blood online 2
DESCRIPTION
White blood cellsTRANSCRIPT
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LEUKOCYTESWhite blood cells (WBCs)
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Leukocytes
• Make up <1% of total blood volume
• Buffy coat
• Increase in number (↑) b/c of infection
• Two types:
1.Granulocytes
2.Agranulocytes
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Granulocytes
• Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
• Granules in cytoplasm
• Wright’s stain
• Larger than RBCs
• Lobed nuclei
• Phagocytic
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Neutrophils
• Most numerous WBCs
• aka. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
• Lobed nucleus
• ↑ during acute infections
• Phagocytic
• bacteria eaters
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Eosinophils
• Red-staining
• bilobed nuclei
• Digest parasitic worms
• ↑ Allergies
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Basophils
• Rarest WBCs
• Large, purplish-black granules
• contain histamine
• Histamine: inflammatory, attracts other WBCs
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Agranulocytes
• Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes
• Lack visible granules
• Have spherical nuclei
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Lymphocytes
• Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with thin, blue cytoplasm
• Two types of lymphocytes:
• T cells, act against viruses
• B cells, produce antibodies
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Monocytes
• The largest leukocytes
• Large pale-blue cytoplasm
• Dark purple U-shaped nuclei
• ↑ chronic infections
• Phagocytes & activators
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Leukopoiesis
• Production of WBCs
• All blood cells form from hemocytoblasts
• Directed by chemical messages
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Leukemia
• Cancer of WBCs
• Uncontrolled growth of leukocytes
• Nonfunctional WBCs accumulate
• Death from infections
• Named by type of WBC
• Lymphocytic leukemia = lymphocytes
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PLATELETS
And clot formation
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Platelets
• Small fragments of megakaryocytes
• Small an irregularly shaped
• Thrombopoietin regulates formation
• Initiate clot formation
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Clot Formation
Clot Formation aka. hemostasis
Fast steps to stop bleeding
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
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Vascular Spasm
• Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessel
• Caused by injury or pain
Platelet Plug Formation• Stick to exposed fibers
• Swell, become spiked and sticky
• release chemical messengers
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Coagulation
• Blood goes from liquid to gel
• Prothrombin thrombin (protein modification)
• Causes formation of a fiber mesh
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.13
Collagenfibers
Platelets
Fibrin
Step Vascular spasm• Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction.
Step Platelet plugformation
• Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere.
• Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms.
Step Coagulation• Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.
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2
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Hemostasis
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Clotting Disorders
1. Thromboembolytic disorders:
• Clots or “thrombus” form in unbroken vessels
• Embolisms – floating thrombus
• Help prevent with aspirin
2. Bleeding disorders:
• prevent normal clotting
• Hemophilia
• Hereditary bleeding disorders