bk1 1 furture of wireless network
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802.11 and all that what s happeningin the Wireless Networking world?
Past, present and future
Mike Weaver Cisco Networking Academy
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Wireless LANs
The current Networking Academy courseFundamentals of Wireless LANs has nowbeen available for two years
In that time, there have been some significantchanges in the wireless networking arenaSome of these changes were mentionedbriefly in the course material.
..whilst others were not evenon the radar when the course was developed
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Wireless LANs
The aim of this presentation is to investigatesome of the enhancements that have beenmade, or are being proposed, in the wireless
world and n o t specifically WLANtechnologyThese will be considered on a standardizedbasis, looking at the IEEE 802 standardsworking groups where they are, and wherethe work m ay lead
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Wireless 802 Working Groups
Wireless LAN technology is standardizedwithin the IEEE 802.11 working groups (WG)Other IEEE 802 working groups that are likelyto have a significant effect on wirelesstechnology include:-
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networking 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX ) 802.18 Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Grp 802.20 Mobile (Broadband) Wireless Access 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks
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Wireless 802 Working Groups (WG)
The major standards that are likely to be of interest within the Academy program are:
802.11 standards (WiFi) 802.16 standards (WiMax)
However, we will initially look at a brief summaryof the responsibilityof the other groups..
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802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks
The 802.15 WG has publisheda wireless personal area networkstandard based on Bluetooth (802.15-1)
In addition, standards have been published for: co-existence of PANs and WLANs (802.15-2) low rate, low power, low complexity, short range
and long life (sensor) technology (802.15- 4) aka ZigBee
The 802.15 3 WG is currently investigating highrate (20 Mbits/s) wireless PANs, that will providefor low power, low cost solutions for multimediaand digital imaging applications
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ZigBee
ZigBee builds upon the 802.15-4 standard to defineapplication profiles that can be shared amongdifferent manufacturersThe specification for the physical layer defines a low-power spread-spectrum radio operating at 2.4 GHzwith a basic bit rate of 250 Kb/sThe ZigBee Alliance starts with the 802.15-4standard, and is currently defining applicationprofiles that will allow devices manufactured bydifferent companies to talk to one another
For example, the ZigBee Lighting Profile will define all theprotocols so you can purchase a ZigBee light switch fromcompany A and know that it will work properly with lightsmanufactured by company B
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802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG
The 802.18 WG is responsible for monitoringand advising on various national andinternational regulations as they relate to the
use of the wireless spectrum within the sixother IEEE 802 working groups with projectsfor radio based systems
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Broadband Wireless Technology
There are three major working groups within IEEEthat are exploring differing technologies for supporting wireless broadband
802.20 Mobile broadband 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks 802.16 WiMaxWe will look at each in turn, and present a brief
comparison The mobile operators 3G technology will not be
considered in this presentation, but should not beignored! It cost them a great deal of money
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IEEE 802.20 Mobile broadband
The 802.20 WG is tasked with developingspecifications for mobile broadband wireless access(MBWA) systems.A draft 802.20 specification was balloted andapproved on 18 Jan this year Such systems will be optimised for peak data rates >1Mb/s based on cell ranges of 15 Km on vehiclesmoving at up to 250 Km/h in a MAN environment i.e.high speed trainsOperation will be in licensed bands below 3.5GHz
Metrically challenged conversions9.3 miles 155 miles/h
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IEEE 802.22
The charter of the IEEE 802.22 WorkingGroup on Wireless Regional Area Networks(WRANs ) is to develop a standard for a
cognitive radio-based air interface, includingthe MAC layer and physical layer, for use bylicense-exempt devices on a non-interferingbasis in fixed point-to-multipoint wireless
regional area networks operating in theVHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 54MHz and 862 MHz - spectrum that is allocatedto the TV Broadcast Service
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IEEE 802.22
This standard is intended to enable deploymentof interoperable 802 multi-vendor WRANproducts, to facilitate competition in broadbandaccess by providing alternatives to local loop(wired) broadband access
It will also extend the deployment of suchsystems into diverse geographic areas,including sparsely populated rural areas, whilepreventing harmful interference to incumbentlicensed services in the TV broadcast bands
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IEEE 802.22
There is a large, untapped market for broadband wireless access in rural and other unserved/underserved areas where wiredinfrastructure cannot be economicallydeployed
Products based on this standard will be able toserve those markets and increase theefficiency of spectrum utilisation in spectrumcurrently allocated to, but unused by, the TVbroadcast service (so called white space )
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IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
WiMAX (World w ide In terop erabi l i ty of Micro w ave Access ) is a wireless Internet service designed tocover wide geographical areas serving largenumbers of users at low costWiMAX is the synonym given to the IEEE 802.16standard defining wide area wireless data networkingWiMAX is considered one of the best solutions for "last mile" distributionIn contrast, wireless LANs (WLANs 802.11) aredesigned to provide network access with in anenvironment once Internet service has beendelivered to that point
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IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
WiMAX access technology is an integral part of theInternet access portfolio, complementing 2G/3Gmobile access, DSL and cable fixed access, and Wi-Fi hotspot access:
WiMAX provides portable high -speed packet dataservices for IP applications that complement the
full mobility, nationwide coverage, voice support at high speeds, and moderate data rates
of 2G/3G mobile access
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IEEE 802.16 WiMAX (continued)
WiMAX complements broadband by helpingdelivery in new markets. WiMAX allows DSLoperators to extend service rapidly and costeffectively into areas of poor wire quality and lower population density
WiMAX, with its long range and quality-of-service(QoS) capabilities in licensed bands, complementscurrent public WLAN hotspot offerings
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Markets for WiMAX
Ref: http://www.alcatel.com/com/en/appcontent/apl/S0406-WiMAX-EN_tcm172-44791635.pdf
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802.16 - 2004
There are two major .16 specifications to provideoptimized solutions for fixed, nomadic, portable andmobile broadband wireless access - 802.16-2004 and802.16e802.16-2004
based on the -2004 version of the original IEEE 802.16standard and on ETSI HiperMAN.
previously known 802.16d and was ratified in July 2004. uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
and supports fixed and nomadic access in Line of Sight(LOS) and Non Line of Sight (NLOS) environments
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802.16e Mobile Access
802.16e Optimised for dynamic mobile radio channels, this version is
based on the .16e amendment and provides support for handoffs and roaming
It uses Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingAccess (SOFDMA), a multi-carrier modulation technique thatuses sub-channelisation
Service providers that deploy 802.16e can also use thenetwork to provide fixed service
802.16e operates in the 2.3 Ghz, 2.5 Ghz, 3.5 Ghz (licensed)and 5.8 Ghz (unlicensed) bands
The standard was ratified on 7 Dec 2005 and is likely to beknown as 802.16e - 2005
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802.16 example
Nomad, a UK Company, inconjunction with T-Mobile, areproviding Hi speed Internetaccess on the 50 mile London Brighton commuter route using(pre) 802.16 trackside stationsthat interface with trains wiredfor 802.11
The links can pass data to andfrom any train at up to 32Mb/s,making it the fastest data link toa train anywhere in the world.
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Mobile Architecture Comparison
Mobile Data Architectures
802.16e 802.20 3G
IP 802.16a mobility (>1Mb/s) IP roaming and handoff (>1Mb/s)
Circuit-switched cell data(
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Likely Broadband Wireless evolution
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IEEE 802.11b
The 802.11b amendment to the original standard wasratified in 1999 and led to the rapid adoption of WLANtechnologyIt is now considered a mature standard, generallysuperseded in new equipment by 802.11g802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/sand uses the same CSMA/CA media access methoddefined in the original standard.The CSMA/CA protocol overhead means that, inpractice, the maximum 802.11b throughput anapplication can achieve is about 5.9 Mb/s over TCPand about 7.1 Mb/s over UDP
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IEEE 802.11a
802.11a is an IEEE standard for a wireless networkthat operates at 5GHz with rates up to 54Mb/sThe 802.11a amendment to the original standard wasalso ratified in 1999The 802.11a standard uses the same core protocol asthe original standard, and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mb/s, whichyields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mb/s
It is not interoperable with 802.11b, except if using equipmentthat implements both standards (dual standard)
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802.11a
Since the 2.4GHz band is heavily used, usingthe 5GHz band gives 802.11a the advantage of less interference.
Disadvantages of this high carrier frequencyinclude:
Restricting the use of 802.11a to almost LOS,necessitating the use of more access points;
802.11a signals cannot penetrate as far as 802.11bsince it is absorbed more readily, other things (suchas power) being equal.
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802.11g
Ratified In June 2003, a third modulation standardThis works in the 2.4 GHz band (as does 802.11b) butoperates at a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mb/s, or about 24.7 Mb/s net throughput like 802.11a.802.11g hardware will work with 802.11b hardware.
Details of making b and g work well together occupied muchof the lingering technical process
In older networks the presence of an 802.11b participantsignificantly reduces the speed of an 802.11g network
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Additional 802.11x standards
The 802 standards that are likely to havemajor impact on wireless LANs include:
802.11i security enhancements 802.11n high throughput improvements 802.11e QOS enhancements 802.11s Standard For Wireless Mesh Networks
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IEEE 802.11i security enhancements
IEEE 802.11i is an amendment to the 802.11standard specifying security mechanismsThe draft standard was ratified in June 2004,
and supersedes the previous securityspecification, Wired Equivalent Privacy(WEP), which was known to have severesecurity weaknesses
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) had previouslybeen introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance as anintermediate solution to WEP insecurities
WPA implemented a subset of 802.11i.
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IEEE 802.11i WPA2
The Wi-Fi Alliance refers to the approved,interoperable implementation of the full802.11i as WPA2
802.11i makes use of the AdvancedEncryption Standard (AES) block cipher
WEP and WPA use the RC4 software stream cipher RC4 falls short of the high standards of security
set by cryptographers, and some ways of usingRC4 lead to WEP being very insecure. It is notrecommended for use in new systems.
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802.11n high-throughput WLAN
802.11n is the standard that is likely to havethe most visibility in the near futureThe proposed standard will enable high-
performance, next-generation wireless localarea networking (WLAN) products thatsupports speeds of up to 600 Mb/s, and willenable wireless systems to deliver greater rangeThis will allow wireless products acrossmultiple market segments to supportadvanced multimedia applications
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IEEE 802.11n
In a newly released report, the Dell'Oro Groupforecasts that sales of 802.11n WLANequipment will exceed $1 billion in 2007, only
the second year of shipments for this newtechnology:-
We expect 802.11n will comprise 90 percent of the
consumer WLAN shipments in 2009. We alsoexpect enterprises to begin widely adopting802.11n in 2009, once this new technology hasbecome established in notebook computers
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802.11n history
In January 2004 IEEE announced that it had formed anew 802.11 Task Group (TGn) to develop a new highthroughput amendment to the 802.11 standard for WLANs
Initially, there were two competing proposals for the802.11n standardIn July 2005 the competitors (and a third group),proposed that they would merge their respectiveproposals as a draft which would be sent to the IEEEin September; a final version was submitted inNovember. The standardization process was thenexpected to be completed by the second half of 2006.
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Pre 802.11n
A number of vendors haveannounced pre -N equipment.However, as the standard hasnot been ratified, it isrecommended that purchasersbe careful of buying technologythat may not be upgradeable tothe eventual standard. caveat empto r !
A noticeable external differenceof 802.11n equipment is likelyto be the inclusion of extraantennas to support MIMO
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802.11n
However, it is not only the home user that willbenefit from the .11n technologyThe increased range is likely to mean less AP
are required to cover an equivalent areaFaster data throughput rates will also be seenas an advantage
However, the wired network could now be alimit with wireless rates >100Mb/s requiringGigabit ethernet backhaul
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802.11s
802.11s is the (currently unapproved) IEEE 802.11standard for ESS mesh networkingAs defined by the IEEE, an Extended Service Set(ESS) mesh is a collection of Mesh Points (MPs)interconnected with wireless links that enableautomatic topology learning and dynamic pathconfigurationThe proposed standard specifies an extension to the
IEEE 802.11 MAC to solve the interoperabilityproblem and defines an architecture and protocolthat support both broadcast/multicast and unicastdelivery using "radio-aware metrics over self-configuring multi- hop topologies
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802.11s
When final, the newstandard will use meshnetworking techniquesto extend the range of WLANs in astandardized, secureand reliable fashion
Mesh networking
reduces backhaul andinstallation costs whenmany wifi LANs areinterconnected
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IEEE 802.11e
Approved in late 2005 as a standard thatdefines a set of Quality of Serviceenhancements for WLAN applications,
The standard is considered of criticalimportance for delay-sensitive applications,such as Voice over Wireless IP andStreaming Multimedia
The protocol enhances the 802.11 MAC layer.
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New Cisco Solutions
Lightweight Access PointsReal Time RF ManagementMesh networksLocation Services
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What is LWAPP?
The Light Weight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP) is usedbetween an AP and a WLAN Controller.
Why is this critical to a scalable network deployment? Customers want to manage a network, not individual network
elements LWAPP allows a controller to manage the APs But how LWAPP is implemented is crucial
IETF draft is available at: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ohara-capwap-lwapp-02.txt
LWAPP
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Autonomous AP vs. LWAPP AP
Autonomous Full 802.11 protocol Access router Managed device CLI RADIUS, 802.1X, etc. Secrets on device
LWAPP Real-time 802.11 protocol Remote interface No secrets on device Managed via controller No direct access RF Spectrum Analyzer IDS
Controller responsibilities Authentication/Policy
Enforcement Mobility Management RF Management
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Real-Time RF Management
RF channel 6 RF channel 1 Dynamic
ChannelAssignment
DynamicPower
Optimization
RF channel 11
Avoid interference/Improve performance Reduce hands on WLAN mgmt
Eliminate coverage holes Optimize coverage area
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Solving Performance & Capacity problems in high densityareas (e.g. conference rooms, cafeteria)
Better Network PerformanceDynamic Load Sharing
47 802.11 - Wireless Networking
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Solving Performance & Capacity problems in high densityareas (e.g. conference rooms, cafeteria)
Better Network PerformanceDynamic Load Sharing
48 802.11 - Wireless Networking
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Real-time Configuration Management
802.11 - Wireless Networking49
Channel 11Interference
Channel 1 Channel 6
Channel 1 Channel 11
Minimize the Impactof Noise and Interference
The Industry s 1st Intelligent Wireless Mesh
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The Industry s 1st Intelligent Wireless MeshSolution
Self-Configuring, Self-HealingMesh Zero-Touch Configuration Cisco s new Wireless Mesh Routing
Protocol
Engineered with Ease of
Deployment and Management asTop-of-MindRobust Embedded SecurityProvides Seamless MobilityIdentical Indoor & Outdoor PolicyManagement
Secure Reliable Scalable Manageable Dynamic
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Multiple Radios for Wireless Backhaul and
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2.4 GHz
5 GHz
Multiple Radios for Wireless Backhaul andAccess
4.9 GHz
Each Mesh AP has multiple radios: 802.11b/g - access; 802.11a - backhaul Hardware support for 4.9GHz Public Safety band
A variety of Antennas will be supported including 5.2 dBi and 8.0 dBi 2.4GHz Omnis 7.0 dBi dBi 5GHz Omni 9.5 dBi, 14.0 dBi and 17 dBiPatch Additional Directional and 4.9GHz antennas
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A utoma t i c
Controller
Easy Installation and Configuration
Mesh APs automatically establishconnection to controller
Root via wired connection Pole-top via self-configuring
backhaul connection
Pole- top AP uses Cisco s WirelessMesh Routing Protocol to establishbest path to RootAP authenticates to controller anddownloads configuration and radioparameters
Secure, Zero-Tou ch Mesh A P Con figu ration
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Self-Healing Mesh Networks
Automatic Service Load-balancingacross Wireless LAN Controllers
LWAPP communicates controller load to APs
APs learn secondary and tertiaryWireless LAN Controllers atNetwork Join Channel re-assignment in event of Channel conflictConnection to Alternate Controller
Deliver ing Mission -Cri t ical WiFi Acc ess Reliable
Controller-1
Controller-2
XX
X
Rogue AP
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WLAN Appliance
Ethernet Switch
WAN Link(T1, FR, ...)
Remote Office
Main Office
Access Points 3rd party AP
Cisco1030 REAP
Remote Edge Access Point (REAP)
The first Lightweight AP designed to work across Wide Area Networks
LWAPP(control plane only)
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WLAN Location Services
API for Third Party Applications Advanced asset management, ERP, schedulingand workflow application, E911
RF capacity management and historicallocation trending
Integrates with Cisco WCSIntuitive management through Cisco
WCS GUI
Industry s 1st Integrated LocationSolution
Real-time Location ServicesAdvanced RF Fingerprinting
High accuracy location resolutionwithin a few meters Granular rogue detection
Simultaneous tracking of thousands of clients
Laptops, PDAs, Tablets, Wi-Fi Phones,802.11 RFID Tags
New Cisco 2700 SeriesWireless Location Appliance
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