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BLACK CARBON POLLUTION IN CENTRAL INDIA

K. S. PATEL, YOGITA NAYAK and N. K. JAISWAL* School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur

Department of Chemistry, ITM University, Raipur, India

Introduction

Burning of fuels produces CO, CO2,

NOx, SO

x, black carbon (BC),

organic carbon (OC), carbonate

carbon(CC), polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlori-

nated biphenyls (PCBs), etc. in the

environment. The BC is a climate

change element (1). PAHs and PCBs

are toxic, carcinogenic and

persistence organic compounds [2-

3]. A huge amount of coal is burnt

in Raipur city, CG, India. In the

present work, distribution of BC,

OC, CC, PAHs and PCBs in the

ambient air, road dust and sediment

are discussed.

Sampling Location

A

B

Experimental

The ambient PM samples were

collected by using Partisol model –

2300 sequential speciation (Thermo

Sci.) at February, 2007 – January,

2008) at residential area, Kota. The

road dust and pond sediment

samples were collected in summer

2008 manually using plastic spoons.

The particle size 0.1mm was used

for the analysis.

The thermal method was used for

the analysis of the BC, OC and CC.

The HPLC method was employed for

the quantification of the

phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene

(Ant), fluor-anthene (Fla), pyrene

(Pyr), benz[a]anthracene (Baa),

chrysene (Cry), benzo[b]fluor-

anthene (Bbf), benzo[k]fluoranthene

(Bkf), benzo-[a]pyrene (Bap), dibenz-

[a,h]-anthracene (Dba), benzo[ghi]-

perylene (Bgh) and indeno[1,2,3-

cd]pyrene (Ind). The GC-MS method

was used for the quantification of

the 209 PCBs congeners.

Monthly Variation of carbons

in air

Monthly Variation of PAHs in

air

Monthly variation of individual

PAH in air

Concentration of carbon in

PM, Road dust and Sediment

PCBs Distribution in air with PM

Discussion

Conclusion

References

.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Feb

Ma

r

Ap

r

Ma

y

Ju

ne

Ju

ly

Au

g

Se

p

Oc

t

Nov

De

c

Ja

n

PA

Hs, n

g m

-3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

pg

m

-3

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Ph

e

An

t

Fla

Pyr

Ba

a

Cry

Bb

f

Bk

f

Ba

p

Db

a

Bg

h

Ind

ng

m

-3

July

Oct

Dec

Sample BC% OC% CC%

PM10

9.8 8.2 7.8

Road Dust 6.9 0.4 0.5

Sediment 8.7 0.2 0.1

The concentration of PAH in the

PM (n=24), road dust (n=8) and

sediment (n=10) was 342±19,

12.74±2.81 and 9.17±0.82 mg kg-1 ,

respectively.

The PCBs congeners detected in the

PM, road dust and sediment was

found to be 84, 94 and 65,

respectively.

The concentration of PCBs

associated to PM10

(n = 4) was

ranged from 72 – 429 pg m-3 with

mean value of 248±149 pg m-3

. The

PCB concentration in the road dust

and sediment was 241±101 and

328±61 µg kg-1, respectively. The BC

content had good correlation with

the OC, CC, PAH and mono/dichloro

PCB.

The highest concentration of

carbons PAHs and PCBs in the air

was observed in the month of

December and January, mainly due

to the lowest wind speed and

temperature inversion.

The concentration of OC and CC

was decreased remarkably in the

dust and sediment samples.

The highest concentration of mono

chloro PCBs in the air, dust and

sediment was seen, mainly due to

coal combustion.

The concentration of BC, PAHs and

PCBs in the air, dust and sediment

was found to be much higher than

the limits

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

µg m

-3

BC OC CC

(1) V. Ramanathan, G. Carmichael,

Global and regional climate

changes due to black carbon,

Nature Geoscience, 2008, 1, 221.

(2) P. E. T. Douben, PAH: An

Ecotoxicological Perspective, John

Wiley & Sons, 2003.

(3) ATSDR (2001) Polychlorinated

biphenyls, Agency for Toxic

Substances and Disease Registry,

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts17.h

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