blockade of the sympathetic system in hypertension & heart ... fileatelectasia orthostatic...
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Blockade of the Sympathetic
System in Hypertension & Heart
Failure
Haralambos Gavras
Professor of Medicine
Introduction
• Central sympatholytic agents are the oldest anti-
HTN drugs ( reserpine, methyldopa, clonidine ).
• Beta-AR blockers are now well established in
the treatment of HTN and HF.
• Recently two new approaches were introduced:
• Sympathetic denervation via renal nerve
ablation
• Selective blockade of the alpha 2B-AR subtype.
Grimson, Ann Surg 1941
Surgical Sympathectomy
Peet, Am J Surg 1948
BP control was maintained long-term
Adverse effects of splanchnicectomy
Thoracic duct injuries
Atelectasia
Orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia
Palpitations
Breathlessness
Anhidrosis
Cold hands
Intestinal disturbances
Loss of ejaculation
Sexual dissatisfaction
Papademetriou/Dumas, Am J Cardiol 2010
Renal Sympathetic Nerves as Therapeutic Target
• Arise from T10-L1• Follow the renal artery to the kidney• Primarily lie within the adventitia
Vessel Lumen
Media
Adventitia
Renal Nerves
Results: Blood Pressure Reduction: Simplicity-1
-14 -21 -22 -24 -27-10 -10 -11 -11 -17
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
1 month(n=41)
3 months(n=39)
6 months(n=26)
9 months(n=20)
12 months(n=9)
MeanChange in
Blood Pressure(mmHg)
Presented with 95% Confidence
Intervals
Systolic
Diastolic
* P<0.001
** P=0.02
*
* **
* * * *
* *
*
87% had a reduction
in SBP ≥ 10 mmHg
Significant, Sustained BP ResponseExpanded series
92% of patients have BP ↓
-20 -24 -25 -24 -25 -33-10 -11 -11 -11 -15 -15
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
1 M(n=138)
3 M(n=106)
6 M(n=82)
12 M(n=63)
18 M(n=32)
24 M(n=17)
Systolic
Diastolic
BP change(mmHg)
Schlaich et al. European Society of Hypertension. 2010.
Approach
• Use of genetically engineered mice with
deletion of each one of the α2AR subtypes.
• Use of renoprival model of hypertension to
assess their roles in regulation of
cardiovascular function and sympathetic
outflow in response to salt loading.
Indirectly Measured Mean Blood Pressure
α2A +/+
α2A -/-
α2B +/+
α2B +/-
α2C +/+
α2C -/-
Conclusions
• Absence of α2A AR (leaving unopposed α2B AR activity) is associated with higher baseline BP and a more severe and rapid salt induced hypertension.
• Adequate expression of α2B AR is a prerequisite for development of salt induced hypertension.
• Because of the possibility that salt induced hypertension is partly a function of sodium reabsorption due to renal α2 AR, experiments were repeated in anephric mice.
Role of the α2B AR subtype in acute
hypertensive response to hypertonic
saline infusion(I)
• Mice were initially subjected to right
nephrectomy.
– right iliac artery was catheterized for direct
pressure measurements
– right iliac vein was catheterized for saline infusion
• The following day the left kidney was removed.
Role of the α2B AR subtype in acute
hypertensive response to hypertonic
saline infusion
• Arterial catheter was connected for direct
blood pressure measurements
• Venous catheter was connected to a
Harvard infusion pump containing 4%
saline.
– Total volume infused over 2 hours was 0.4ml
– 10% blood volume increase
Mean arterial pressure during a 2 hour hypertonic saline
infusion in anephric mice: WT vs KO mice
Conclusions
• Absence of fully functional α2B AR renders animals unable to raise BP in response to acute salt loading.
• Absence of α2A AR or α2C AR does not alter hypertensive response to acute salt overload in KO compared to WT animals.
• Taken together, the acute and chronic experiments suggest that central α2AAR attenuate and α2B ARaccentuate hypertensive response to salt loading, whereas α2C seems hemodynamically neutral.
Gene treatment to block the expression
of the α2B adrenergic receptor in the
CNS
• Proposed Hypothesis:
– if the central α2B adrenergic receptor is
responsible for salt induced
hypertension, blocking its expression in the
CNS should prevent BP rise.
– confirm that α2B AR has a similar role in other
species.
Inhibition of α2AR using Recombinant
AAV-delivered Antisense in
Hypertensive Rats
• Aim: Prolonged reversal of established salt
dependant hypertension in rats by using a
recombinant Adeno Associated Virus
vector for delivery of α2B AR AS-DNA.
Inhibition of α2B AR using
Recombinant AAV-delivered Antisense
in Hypertensive Rats
• Wistar rats were subjected to subtotal nephrectomy and dietary salt loading.
• 2x1010 particles in a volume of 10-15µL Lipofectamine injected stereotaxically into the left lateral ventricle at a rate of 0.167µl/min, over 1-1.5hours.
Scrambled-ODN treated rat
Antisense-ODN treated rat
Pressure Recording Post Injection
Conclusion
• Injection of AS-ODN against the α2BAR in
the CNS produces attenuation of blood
pressure rise.
– Translational inhibition of α2B AR centrally
prevents blood pressure rise.
Summary
• An intact fully functional α2B AR is necessary
for the development of hypertension due to
salt loading .
• When unopposed as in the case of
α2A AR KO mice it causes a hypertensive and
hyperadrenergic state even at baseline.
Summary
• The central presynaptic α2A AR is
sympathoinhibitory
• The central presynaptic α2B AR is
sympathoexcitatory