssessmentAssessment
EvaluationEvaluation• costscosts• benefitsbenefits• consultationconsultation
IdentificationIdentification
AssessmentAssessment
EvaluationEvaluation• costscosts• benefitsbenefits• consultationconsultation
Drinking Water Guideline Drinking Water Guideline Development ProcessDevelopment Process
Drinking Water Guideline Drinking Water Guideline Development ProcessDevelopment Process
Cyanobactieria in CanadaCyanobactieria in CanadaCyanobactieria in CanadaCyanobactieria in Canada
Identification of a Identification of a problemproblem
Assessment was requiredAssessment was required
Identification of a Identification of a problemproblem
Assessment was requiredAssessment was required
Cyanobacterial Toxins in Cyanobacterial Toxins in Canada: The History, Part ICanada: The History, Part ICyanobacterial Toxins in Cyanobacterial Toxins in
Canada: The History, Part ICanada: The History, Part I
1990-1992-1993: M-LR identified in Alberta 1990-1992-1993: M-LR identified in Alberta lakes, detected in Shoal Lake, Winnipeg’s lakes, detected in Shoal Lake, Winnipeg’s drinking water source, and in the city’s drinking water source, and in the city’s distribution systemdistribution system
Manitoba requests an ‘Emergency Health Manitoba requests an ‘Emergency Health Advisory’ (EHA) from Health Canada in Advisory’ (EHA) from Health Canada in 19941994
EHA of 0.5 µg/L derived for M-LR in DWEHA of 0.5 µg/L derived for M-LR in DW EHAs are developed for specific situations; they do not EHAs are developed for specific situations; they do not
have the rigorous review/consultation of full guidelineshave the rigorous review/consultation of full guidelines
1990-1992-1993: M-LR identified in Alberta 1990-1992-1993: M-LR identified in Alberta lakes, detected in Shoal Lake, Winnipeg’s lakes, detected in Shoal Lake, Winnipeg’s drinking water source, and in the city’s drinking water source, and in the city’s distribution systemdistribution system
Manitoba requests an ‘Emergency Health Manitoba requests an ‘Emergency Health Advisory’ (EHA) from Health Canada in Advisory’ (EHA) from Health Canada in 19941994
EHA of 0.5 µg/L derived for M-LR in DWEHA of 0.5 µg/L derived for M-LR in DW EHAs are developed for specific situations; they do not EHAs are developed for specific situations; they do not
have the rigorous review/consultation of full guidelineshave the rigorous review/consultation of full guidelines
Cyanobacterial Toxins in Cyanobacterial Toxins in Canada: The History, Part IICanada: The History, Part II
Cyanobacterial Toxins in Cyanobacterial Toxins in Canada: The History, Part IICanada: The History, Part II
M-LR added to the priority list for M-LR added to the priority list for evaluationevaluation
Canadian surveys to date indicate Canadian surveys to date indicate Microcystin-LR is the most common Microcystin-LR is the most common hepatotoxin present in water supplieshepatotoxin present in water supplies
M-LR added to the priority list for M-LR added to the priority list for evaluationevaluation
Canadian surveys to date indicate Canadian surveys to date indicate Microcystin-LR is the most common Microcystin-LR is the most common hepatotoxin present in water supplieshepatotoxin present in water supplies
Blooms of Cyanobacteria in Blooms of Cyanobacteria in CanadaCanada
Blooms of Cyanobacteria in Blooms of Cyanobacteria in CanadaCanada
Blooms occur in all provincesBlooms occur in all provinces (Prairies, Québec etc) (Prairies, Québec etc)
TTend to occur repeatedly in same supplyend to occur repeatedly in same supply small shallow, slow-moving bodies of water common to small shallow, slow-moving bodies of water common to
prairies generally affectedprairies generally affected
Blooms occur in all provincesBlooms occur in all provinces (Prairies, Québec etc) (Prairies, Québec etc)
TTend to occur repeatedly in same supplyend to occur repeatedly in same supply small shallow, slow-moving bodies of water common to small shallow, slow-moving bodies of water common to
prairies generally affectedprairies generally affected
Cyanobacteria: General Cyanobacteria: General Description Description
Cyanobacteria: General Cyanobacteria: General Description Description
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algea)Cyanobacteria (blue-green algea)
May produce neurotoxins, May produce neurotoxins, hepatotoxins hepatotoxins
Skin irritants, other toxins Skin irritants, other toxins
Surface water supplies Surface water supplies (Hepatotoxins/neurotoxins)(Hepatotoxins/neurotoxins)
Hepatotoxins more widespreadHepatotoxins more widespread
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algea)Cyanobacteria (blue-green algea)
May produce neurotoxins, May produce neurotoxins, hepatotoxins hepatotoxins
Skin irritants, other toxins Skin irritants, other toxins
Surface water supplies Surface water supplies (Hepatotoxins/neurotoxins)(Hepatotoxins/neurotoxins)
Hepatotoxins more widespreadHepatotoxins more widespread
Microcystin -LRMicrocystin -LRMicrocystin -LRMicrocystin -LR
Microcystin L-R: hepatotoxinsMicrocystin L-R: hepatotoxins
Produced by Microcystis Produced by Microcystis aeruginosa aeruginosa (an others blue-greens algal species)(an others blue-greens algal species)
Monocyclic heptapeptides Monocyclic heptapeptides (L–amino acids; L=Leucine; R=arginine)(L–amino acids; L=Leucine; R=arginine)
Microcystin L-R: hepatotoxinsMicrocystin L-R: hepatotoxins
Produced by Microcystis Produced by Microcystis aeruginosa aeruginosa (an others blue-greens algal species)(an others blue-greens algal species)
Monocyclic heptapeptides Monocyclic heptapeptides (L–amino acids; L=Leucine; R=arginine)(L–amino acids; L=Leucine; R=arginine)
Sources of Human ExposureSources of Human ExposureSources of Human ExposureSources of Human Exposure
Consumption of drinking waterConsumption of drinking water Recreational use of lakes and riversRecreational use of lakes and rivers
oral, dermaloral, dermal
ShowersShowers inhalation, dermalinhalation, dermal
Algal food tabletsAlgal food tablets oraloral
Consumption of drinking waterConsumption of drinking water Recreational use of lakes and riversRecreational use of lakes and rivers
oral, dermaloral, dermal
ShowersShowers inhalation, dermalinhalation, dermal
Algal food tabletsAlgal food tablets oraloral
AnimalsAnimalsPrimarily Primarily
hepatotoxinhepatotoxin• Kidney damageKidney damage• Lung damageLung damage• Tumour promotorTumour promotor
HumansHumans• Stomach cramps, Stomach cramps,
vomiting, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, diarrhea, fever, headache, painful headache, painful muscles & jointsmuscles & joints
• Acute Acute gastroenteritisgastroenteritis
• Liver damageLiver damage
M-LR Effects on Animals & M-LR Effects on Animals & HumansHumans
Microcystin administered by gavage Microcystin administered by gavage to mice at levels of 0, 40, 200 and to mice at levels of 0, 40, 200 and 1000 1000 µg/kg bw/day for 13 weeksµg/kg bw/day for 13 weeks
40 40 µg/kg bw : no definite effectµg/kg bw : no definite effect
200 200 µg/kg bw : slight liver changes in some µg/kg bw : slight liver changes in some animalsanimals
1000 1000 µg/kg bw : liver changes in all animalsµg/kg bw : liver changes in all animals
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) set at 40 (NOAEL) set at 40 µg/kg bw/dayµg/kg bw/day
Critical EffectsCritical Effects
TDI =0.040 mg/kg bw/day1000
= 0.00004 mg/kg bw
M-LR Guideline DerivationM-LR Guideline Derivation
WhereWhere– x10 for intraspecies variationx10 for intraspecies variation– x10 for interspecies variationx10 for interspecies variation– x10 for less than lifetime x10 for less than lifetime
studystudy
MAC = 0.00004 mg/kg/day x 70 kg x 0.80
1.5 L/day= 0.0015 mg/L (1.5 µg/L)
Factors Affecting Bloom Formation & Toxin Factors Affecting Bloom Formation & Toxin Production / PersistenceProduction / Persistence
Bloom FormationBloom Formation• Inorganic nutrientsInorganic nutrients• Water temperatureWater temperature• pH level: 6-9pH level: 6-9• DaylightDaylight• TurbidityTurbidity• TurbulenceTurbulence• Water flowWater flow
Toxin productionToxin production• Environmental Environmental
factorsfactors Temperature, light, Temperature, light,
nitrogen levels, nitrogen levels, carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and/or pHand/or pH
• Genetic differencesGenetic differences• Metabolic processesMetabolic processes
Toxin releaseToxin release
Persistence Persistence • Stable in waterStable in water• Resistance to pH Resistance to pH
extremesextremes• Heat resistantHeat resistant
Reservoir managementReservoir management Nutrient deprivation practices Nutrient deprivation practices
Algal cell removalAlgal cell removal Coagulation, clarification, filtration, disinfectionCoagulation, clarification, filtration, disinfection Must not damage cellsMust not damage cells
Toxin removalToxin removal Oxidation (ozonation); other methods such as Oxidation (ozonation); other methods such as
UV, chloramination & hydrogen peroxide not as UV, chloramination & hydrogen peroxide not as effectiveeffective
Activated carbon (wood-based products best)Activated carbon (wood-based products best) Slow sand filtration-biodegradationSlow sand filtration-biodegradation
Microcystins – Water Microcystins – Water Management Management
Flow chart: Management Water supplyFlow chart: Management Water supply
10
9
8
5
3
2
1
sample raw* and treated supplies for toxin(algal identification)
Visually monitor for bloom formation
ANNEX ACyanobacterial Toxins -- Microcystin -LR
Flow Chart- Water Supplies for Human Consumption -
perform toxin analysis oftreated water supplies
7
send both raw and treated samples forMicrocystin-LR analysis
Treated Water
alternativesupply ortreatment
adjustment
resampletreatedsupply
notify communityand agencies
Consultation anddecision-making
April, 2002
NOTE: For recreationalwater supplies, followthe raw water protocol(steps 1-4)
6 (treated) 11 (treated)12 (treated)
M-LR>1.5 µg/L
M-LR<1.5 µg/L
resultsto
agencies
Raw Water
4 (raw) 11 (raw)
M-LR>1.0 µg/L
M-LR<1.0 µg/L
12 (raw)
resultsto
agencies
* A field kit could be used for screening. A validationsample should be send to a laboratory for confirmationof actual levels following a positive field test.
To obtain information onDWhttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/water/
index.htm
Find more informationFind more information
To obtain the supporting document on M-LRhttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/water/
pdf/microcys.pdf