blockchain& ai: legal impacts of the most‐ hyped emerging ......thomas watson, ibm chairman,...

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Blockchain & AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging Technologies Benjamin Tietgen, Partner Josh Covey, Attorney June 20, 2018

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Page 1: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Blockchain & AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐Hyped Emerging TechnologiesBenjamin Tietgen, PartnerJosh Covey, Attorney

June 20, 2018

Page 2: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

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Page 3: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

2 Common Beliefs

•Belief #1: “AI will replace all human lawyers in the next couple of years.” 

•Belief #2: “A machine will never be able to do the kind of work that I do.”

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Page 4: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

What is AI?

• Spectrum: Westworld/Matrix to ho‐hum software (NLP)• Perform tasks historically limited to humans; simulate human thought in computerized model

• Umbrella Term• Machine learning• Algorithms• Natural Language Processing• Neural Networks• Expert Systems• "Big Data"• Computing power

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Page 5: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Machine LearningHuman Computer Programming

• Machine mechanically implements human‐made code

• Bad outcomes are attributable to bad code by human programmer

• Human programmer can explain why machine did what it did

Machine Learning

• Humans provide data & specify overall goal for machine

• Machine self‐learns & adapts its approach to maximize specified goal

• Limited explanation for why machine did what it did

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Page 6: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Nexus of Technologies (many are old)

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Page 7: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

So Why is AI Everywhere Now? 

“Big data” + 

Current Computing Abilities = 

GAME CHANGER

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Page 8: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Moore’s Law• # of transistors per square inch of a computer chip will double every 18 months• Has generally come true; expected to continue for at least the next 2 decades• Now refers generally to computing power doubling every 2 years

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Page 9: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Ray Kurzweil: Exponential Change

• “An analysis of the history of technology shows that technological change is exponential, contrary to the common‐sense ‘intuitive linear’ view.  So we won’t experience 100 years of progress in the 21st century – it will be more like 20,000 years of progress (at today’s rate).”

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Page 10: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Big Data Era• “Every 2 days we create as much info. as we did from the dawn of civilization up until 2003.” ‐ Eric Schmidt, CEO Google, from 2010

• Every day 2.5 quintillion bytes of data is created

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Page 11: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Internet of Things

http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/techtank/posts/2015/06/9‐future‐of‐iot‐part‐2

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Page 12: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

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Page 13: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Summing It Up

• Explosion of digital data + exponentially increasing computing abilities =unprecedented data analytics

• Those data analytics yield insights to meaningful trends in historical (and increasingly real‐time) data

• Those insights "feed" into machine learning• Better machine learning accelerates AI’s evolution, which speeds up the development of AI’s practical applications

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Page 14: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

AI's Evolution• 1997 – Chess ‐ AI (Deep Blue) defeats Garry Kasparov• 2011 – Jeopardy – AI (Watson) defeats Ken Jennings & Brad Rutter• 2013 – 7 Atari Games – AI (DeepMind) uses same learning algorithm • 2016 – Go – AI (AlphaGo) defeats Lee Sedol• 2017 – Go – AlphaGo Zero, after 3 days, defeats Alpha Go

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Page 15: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Challenging Belief #1: AI Replaces Lawyers Soon• AI Limitations:

• Lack of common sense• Bias in algorithms• Impact of bad data on AI's outputs 

• Fact: Currently lots of highly‐touted AI stuff isn't that useful right now

• Humans are superior in critical thinking• Effective client interaction, oral advocacy, negotiation, etc. = beyond scope of current AI

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Page 16: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Gartner Hype Cycle

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Page 17: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Bias Problems with Algorithms

1. Inaccurate bias – algorithms may contain inaccurate biases based on historical data reflecting historical bias• e.g., historical data suggesting most successful engineers are white males

2. Accurate bias – algorithms may contain empirically valid distinctions that we may not want to accept for fairness reasons• e.g., young men are a higher car insurance risk than young women 

• Main point = bad data affects AI's outputs

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Page 18: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Algorithmic Bias

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Page 19: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Long‐term AI Considerations•Risks of Predicting Future Technologies

• "The telephone has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication." ‐ Western Union internal memo, 1876

• “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.” ‐Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943

• "It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐Yogi Berra

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Page 20: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

A Quote to Linger

"If you're looking ahead long‐term, and what you see looks like science fiction, it might be wrong. But if it doesn't look like science fiction, it's definitely wrong." — Christine Peterson

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Page 21: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Challenging Belief #2: AI Can't Do Legal Work

• Simply doesn't align with current facts

•AI is already impacting the legal practice 

• This trend will continue

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Page 22: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

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Page 23: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

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Page 24: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

AI & Legal Practice

“Artificial intelligence is changing the way lawyers think, the way they do business & the way they interact with clients. Artificial intelligence is more than legal technology. It is the next great hope that will revolutionize the legal profession…. What makes artificial intelligence stand out is the potential for a paradigm shift in how legal work is done.”

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Page 25: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Why the Trend Will Continue

1. McKinsey – 23%, Deloitte – 39% = can be automated; we are nowhere near those numbers

2. Economic pressures & increased competition will incentivize legal professionals to become more efficient

3. We've seen this before: once machines can compete, they quickly evolve to become superior in performance, reliability, & associated costs

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Page 26: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

AI and Law: Two Main Areas 

I. Substance of Law ‐ What Law Regulates

II. Process of Law ‐ How Law Is Practiced

Page 27: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

I. Substance of Law ‐ What Law Regulates

Page 28: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

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Page 29: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Legal Regulation of AI Applications

•Autonomous Cars•Medical Robots•Digital Assistants • Internet of Things•Algorithms• Etc...

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Page 30: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

“If facts are changing, law cannot be static."Felix Frankfurter, The Zeitgeist & the Judiciary, Address at the Harvard Law Review Twenty‐fifth Anniversary Dinner (Mar. 30, 1912)

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Page 31: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

II.  Process of Law

Page 32: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

#legaltech

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Page 33: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Benchmarking & Comparative Analyses

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Page 34: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Electronic Discovery; Locating ESI

“Studies have shown that technology‐assisted review is at least 50 times more efficient than human‐review, or manual, review.” 

Maura Grossman & Gordon McCormack, Efficient E‐Discovery, ABA J. (April 2012).

TECHNOLOGY-ASSISTED

REVIEW (TAR)34

Page 35: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Legal Research

Can read over a million legal pages per minute

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Page 36: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Document Drafting

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Page 37: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Case Outcome Prediction

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Page 38: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Jury Screening

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Page 39: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Judicial Sentencing

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Page 40: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Wisconsin v. Loomis• Loomis pleaded guilty to two charges for his role in a drive‐by shooting

• In sentencing, the trial judge relied (in part) on an AI‐powered risk assessment tool:

• COMPAS uses a proprietary algorithm to predict risk of recidivism based on (1) age at first offense, (2) current age, & (3) criminal history

• Trial court, appellate court, & Wisconsin Supreme Court all rejected Loomis’ argument that reliance on proprietary algorithm violated due process

• U.S. Supreme Court denied cert in June 2017

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Page 41: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Legal Bots

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Page 42: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Online Dispute Resolution

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Page 43: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Civic Resolution Tribunal

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Page 44: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

So Who Will Win – Humans or Machines?

Page 45: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Human Lawyers?

X

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Page 46: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Machine Lawyers?

X

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Page 47: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Correct Answer

+

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Page 48: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

The Good & the Bad (hopefully no Ugly)“Good News”• Adoption of AI in legal will be evolutionary, not revolutionary; 

• Most lawyer functions won't be performed by AI in foreseeable future

• Adoption of AI offers opportunities to lead in efficiency, cost savings & accuracy

• New legal specialties

“Bad News”• Automation

• Disparate impact on young lawyers?

• AI will require knowledge/abilities outside the existing skill set of most current practicing attorneys

• Incorporation of AI into practice will soon be a matter of keeping up rather than being a leader

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Page 49: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Main Takeaways

• Exponentially evolving technology will significantly change the practice & subject matter of law in the coming years

• It's important to take a dynamic, forward‐looking vs. static view of technology & law

• Lawyers & organizations that anticipate & stay on the leading cusp of changes will be the most successful

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Page 50: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Advice from “The Great One”

“I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.” - Wayne Gretzky

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Page 51: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

What is Blockchain Technology?And What Will It Do To Us All?

Page 52: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

A Blockchain Is...

• a distributed ledger wherein entries are asset transactions• and each entry is encrypted to provide a unique address;• the transactions are organized into sequenced blocks• and the blocks are validated by the ledger nodes,• such that a digital asset can be made exhaustible.

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Page 53: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Puis‐je vous peindre une image?Source: Ask Media, © 2016

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Page 54: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Example Digital Asset (Coin) Transfer

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No intermediary!

Centralized

Decentralized

BANK ABANK B

BLOCKCHAIN

Christine (User A) wants to senda digital coin to Julian (User B)

The request is encrypted, preserving anonymity, and then added with others to a block of ledger entries

The transactions of the block are verified by computation of member systems in the network

The validated block is added to the chain of sequential blocks of validated ledger entries (transactions) User B directly receives User A’s coin

The operation history is retained in an anonymous, encrypted ledger synced across all member computers

Page 55: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

dApps: How To Access a Blockchain

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DLT Framework

Blockchain as a Service

Distributed Applications (dApps)

Distributed Database

Page 56: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

3 Dimensions for Viewing the BlockchainTechnical

• Distributed database maintaining immutable verified ledger

Business• Network cooperating to move assets between members

Legal• Digital transaction tool that validates without intermediary

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Page 57: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

RisksTechnical Malfeasance• Hacking• Overriding consensus• Fraud

Trust /Reputation

Privacy on Open Networks

Obsolescence• Picking wrong platform• Underdevelopment• Failed partners

Ease of Use Scalability /Throughput

Losing your keys Regulation Energy Footprint

Barriers to Adoption

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Page 58: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Real‐life, Disruptive Blockchains – They Exist!• Fraud reduction for luxury goods• Probed (and plundered?) by DeBeers

• Attribution and licensing for artists/creators• Bought by Spotify

• Recordation of land title/real property rights• Started by founder of Overstock

• GDPR‐compliant consumer privacy platform• Partnered with Intel, Microsoft, and BDO

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Page 59: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

What is Cryptocurrency?And How Does It dApp Your Blockchain in the Ether?

Page 60: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

A Cryptocurrency Is...a payment instrument ‐ exchangeable, with a (generally) agreed‐upon value that is:

• Digital/Virtual – exists entirely in computer memory• Decentralized – "minted" onto a distributed ledger• Peer‐to‐peer – transmitted without an intermediary• Secure – encrypted PLUS validated by consensus• Exhaustible – limited in supply, held in a "wallet"

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Page 61: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Coins and Tokens: A User Guide

Source: William Mougayar, © 2017

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Page 62: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

FinTech's Crypto / DLT Ecosystem

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Page 63: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

FinTech Real‐World ImpactsFiat currencies vs. cryptocurrencies

• Decentralized instruments know no borders• Pros: no conversion, no intermediary, harder to steal, anonymity

• Cons: uncertain value, uncertain regulatory framework

Token‐based transaction networks• Unique units of value to incentivize and track platform usage

Trading – market cap 1/18: $825B; 4/18: $250B

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Page 64: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Blockchain / Crypto [Potential] Impacts on the Practice of LawThe Most‐Hyped Effects on Your Work and the Legal Industry

Page 65: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Practical and Cross‐Disciplinary Issues

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Data Security

Data Privacy

IoT

Chain of Title/Custody

IntellectualProperty

DigitalExhaustion

BlockchainTechnology

Page 66: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Disruptors of Any Intermediary BusinessAuthenticators• Title Insurance• Certification/Notarization• Data Security

Record Keepers• Billing / Accounting• Legal Docketing• CRM Software

Transaction Processors• Payment Networks• Escrow

Disambiguators• Transactional Law• Dispute Resolution

"Blockchain can provide a mechanism to combine the act of conveyance and the act of providing notice (recordation) of the conveyance into one event." Cook County Recorder of Deeds, Blockchain Pilot Program Final Report, May 30, 2017

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Page 67: Blockchain& AI: Legal Impacts of the Most‐ Hyped Emerging ......Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman, 1943 •"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” ‐ Yogi Berra

Disruption By "Smart Contract" Applications in the BlockchainSmart contract – an agreement between parties, written to the ledger as program code that executes in response to a triggering event

• Finance – conditional (If‐Then) transactions, e.g. derivatives• Insurance – life insurance policies; parametric insurance• Logistics – supply chain; employee workflow management• Energy – smart meters; micro‐grids• Legal – immutable contracts self‐executing validated transactions

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Industry Study: Disruption in HealthcareMaster Patient Index

• Chain naturally contains standardized records for each patient• Timestamping, restricted data entry improve accuracy• Hash patient data, not identity, to ledger, patient holds keys

EHRs• Interoperable – provider, insurer, patient dApps/APIs into ledger• Longitudinal – complete data (inpatient, specialist, wearables)• Secure – encrypted, consensus‐verified, immutable

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Industry Study: Disruption in HealthcareTransactions and Claims

• Secure, chronological ordering of transactions in ledger• Smart contracts (e.g., comparing claims to coverage)• Add IoT devices to monitor entire lifecycles 

Personal Genomics (copyright your DNA)R&D with Ledger Data

• Non‐PII, giving clinical trial recruits anonymity• Verified, standardized, timestamped, transparent, and persistent 

• Streamlines data sharing, fosters collaboration

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Adoption Challenges

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Adoption Challenges

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• Data Security vs. Data Insights

• How do we get analytics on encrypted ledger data?

• Privacy vs. Decentralization

• Is there a GDPR‐compliant blockchain?

• Data Privacy vs. Permissionless Networks

• Wait, anyone can have a copy of the ledger?

• Regulatory Issues• Where's the field and what are the rules?

• Fear and Inertia• What about X hack?

• How do we get everybody else onto our platform?

• Perceived and Actual Fraud

• WSJ on "Bitcoin Wannabes"

• What about Bitcoin's rep?

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In Your House:

• Corporate Records Management and Retention• Smart shareholder agreements, tracked transactions• Smart employment agreements (e.g. IP assignments)

• Compliance• Internal policies (e.g., record retention)• Regulatory compliance, reporting

• Employee Workflow Management• Blockchain analytics

• Decisions on Legal Matters• Smart outside counsel• Dispute resolution• Docketing

Blockchain for Corporate Activity and Counsel

• Transaction Records

• Project Partnerships

• Data Security

• Integration with IoT Devices

• Vendor Agreements• Authentication• Smart contracts – legalese to code

• Product Provenance, Tracking, and Monitoring• Triggering events for smart contracts

Blockchain for Your Products, Services, and Logistics

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In Your House:

• Internal Development

• Data Security• Permissioned networks

• Blockchain Service Providers

• Data Security• Permissionless networks• Permissioned networks on open platforms

Working with Blockchain Builders

• Accepting Crypto Payments

• Making Crypto Payments• Paying legal fees with Bitcoin

• Offering Crypto Products• dApps on a network that uses crypto• Project partnerships• Your own coin/token and network• Software for managing/exchanging crypto

Issues with Cryptocurrency

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In Your House:

• FinCEN – crypto as a currency• Know Your Customer & Anti‐Money Laundering reqs• "Money transmitter" issue under Bank Secrecy Act• Actual guidelines in 2013/2016

• CFTC – crypto as a commodity• Enabling spot & futures markets• Spoofing and wash trading targeted but not resolved

• SEC – crypto as a security (sometimes, maybe)• Howey test for what is an investment security• Guidance from "ICO as security" enforcement actions• Filing games: SAFT vs. Form D vs. Section A

• IRS – crypto as property, not currency• Ordinary income for merchants, capital gains for investors• Mined coins are gross income with value at time mined

Shifting Regulatory Framework – U.S. Federal regulators are all over the place on crypto. So far:

International Disparities Cause Jurisdictional Issues, Other Uncertainty• Switzerland: utility tokens do not require AML protections and are not securities• Bermuda: ICO Act of 2018 formally permits capital raises through digital asset offerings• Formal crackdowns in China, Korea, Thailand disrupted exchanges, increasing volatility

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In Your House:

• Arizona• Blockchain signatures and smart contracts are legally valid• FinTech regulatory sandbox

• Delaware – first state to allow corporate recordkeeping on blockchain

• New York – "bit license" for crypto exchangers that deal in fiat

• Illinois – 2016 blockchain initiative• Included test of land title on blockchain – successful but 

not deployed

• Wyoming – five blockchain/crypto bills recently passed• Exempting certain token activities from state securities 

and money transmitter laws• Corp records and shareholder verification on blockchain• Exempting virtual currencies from state property tax

Shifting Regulatory Framework ‐ State legislative activity ‐ examples

Civil and Criminal Precedents• Upcoming decision on investor suit against Ripple may have ripple effect (right of rescission?)• Criminal fraud case against founder of ReCoin & DRC may give future developers pause

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Questions?© 2018 Quarles & BradyLLP ‐  This document provides  information of a general  nature. None of the  information contained herein  is intended as legal advice or  opinion relative to specific  matters, facts, situations or  issues. Additional facts and  information or future  developments may affect the  subjects addressed in this  document. You should consult  with a lawyer about your  particular circumstances  before acting on any of this  information because it may  not be applicable to you or  your situation.

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THANK YOUBenjamin TietgenPartner(602) 229‐[email protected]

Joshua CoveyPartner

(602) 229‐[email protected]

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