Mackay Coasts and Communities

Blacks Beach Beach Plan

2010

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Contents

1. Beach unit description 3

2. Conservation and management issues 5

2.1 Vegetation 5

2.1.1 Remnant vegetation 5

2.1.2 Vegetation zonation 8

2.1.3 Non-native vegetation 9

2.1.4 Waste dumping 9

2.2 Public access and facilities 10

2.3 Wildlife 13

2.4 Cultural heritage 15

2.5 Erosion 15

2.6 Climate change 17

3. Recommended activities 18

4. References 21

Appendix 1: Recommended species for dune revegetation 22

Appendix 2: Coastal fencing specifications 24

Acknowledgements: The project is supported by Reef Catchments and Mackay Regional Council, through

funding from the Australian Government’s Caring for our Country, the Queensland Government, and Mackay

Regional Council’s Natural Environment Levy. Beach Plans are based on Mackay Regional Council’s Coastal

Management Guidelines (May 2009).

Disclaimer: All maps within Blacks Beach Plan © Reef Catchments. While every care is taken to ensure the

accuracy of the maps included in this document, Reef Catchments make no representation or warranties about

their accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaims all responsibility

and all liability for all expenses, losses, damages which are incurred as a result of this product being inaccurate.

Cover image: Orthophotos from digital aerial photography 0.6 metre pixel 2004 supplied by Mackay Regional

Council.

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1. Beach unit description

Blacks Beach stretches for approximately four kilometres from the northern rocky outcrop to McCreadys Creek

(Figure 1). The northern end of the beach is wave-exposed, widening to intertidal sand flats towards

McCreadys Creek mouth (Short, 2000). A rock wall has been built in front of beachfront properties along the

central and northern sections of the beach.

The northern section of Blacks Beach is largely comprised of properties zoned as Special Activities (Tourism),

with Freehold tenure extending to the beach front in some areas (Figures 2, 3). Coastal frontage along the

southern end of Blacks Beach is under Reserve tenure and trustee of Mackay Regional Council. Reserve tenure

along Blacks Beach is correspondingly zoned as Open Space. A 27 hectare Freehold tenure block remains in the

centre of Blacks Beach spit and is split between Urban Expansion and Rural zones. Blacks Beach is an area of

high growth, with a number of new residential subdivisions having been or currently being established in the

area.

Figure 1: Extent of Blacks Beach unit

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Figure 2: Land tenure Blacks Beach Figure 3: Planning scheme zonation Blacks Beach

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Digital Cadastral Data 2008 supplied by Mackay Regional Council.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Planning Scheme Zone Data 2008 supplied by Mackay Regional Council.

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2. Conservation and Management Issues

2.1 Vegetation

2.1.1 Remnant vegetation

The largest amount of remnant vegetation remains at the southern end of Blacks Beach in Reserve tenure,

making it an important area for conservation (Table 1, Figure 4). The vegetation is predominantly a mix of

eucalypt and acacia open forest with beach scrub understorey. Approximately 7 hectares of microphyll vine

forest on coastal dunes (RE 8.2.2, ‘beach scrub’) has been identified in this zone on Reserve tenure and is listed

as ‘Critically Endangered’ by federal legislation (Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act,

1999). Key threats to this community include inappropriate fire regimes, weed invasion, impacts of coastal

development and recreational use.

Other remnant vegetation at Blacks Beach includes grassland occurring on the northern rocky outcrop on

Esplanade and Reserve tenure; and mangrove and saltpan communities on the western margin of Blacks Beach

spit on Reserve tenure (Table 1, Figure 4).

A bushfire is an uncontrolled fire burning in forest, scrub or grassland vegetation and may occur in most

vegetation types in Queensland where there is a fuel path of sufficient dryness to be flammable (Queensland

Government, 2003). State Planning Policy 1/03 under the Sustainable Planning Act 2009 deals with the

mitigation of adverse impacts of bushfire, and includes a natural hazard assessment for bushfires and the

subsequent provision of safety buffers. According to this policy, a low hazard score and no prescribed safety

buffer width is allocated to “narrow strips of coastal vegetation with a linear shape, less than 50 hectares in

area and more than one kilomere from the nearest extensive vegetation, on 0-5% slope, with an eastern

aspect” (Queensland Government, 2003). All rehabilitation activities undertaken as part of this plan will be

done so with consideration of this State Planning Policy.

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Table 1: Remnant vegetation (Regional Ecosystem) communities at Blacks Beach

Regional Ecosystem (RE)

Short description (Environmental Protection Agency, 2005)

Approximate area (ha) on Reserve and Esplanade tenure

Vegetation Management Act status 2005

Biodiversity status

EPBC Status

8.1.1 Mangrove vegetation of marine clay plains and estuaries. Estuarine wetland.

4.2 ha Not of concern

No concern at present

n/a

8.1.2 Samphire open forbland to isolated clumps of forbs on saltpans and plains adjacent to mangroves.

0.5 ha Not of concern

Of concern n/a

8.2.2 Microphyll vine forest on coastal dunes. 7.1 ha Of concern Endangered Critically Endangered

8.2.6 Corymbia tessellaris + Acacia leptocarpa + Banksia integrifolia + Melaleuca dealbata + beach scrub species open forest on coastal parallel dunes.

18.9 ha Of concern Of concern n/a

8.2.11 Melaleuca spp. woodland in parallel dune swales (wetlands).

1 ha Of concern Of concern n/a

8.12.13a Xanthorrhoea latifolia subsp. latifolia shrubland, or Imperata cylindrica grassland. Occurs on slopes of islands and headlands on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks, and Tertiary acid to intermediate volcanics.

1 ha Of concern Of concern n/a

8.2.13a Corymbia tessellaris, Melaleuca spp., Livistona decora, Corymbia intermedia, E. tereticornis open-forest. Some areas of Acacia spp. closed-forest with C. tessellaris.

Freehold tenure. Not included in beach unit recommendations.

Endangered Endangered n/a

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Figure 4: Remnant vegetation Blacks Beach

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2.1.2 Vegetation zonation

The southern end of Blacks Beach (south of Anglers Parade) maintains the full complex of dune zonation with

colonising spinifex and casuarina woodland on foredunes, and open forest and/or beach scrub communities

beyond the frontal dune (Figures 5, 6). The condition of parts of this remnant vegetation is reduced in some

areas owing to; inappropriate access, disturbance, erosion, dense stands of non-native vegetation, and the

effects of past fires.

Where residential areas border Reserve and Esplanade tenures in the central region of the beach, there are

some cases where native vegetation has been removed and dunal areas have become an extension of adjacent

lawns and gardens (Figure 7).

The presence of the rock wall along the northern end of the beach has removed the capacity for natural dune

zonation in this area (Figure 8).

Figure 5 and 6: Southern end of Blacks Beach with dunal zonation in place from colonising spinifex to open woodlands and beach scrub communities on dunes.

Figure 7: In some areas of Blacks Beach, dune vegetation has been removed and Reserve/ Esplanade has become an extension of neighbouring properties.

Figure 8: Presence of the rock wall at the northern end of Blacks Beach has removed the capacity for natural dune zonation.

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2.1.3 Non-native vegetation

Dense stands of Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) and lantana (Lantana camara) threaten to outcompete

native vegetation and pose a fire threat to fire sensitive remnant vegetation communities throughout the

Reserve at the southern end of the beach (Figure 9). Dunal areas of Reserve or Esplanade tenure being

maintained as extensions of lawns and gardens were key sites observed to have stands of non-native

vegetation. Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Guinea grass threaten remnant vegetation at the northern

end of the beach. Additional declared weeds (Land Protection Pest and Stock Route Management Act, 2002)

were also recorded along the length of the beach including prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) (Figure 10), mother of

millions (Bryophyllum sp.), and singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata).

Figure 9: Dense stands of Lantana and Guinea grass pose a fire threat and outcompete native vegetation along Blacks Beach.

Figure 10: Declared Prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) on Blacks Beach.

2.1.4 Waste dumping

Vegetative waste is present on dunes at Blacks Beach, particularly where there are adjacent residential areas

(Figures 11, 12). Dumping of general waste was observed throughout the remnant vegetation on Freehold and

Reserve land where unregulated vehicle access is occurring (Figures 13, 14).

Figure 11 and 12: Dumping and accumulation of vegetative waste on dunes at Blacks Beach.

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Figure 13 and 14: General waste has been dumped at Blacks Beach Spit, on both the Freehold and Reserve land, reducing the aesthetic value and creating a public nuisance for management organisations. Photos by Matt Bloor.

2.2 Public access and facilities

There are eight designated beach access points provided with fencing and associated infrastructure along

Blacks Beach (Figures 15, 21). Several unofficial access tracks also exist along the length of the beach, and

bollarding has been undertaken on the eastern side of some of these to prevent vehicle access to the beach.

Post and rail fencing has been partially installed along the western margin of Reserve tenure south of Anglers

Parade where new residential development is occurring (Figure 16). Fencing of the dunes and a mown open

space on Reserve tenure is also associated with the Turtle Place beach access. There is currently no fencing

behind residential areas between Anglers Parade and Turtle Place access points, and inappropriate

management of the Reserve and beach access subsequently occurs (Figures 17, 18).

Recreational facilities are provided at Blacks Beach Park at the northern end of Bourke Street with toilet, BBQ,

tables, playground and parking facilities. Additional car parking and/ or mown areas are associated with Turtle

Place, Pitt Street and Anglers Parade beach access points.

There are no official boat ramps along Blacks Beach, with the closest being on the southern bank of McCreadys

Creek via Andergrove (Figure 21) or Eimeo Creek on Sunset Boulevard. A make shift boat ramp has been

constructed on the northern bank of McCreadys Creek in this beach unit (Figure 19). Unregulated vehicle

access to Blacks Beach spit occurs from the end of Pacific Drive and Corella way through Freehold tenure,

causing remnant vegetation to be opened up to disturbance and condition reduced (Figure 20). Vehicle access

to the spit through Reserve land is closed to the public.

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Figure 15: One of the eight official beach access points along Blacks Beach.

Figure 16: The western side of the Reserve has been partially fenced south of Anglers Parade.

Figures 16 and 17: Where no fencing is present to delineate tenure boundaries and access points, the Reserve is being inappropriately managed by adjacent residential areas and multiple unofficial access points are opened up.

Figure 19: A make shift boat ramp has been constructed on McCreadys Creek, using vehicular access to Blacks Beach Spit through Freehold tenure.

Figure 20: Unregulated vehicular access to Blacks Beach Spit occurs and multiple tracks have opened up the remnant vegetation.

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Figure 21: Blacks Beach access points and recreational areas

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2.3 Wildlife

Blacks Beach is one of three beaches listed in the Mackay Whitsunday region as supporting significant

populations of nesting marine turtles. An average of 24 flatback turtle (Natator depressus) nests per year were

recorded at Blacks Beach between 1993 and 2003 with a maximum of 47 occurring in one year (Mackay District

Turtle Watch Association, 2003). Two interpretive signs highlighting the value of Blacks Beach as turtle nesting

habitat are installed; at Pitt Street and Blacks Beach Park access points (Figure 21). The rock wall along the

northern end of Blacks Beach prevents successful turtle nesting in this section. There are some opportunities

along the southern end of the beach to improve dune vegetation to promote the success of marine turtle

nesting.

Blacks Beach Spit and Blacks Beach (sandy shoreline) are both identified as intertidal roosts for shorebirds in

the Mackay region. The Blacks Beach Spit intertidal roost is considered significant (300-1000 birds recorded),

with up to 584 shorebirds recorded in one year (Harding and Milton, 2003). Disturbance via boating,

pedestrian, and vehicular traffic impact on shorebird roosting at this site. An interpretive sign highlighting the

value of Blacks Beach as a shorebird roost has been installed at the beach end of the Anglers Parade access

point. Sightings of the vulnerable beach stone curlew (Esacus magnirostris) have been recorded at Blacks

Beach Spit since 2000 (Andrews, M. 2009, pers. comm., 2 July).

Essential Habitat mapping for the false water rat (Xeromys myoides) covers the Reserve tenure on the western

side of Blacks Beach spit (Figure 22). Although no other Essential Habitat mapping is currently available, beach

scrub ecosystems are considered to provide habitat for the listed northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), rusty

monitor (Varanus semiremex), and coastal sheathtail bat (Taphozous australis). Blacks Beach Reserve has

approximately 7 ha of beach scrub vegetation, with an additional 5 ha identified on adjacent Freehold tenure.

The condition of these communities is threatened by inappropriate fire regimes, weed invasion, and the

impacts of coastal development and recreational use. An interpretive sign for beach scrub communities, and

associated species, is provided at the road end of the Anglers Parade access point.

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Figure 22: Wildlife values Blacks Beach

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2.4 Cultural heritage

The Blacks Beach area was previously occupied by Traditional Owners and the retention and rehabilitation of

natural areas remains of significance to the Yuibera people (Mooney, G. 2009, pers. comm., 9 March).

Middens, fish traps or other items of cultural significance may be present in the area.

2.5 Erosion

Developments have occurred within the erosion prone area along some areas of Blacks Beach (Figure 27). The

retention and maintenance of the buffer zone that does remain is important to prevent additional threats to

property boundaries.

Some sections of the frontal dune along Blacks Beach are lacking native vegetation, leaving them vulnerable to

erosion processes (Figure 23). Where inappropriate vehicle or pedestrian access has occurred, bare sand areas

have opened up or been invaded by non-native species and would benefit from rehabilitation activities (Figures

23 and 25). Reserve and Esplanade areas being maintained as an extension of residential lawns and lacking

dune vegetation zonation in the central section of the beach face greater risk of erosion into the future.

A rock wall has been built along the northern section of Blacks Beach to protect property from receding

shorelines. Regarding the rock walls at Blacks Beach, the Mackay Coast Study concluded that “considerable

erosion would be expected to occur on the beaches adjacent to, and seaward of the walls. Significant

investment into the upgrading of the rock walls in their present position should be avoided. Instead, funding

should be directed towards a planned retreat and the eventual removal of the rock walls.” (Environmental

Protection Agency, 2004). There are some opportunities to provide stabilisation to the current dune structure

on Reserve tenure behind the current rock wall, particularly near the Turtle Place and Blacks Beach Park access

points (Figure 26).

Figure 23: Some sections of beach front lack native vegetation to stabilise the dunes.

Figure 24: Where inappropriate vehicle access or fires have occurred, dunes are under threat of erosion.

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Figure 25: Dune erosion can occur where sand is exposed from excessive vehicular access.

Figure 26: Where rock walls exist, there is some opportunity to stabilise dune structure using native vegetation.

Figure 27: Erosion Prone Area Blacks Beach

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2.6 Climate change

The dune system at the southern end of Blacks Beach is well vegetated to protect against the effects of climate

change, however, there are some opportunities to improve structure and condition through weed control and

rehabilitation activities. The capacity of the dunes in the central and northern sections of Blacks Beach to

protect against the effects of climate change is currently limited due to clearing of native vegetation by partial

extensions of residential back yards and the presence of the rock wall.

Tidal flat communities extend in behind the Blacks Beach Spit and southern residential area (Figure 28).

Adjacent land should remain free of infrastructure to allow for migration of these communities as sea level

changes occur.

Figure 28: Current extent of tidal flat communities (Landzone 1) Blacks Beach

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3. Recommended activities

# On-ground activity details (Figure 29)

Zone A | Blacks Beach Park and surrounds (3 ha)

1 Weed control, revegetation. Major target weed species include leucaena (Leucaena

leucocephala), guajava (Psidium guajava), prickly pear (Opuntia sp.), Guinea grass (Megathyrsus

maximus). Revegetation to replace removed weed species, along frontal coastal dunes, and

margins of park to support dune structure.

Zone B | Turtle Place access (1 ha)

2 Weed control, revegetation, remove waste dumping. Major target weed species is Guinea

grass. Revegetation to replace removed weed species and supplement coastal vegetation on

Reserve tenure, particularly along frontal dune. Remove vegetative waste dumped on dunes.

3 Fencing. Retain the current fence alignment unless required to be relocated due to sand

intrusion. This should be reviewed in 3 years (ie: 2013) to examine extent of revegetation and

sand movement.

4 Beach access upgrade. Seek advice as to the installation of stairs or other infrastructure for

Turtle Place access point.

Zone C | Blacks Beach Road to Anglers Parade (5 ha).

5 Weed control, revegetation, remove waste dumping, remove private infrastructure. Major

target weed species include lantana, Guinea grass, garden escapees. Revegetation to replace

removed weed species and to support frontal dune. Revegetation of cleared areas and bare

patches currently being mown on Reserve. Removal of vegetative waste on dunes.

6 Fencing. Fencing (Appendix 2) along the length of the Reserve between Anglers Parade and Pitt

Street. This will provide a vegetation zone to define the revegetation area, limit mowing to the

fence line, provide a fire break from freehold properties, and direct pedestrians to access points.

The fencing is to enclose natural vegetation where such vegetation currently exists, regardless of

the distance from the existing property boundary. The distance from the property boundary to

the fence is to be a minimum of 20m and a maximum of 35m where the reserve is free of natural

vegetation in front of existing properties.

Zone D | Blacks Beach Reserve south of Anglers Parade (25 ha).

7 Weed control, revegetation. Major target weed species include lantana, Guinea grass.

Revegetation to replace removed weed species, along some sections of frontal dune, in hind

dune areas lacking significant vegetation, and along unofficial access ways.

8 Fencing. Reinstate fencing of Seafarers Court beach access from western margin of Reserve to

beach front (approx 180 m length). Complete the fencing and/or bollarding of the western

margin of the Reserve south of Anglers Parade to end of the residential area to prevent vehicle

access and residential encroachment onto the Reserve.

Zone E | McCreadys Creek mouth (5 ha).

9 Remove waste dumping. Removal of waste dumped in this zone.

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Other activities across multiple zones

10 Update and rationalise current regulatory and information signage; dogs on leads, pedestrian

access points (both on the beach front and on the landward sides), waste dumping, camping, and

fire signage.

11 Request freehold properties (Lot/Plan 1113/C124506 and 3/SP123441) fence off their properties

to public access. Vehicle access to Blacks Beach spit and make-shift boat ramps on McCreadys

Creek currently occurs through private property.

12 Monitor and use available legislation to protect existing native vegetation on Esplanade and

Reserve tenure as required (particularly zones C and D).

13 Land adjacent to salt marsh communities (eg. Lot/Plan 913/SP199842, 1113/C124506,

920/SP210492, 3/SP123441) to remain free of infrastructure to allow migration of these

communities as sea level rises.

14 Educate coastal community on local weed species and promote the use of local native species in

residential gardens.

15 Educate coastal community on requirement to dispose of garden waste and other debris at

designated Council refuse sites.

16 Monitor unrestricted vehicle access to beach and install bollarding as required (particularly Zones

D and E).

17 Monitor shorebird roost data for Blacks Beach spit and implement seasonal, voluntary closures

as required.

18 Where appropriate, Mackay Regional Council will liaise with the Queensland state government

to enable repairs and maintenance to be carried out on existing rock wall structures.

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Figure 29: Zones for recommended activities Blacks Beach

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4. References

Environmental Protection Agency (2004) Mackay Coast Study, State of Queensland Environmental Protection

Agency.

Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Regional Ecosystem Description Database. Available at

http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/biodiversity/regional_ecosystems/how_to_downloa

d_REDD/

Harding, S., Milton, D. (2003) Mackay Shorebird Project Final Report, Queensland Wader Study Group.

Short, A. (2000) Beaches of the Queensland Coast: Cooktown to Coolangatta, Sydney University Press, Sydney.

Mackay District Turtle Watch Association (2003) Internal data marine turtle nesting 1993-2003.

Queensland Government (2003) State Planning Policy 1/03 Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of Flood, Bushfire

and Landslide. Available at http://www.emergency.qld.gov.au/publications/spp/

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Appendix 1: Recommended species for dune revegetation

This is a generic list of recommended species for dune revegetation on Mackay beaches compiled from Sarina

Shire Beaches Management Guidelines for Coastal Zones, Regional Ecosystem 8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.2.6a revegetation

recommendations, and field observations.

A distinction is made below between front and hind dune species for revegetation. However, the species

selected for revegetation at any particular location will ultimately depend on current and pre-clearing Regional

Ecosystem mapping, and site-specific conditions (such as aspect, topography, existing vegetation, soil

condition, etc).

Front Dune (seaward)

Species name Common name Habit

Canavalia rosea Beach bean Groundcover

Carpobrotus glaucescens Angular pigface Groundcover

Ipomoea pes-caprae Goats foot convolvulus Groundcover

Sporobolus virginicus Marine couch Groundcover

Vigna marina Vigna Groundcover

Cyperus pedunculatus Pineapple sedge Sedge

Spinifex sericeus Beach spinifex Grass

Thuarea involuta Birds beak grass Grass

Vitex trifolia Coastal vitex Shrub

Argusia argentea Octopus bush Tree

Casuarina equisetifolia Coastal she oak Tree

Front Dune (top and landward side)

Species name Common name Habit

Clerodendum inerme Coastal lollybush Shrub

Dodonaea viscosa subsp. viscosa Sticky hop bush Shrub

Sophora tomentosa Silver bean Shrub

Vitex trifolia Coastal vitex Shrub

Casuarina equisetifolia Coastal she oak Tree

Hibiscus tiliaceus Cottonwood Tree

Pandanus tectorius Pandanus Tree

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Hind dune and further landward

Species name Common name Habit

Crinum pedunculatum Spider lilly Lilly

Eragrostis intrrupta Coastal love grass Grass

Eustrephus latifolius Wombat berry Climber

Stephania japonica Tape vine Climber

Clerodendrum inerme Coastal lolly bush Shrub

Dodonaea viscosa subsp. viscosa Sticky hop bush Shrub

Eugenia reinwardtiana Beach cherry Shrub

Jasminum didymium Native jasmine Shrub

Sophora tomentosa Silver bean Shrub

Acacia leptocarpa Tree

Acacia oraria Tree

Acronychia laevis Glossy acronychia Tree

Alphitonia excelsa Soapy ash Tree

Banksia integrifolia Coastal banksia Tree

Calophyllum inophyllum Ball nut Tree

Chionanthus ramiflora Native olive Tree

Clerodendrum floribundum Lolly bush Tree

Corymbia tesselaris Moreton bay ash Tree

Cupaniopsis anacardioides Tuckeroo Tree

Diospyros geminata Scaly ebony Tree

Drypetes deplanchei Yellow tulip Tree

Euroschinus falcata Ribbonwood Tree

Hibiscus heterophylus Native hibiscus Tree

Hibiscus tiliaceus Cottonwood Tree

Jagera pseudorhus Foam bark Tree

Macaranga tanarius Macaranga Tree

Mallotus phillipensis Red kamala Tree

Mimusops elengi Red coondoo Tree

Morinda citrifolia Smelly cheese tree Tree

Pandanus tectorius Pandanus Tree

Pittosporum ferrugineum Rusty pittosporum Tree

Planchonia careya Cocky apple Tree

Pleiogynium timorense Burdekin plum Tree

Sterculia quadrifida Peanut tree Tree

Terminalia cattapa Beach almond Tree

Terminalia muelleri Tree

Thespesia populnoides Tulip tree Tree

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Appendix 2: Coastal fencing specifications