black freedom struggle 1950s and 1960s. 1955, murder of emmett till emmet till mose wright
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SNCC, STOKELY CARMICHAEL
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Among its leaders: James Lawson, Ella Baker, Stokely Carmichael
MAJOR CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION
Civil Rights Act of 1964, guaranteed access of all Americans to public accommodations, public education, employment, and voting
WHAT DID CONGRESS DO? Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 opening of the War on Poverty
Voting Rights Act, 1965, banned literacy tests and ensured access to the voting booth
National Housing Act of 1968, authorized increase in funding for affordable housing
Civil Rights Act, 1968, banned discrimination in housing and jury service
AFTER PASSAGE OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
Black protest moved from simply legal equality to economic equality. It no longer held nonviolence as its basic principle.
Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in LA; Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.
RADICALIZING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTBlack protest moved from simply legal equality to economic equality.
It no longer held nonviolence as its basic principle.
Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in LA; Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.
MALCOLM XInitially a member of the Nation of Islam, “black muslims”; called for separation from white society;
In 1964 he left the Nation of Islam and worked with integrationists
Assassinated by three black muslims in 1965 at a Harlem rally.
BLACK PANTHER PARTYHuey Newton and Bobby Seale organized the Black Panther Party after an unarmed teen was killed in SF in 1966
Founded in Oakland
White backlash to Black Panther Party
DURING KENNEDY’S “NEW FRONTIER”President Kennedy established the President’s Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) in 1961
First chairwoman: Eleanor Roosevelt
Equal Pay Act 1963
DURING JOHNSON’S “GREAT SOCIETY”
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination based on gender in hiring and extended affirmative action to women.
It was not enforced, called a “fluke”
Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966
WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT
Inspired by successes of SNCC
More radical than NOW
Cellestine Ware founded New York Radical Feminists and called the predominately white leadership of women’s groups to work for issues of minority women.
ERA
Equal Rights Amendment passed Congress in 1972
“Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.”
It was endorsed by President Nixon
It was never ratified
OPPONENTS
Conservative wing Republican Party
Spokewoman Phyllis Schlafly
She believed God predetermined women’s roles and that the Congress or legal structure should not regulate them