bisnik cave: a reconstruction of the site's
TRANSCRIPT
Eurasian Prehistory. 1 (1): 5- 29.
BISNIK CAVE: A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SITE'S OCCUPATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGES
Krzysztof Cyrek
lnstitllle of Archaeology and Ethnology of Nicholas Copernicus Uni,•ersity: ul. S::osa Bydgoska 40144. 87-/00 Tormi; [email protected]
Abstract
Bisnik Cave lends itself remarkably well to interdisciplinary research. and sedimentological and paleozoological studies in particular. This is due mainly to its spectacular stratigraphy. which consists of Pliocene and Middle and Upper Pleistocene formations and contains large amounts ofwell-presened animal bones.
INTRODUCTION
The investigation of Bisnik Cave commenced in 199 1, after being commissioned by the managers of the Jurassic Landscape Parks (Zarzqd Zespolu Jurajskich Parkim• Krajobrazowych, Dttbrowa G6rnicza), who also financed the project until 1996. From 1997 to 1999, the research project then entitled 'Bisnik Cave: Its occupational phases in the context of environmenta l changes' (PB 846/ HO l/97/13), was linanced by the Scientific Research Committee (Komitet Badwi NaukOli)'Ch). As a member of the lnstirute of Archaeo logy and Ethnology of Nicholas Copernicus University (Torun), I d irected the project with the co-operation ofT. Madeyska (Institute of Geolog ical Sciences of Polish Academy of Sciences. Warsaw; sedimentology), and T. Wiszniowska (Institute of Zoology of the University of Wroclaw; palcozoology). Geomorphological research was conducted by T. Madeyska and J. MiroslawGrabowska, while K. Stefaniak and P. Socha were in charge of zoological investigations (Cyrek, 1994, 1997a, 1997b, 1998, 1999,2002;Madeyska and M iroslaw-Grabowska, 200 l ).
Bisnik is a solitaty limestone rock (Fig. 1) situated 405 m above sea level at the bottom of the
now dry Dolina Wod<tca. located in the region of iegowonicko-Smolenskie Hills, in the southem
part of the Cz~stochowska Uplands (Fig. 2). The archaeological site includes the interior of a tripartite cave as well as the area outside its entrance, which is sutTounded by rocky walls !Tom three sides and shaded by a massive rock projection from the top. The site entrance, which faces northwest, is situated about 7 m above the valley floor.
Although the total site area measured about I 00 m2 before the investigation, by the ninth research season the site area increased to about 200 m2
, primarily because the main cave area expanded as the excavation trench became deeper (Fig. 3 ). So far, an area of 154 m2 has been examined, with the depth of the explored sediments rang ing from I 50 to 750 em. Trenches were dug in d iffe rent parts of the rocky formation: in the main cave, under the projecting rock in front of the cave entrance, and in the so-called side shelter -a passage connecting the main cave with a second cave. The Bisnik cave site features a complex and diverse stratigraphy, with natural layers yielding archaeological objects. Fifteen out of 18 sedimentary units identified at the site contained pol-
6 K. Cyrek
Fig. I. The view ofBisnik Rock from the west
Fig. 2. Niegowonicko-Smoleriskie Range (ace. to J. Miroslaw-Grabowska, 1998). B - the Bisnik Cave, G- geological crossection line
Bisnik Cave 7
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i
Fig. 3. The Bisnik Cave. The cave and shelters ' maps w ith excavations from particular research seasons (ace. o A. Polonius, 199 1 ). s - the sondaging trench. Thicker lines show the profiles (from a to h) presented on other figures
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Fig. 4. The Bisnik Cave. The S profile ofV II/m section. I 5 (profile a from Fig. 3). (ace. toT. Madeyska's drawing). I a- sandy llolocene humic soil. I b- loess mixed with sand, 2 - fown unstructuralloess. 3 medium grained sand. 4 - loess with sand united by iron compound. 5 - laminated sand with precipitations oflimestonc carbonate, 6 - unstructural sand, 7 laminated sand. 8 - sand with dusty clay, 9 - grey and brown sandy clay. 10 - yellow and brown sandy clay with rubble. I I - grey and brown sandy clay with rubble, II a - grey and bro'' n sandy clay. 12 -grey and green sandy clay, 13 light brown dusty clay with rubble, 14- grey and yellow dusty clay with rubble. 15 - yellow and brown dusty clay with rubble. 16 - light gTcy dusty clay with rubble. 17 - light grey dusty clay w ith sand and rubble, 18 green and brown and grey and brown dusty clay with rubble, 19 - green and grey dusty clay w ith rubble, 20 - ginger residual clay
Bisnik Cave 9
tery and flint or bone artifacts. The identification of cultural assemblages was based not only on stratigraphy, but also on other criteria, such as a log ical planigraph ic connection between the finds, the finds' technological. typological, and stylistic un ifonnity, and the preservation of the artifacts. The trench located under the projecting rock has revealed three major sedimentary series (M iroslaw-Grabowska, 1998), which were recorded in the southern profile of the stratigraphical base (Fig . 4).
UPPER LITHOSTRATIG RAPHIC UNITS
The topmost sedimentary series, no. Ill (layers 1-4), is composed of medium-grained sands, clayey sands, dusty and sandy clays, Visntlian loess and angular limestone rubble. The lower part of this series (layers 2-4) was formed in the cool climate of the Plenivistulian II. The upper part (layers la- lb) which consists of Holocene humic soil, revealed a medieval rubbish pit. The same strat igraph ic leve l yielded fragments of Przeworsk culture pottery dating to the late Roman period (assemblage 1). The bottom of layer I a and the top of layer I b produced Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age finds, which were classified jointly as assemblage H. The clayey sand layer (layer 4) inside the cave, as well as the inside of the side and upper shelters, contained a few scattered Upper Paleolithic nint artifacts. The chronostratigraphic location of these finds allows us to associate them tentatively with the Jerzmanowician or Szcletian cultures. In the same layer, a paleozoological investigation revealed traces of periglacial fauna, which is characteristic of Pleistocene tundra.
LOWER LITHOSTRATIG RAPHIC UNITS
The lower sedimentary series. no. II, encompasses three sandy layers (5 to 7), which arc composed of layered, fine-grained sands (clayey in places), and containing no rubble. These aquatic sands were accumulated in the cool and moist c limate of the early Vistul ian.
The top of sedimentary series II (Fig. 5) yielded an interesting feature in the southeast part of' the area under the projecting rock. An irregular semicircle of rubble surrounded a gray filling of
loess and sand, which contained large amounts of bone and flint artifacts. A number of vital c lues suggest that this feature represents the remains of a habitation structure, which could have been either a roofless wind-screen or a kind of shelter joined to the cave entrance and functioning as a cave extension (Fig. 6). The nint art ifacts recovered from the feature itself and from its immediate vicinity were labelled as assemblage F I. Assemblage F I displays close fonnal affinities with assemblages of the so-called 'Ciemna' type (Kozlowski and Kozlowski, 1977:70-74), mainly because of the presence of 'Pr<~.dnik ' knives and the so-calledprqdniczaki (Krukowski, 1939- 1948) or paraprqdniki (Kowalski, 1969); an absence of handaxes; the concurrence of the predominant Levalloisian technique with the discoidal nucleus technique; and a high percentage of bifacial forms. Moreover, the assemblage conforms to the typological spectrum of the Micoquian-Prqdnik culture according to W. Chmielewski ( 1975: 64-9l)(Figs7 9).
A stratigraphically earlier, though cu lturally similar assemblage (classified as F2) was discovered on the border of the aforementioned layered sands (layer 7) and the underlying cave clays (layers 8 and 9). The artifacts were deposited in an interesting planigraphic arrangement, which featured a hearth and several artifact concentrations (Fig. I 0). Among the most unique finds were the upper part of a giant deer skull as well as three worked fragments of deer antler (Fig. I I) that had been fashioned into axes. The smal lest axe, made of red deer antler Cervus elaphus), bore macroscopic usage marks characteristic of a bat and hatchet (Fig. 12).
A niche situated inside the cave yielded 155 bone and antler fragments, a ll concentrated within an area of about 5 m2
. Such a concentration of bones, wh ich suggests purposeful human activity, may be interpreted in the entire context of the cultural level F2 as a storage site for animal carcasses. An absence of well-developed 'Prqdnik' knives in this assemblage may be due to the fact that F2 represents an older culntral phase than F I and predates assemblages of the 'Ciemna' type. Thus, Bisnik Cave seems to be an example of a stratigraphically distinguishable section of a development sequence of the Micoquian-Prqdnik tradition, with two phases divided by a hiatus.
10 K. Cyrek
Fig. 5. The Bisnik Cave. The construction relicts in front of the cave entrance (sectors IV - VII I metres 2- 5)the roofless wind - screen ? (assemblage F I)
LOWERMOST LITHOSTRATIGRAHIC UNITS
On proceeding deeper into the Bisnik Cave stratigraphic sequence, one reaches the oldest sedimentary series (1), which encompasses layers 8 to 20. The thickest series, measuring from two to five meters, comprises a complex of variously colored dusty clays with different types of rubble. Sedimentological analyses, correlated with paleozoological and archaeological findings, indicate that the layers had accumulated inside the cave, where oscillations in temperature and humidity were limited. Layer 20, which consists of residual loam, is of Tertiary origin. The remaining layers must have accumulated during the Oder and Warthe glaciations, and in the earlier part of the Vistulian glaciation. Those cold phases were divided by the warmer period of the Ecmian interglacial, which corresponds to layers 12 and 13.
Layers 8, 9, I 0 and II have yielded flint artifacts which share typological and technical characteristics and display a similar state of preservation, i.e., smooth edges and dorsal surfaces. The
floor oflayer 9 has revealed a hearth (Fig. 13) and flint-working site.
Assemblage D is noteworthy because of the concurrence of the Levalloisian and discoidal nucleus techniques, the presence of a Mousterian point, varied sidescrapers, denticulates, atypical awls, and above all because of the predominance of microlithic forms with abrupt retouch all around the edges, and often with inverse and denticulated retouch. On the whole, assemblage D represents Middle Paleolithic industry and displays close affinities with the so-called 'Taubachien' (after Valoch, 1988:76- 79). Assemblages of this type belong to the final phase of the Eemian interglacial and the beginning of the Vistulian (Brorup). 1t should be noted that both sidescrapers and backed knives comprise a high percentage ofbifacial forms.
Assemblages retrieved from layers 12 and 13 (assemblages A I and A2) seem to display similar typological characteristics, and their cultural unity is further indicated by their stratigraphic location. Therefore, these assemblages arc likely to represent two phases of habitation by groups be-
Bisnik Cave II
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III IV v VI VII Vlll Fig. 6. The Bisnik Cave. Planigraphy ofF I assemblage object (rootless wind-screen). I - flint artefacts (semiproduct), 2- flint core, 3- bone and deer antlers fragments, 4 - bones, 5 - burnt bone fragments, I- VI - the places of collecting samples for chemical analysis
longing to the same cultural tradition. It is worth noting that the Levalloisian and Clactonian techniques are both represented here. The handaxes may well point to remote links with the late phase of the Acheulian culture (Fig. 14).
Artifacts found in layers 14 and 15 are also similar as regards their typology and style. The general features of these assemblages are the pre-
dominance of the Levalloisian technique and the concurrence ofClactonian flakes. The presence of occasional microlithic handaxes, single pebble tools, Levalloisian points, blades with retouched edges (including backed blades), Blattspitzen with sub-parallel retouch (after Sosinski, 1967, pl. VID, microlithic retouched forms (denticulates and encoches, ·Salver' type) and sidescrapers
12 K. Cyrck
5cm
Fig. 7. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage Fl. 1-4 - asymmetric backed knives
Bisnik Cave 13
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Fig. 8. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage F I. 1- 3 - asymmetric backed knives
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Fig. 9. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage F2. Asymmetric backed knife made of chocolate flim
Bisnik Cave
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Fig. I 0. The Bisnik Cave. Planigraphy of F2 assemblage. I - the line o f rock wall route on a level of assemblage F2 occurance, 2 - bones, 3 - flint retouched tools, 4 - cores, 5 - chips, 6- flakes, 7 - blades, 8 - hom artefacts
15
16 K. Cyrek
Fig. 11. The Bisnik Cave. The find of a skull and axes made of a giant deer antlers (assemblage F2)
Fig. 12. The Bisnik Cave. The hatchet - the hammer from a red deer antlers with traces of in tense usage (assemblage F2)
Bisnik Cave 17
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Fig. 13. The Bisnik Cave. The fragment of the profile on the cave entrance (profile Em. 51 p. VI-VIII), (profile h from Fig. 3). Numerals indicate numbers of cultural layers (see Fig. 4), letters indicate particular cultural assemblages (B, D, F). In the D assemblage hearth visible
made of thick and thin flakes, as well as backed knives, enables us to classify this assemblage as belonging to the late Acheulian cultural tradition with Levalloisian and Clactonian elements (Collins, 1969). As regards the Bisnik assemblage A3, it can be dated stratigraphically to the Warthe glaciation (Figs 15, 16).
An even olders assemblages of artifacts (assemblages AS and A6), was discovered inside the cave in the layer of dusty clay with rubble (layer 18). The noteworthy feature of this assemblage is the presence of the Levalloisian technique and the predominance of blade implements. Stratigraphically datable to the Oder glaciation, the assemblage seems to display typological and technical affinities with Piekary-type material (Morawski, 1992: 170; Kozlowski and Kozlowski, 1977: 151-152). Animal bone and tooth samples, taken from layer 18, were dated by the fission-track method to ca. 260,000 B.C. (Hercman and Gorka, 2000) (Figs 17- 24).
The results of sedimentological, geomorphological, paleozoological, and archaeological investigations provided the basis for the reconstruction of the habitation history in Bisnik Cave.
It must be emphasized that throughout almost all of its 250,000 years of occupation, the cave was surrounded by a strongly diversified natural environment, with stretches of steppe, tundra, forest, marshy grounds, and aquatic areas. Geological and hydrological research (Miroslaw-Grabowska, 1998, and Tyc, 2001 respectively) indicates that for long periods the cave entrance was adjacent to a riverbank or a lakeshore. This fact, coupled with its proximity to varied ecological niches, rendered the cave a particularly attractive habitation site. As a result, the cave boasts anumber of habitation phases: ten in the Middle Paleolithic, one in the Upper Paleolithic and at least five in the period from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages. As far as the multi-phased Middle Paleolithic habitation is concerned, Bisnik Cave re-
18 K. Cyrck
3
0 5cm
Fig. 14. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A I; I - a core form, 2 - microlithic handax, 3 - natural backed knife. Assemblage A2; 4 - clactonian flake inversely retouched, 5 - natural backed blade knife
minds one of such ' Neanderthal' sites as Arcysur-Cure and Combe Grenal (Leroi-Gourhan, 1988), but it is most reminiscent of the Moravian Kulna Cave (Valoch, 1988). All these sites seem to demonstrate that successive generations of Neanderthals were strongly attached to places that were especially suitable for habitation.
The investigations of Bisnik Cave have yet to be completed. lt is necessary to continue both the excavation of sediments, especially in the side cave, as well as contnct a specialist to analyze any tools or imported raw materials found in these sediments. lt must be stressed that Bisnik is the oldest cave site in Poland, and the th ird oldest Pol-
Bisnik Cave 19
2
0 Scm
8
Fig. 15. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A3: I - discoidal core, 2 retouched blade flake. 3 - flake discoidal core, 4, 8 - denticulated inversely retouched forms. 5 - a transverse protruberant sidescraper from levallois flake, 6, 7 -levallois retouched flakes
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1 5cm
3 2
4 5
Fig. 16. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A3; I -a knife-like form, 2-a notched inversely retouched tool, 3 - levallois inversely retouched flake, 4 - bifacial knife with a back, 5 - a form with the clactonian encoches
Bisnik Cave 21
1 - ~2 --
3
5 6
0 Scm
Fig.l7. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A5; I - a knife-like form with a preparation back, 2 - the levallois point with retouched edges, 3- 5 - retouched blades, shortened at the top, 4, 6, 7- retouched flakes
22 K. Cyrek
0 5cm
1
2
Fig. 18. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A5; I - a blade denticulated and inversely retouched, with a pseudoscraper on the top, 2 - limestone blade
Bisnik Cave 23
1 2
3 4
0 5cm
Fig. 19. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; I - a levallois point, inversely and denticulately retouched, 2 - a lcvallois flake. inversely and denticulately retouched, 3 - truncated, protrubcrant piece from bifacially shortened blade, retouched on edges. 4 - bifacial broken flake inversely retouched, 5 - levallois flake round, inversely and dcnticulatcly retouched
24 K. Cyrek
1
2
0 Scm
3 4
5 6
7 8
Fig. 20. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; 1 - microlithic pseudo-endscraper, 2 - levallois point, 3 - bifacially broken flake, 4- 6 - resharpening spalls, 7, 8 - levallois notched flakes
Bisnik Cave 25
0 5cm
1
2
3 4
6
8
10
Fig. 21. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; 1 - a nakc broken off from a top of a bi facial tool, 2 - convergent, protruberant sidescraper, 3- oblique truncated piece with retouchc on edges, 4-7- the notched-denticulated forms, inversely retouched, 8- micro-perforator, 9 - a chip, I 0- bone artefact
26 K. Cyrck
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Fig. 22. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; a wedge tool from a piece of a long bone
Bisnik Cave 27
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Fig. 23. The Oisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; the fragment of deer antlers with a drilled hole
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Fig. 24. The Bisnik Cave. The fragment of a giant deer antlers with a dril led hole (assemb lage AS)
ish archaeological site in general, predated only by the Lower Paleolithic sites at Trzebnica and Rusko (Burdukiewicz, 1992, 1994). The importance ofBisnik Cave derives from the presence on the site of one of the oldest habitation structures ever discovered in Poland, the unique discovery of the traces of Middle Paleolithic deer antler industry, the discovery in the stratigraph ic sequence of sixteen cultural levels, and the opportunity to correlate sedimentological, paleozoological (Cyrek, 2002), and archaeological find ings. All this is extremely significant for the paleography of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene in central Europe.
Translated by Dorota Pomorska
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Bisnik Cave 29
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