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BIS 2A: Introductory Biology: Cell Functions
Professor Terence M. MurphyPlant Biology Department
University of California, Davis
Prerequisites: BIO 1 Text: Rost, Barbour, Stocking, and Murphy, Plant Biology 2nd edn, 2006, Cengage. Web site: general information and help; lecture schedule; lecture pdfs; objectives (what I want you to know from each lecture) plus some sample exam questions. http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/courses/bis/1C/nlu-w11/index.htm Lectures: Three morning lectures each day (two on exam days). Lectures use PowerPoint slides, and the slides will be on the web site for review.
Discussions: Discussion of issues from lecture, clearing up sticky points;
problems relating lecture to “real” situations (and exam questions).
Topics:
Plant body
Photosynthesis
Roots and respiration
Transport
Growth and development
Reproduction
Ecology
Evolution
Lecture topics (readings in Rost et al., 2nd edn)
First hour Second Hour Third hour Discussion
Monday,
January 10
Introduction (2-10) The Flowering Plant
Body, Cells, Tissues
(29-40; 49-67)
Shoot Primary Growth
(86-90)
Tuesday,
January 11
Photosynthesis (106-
119;146-156)
Photosynthetic
Adaptations to
Environment (156-159)
More Photosynthetic
Adaptations (156-159)
Wednesday,
January 12
Root Structure and
Growth (69-84)
Root Structure and
Mineral Uptake (165-
180)
Cellular Respiration
(133-146)
Thursday,
January 13
Xylem and
Transpiration (165-
180)
Phloem and
Translocation (180-
182)
EXAM (Lectures
through Respiration)
Friday,
January 14
Secondary Growth (90-
104)
Control of Plant
Development:
Hormones (238-253)
Control of Plant
Development: Light
(254-258)
Monday,
January 17
Eukaryote Life Cycles
(184-194)
Angiosperms: Flowers
and Fruits (425-433)
Flower Adaptations
(197-211)
Tuesday,
January 18
Fruits and seeds (215-
234)
Ecology: Energy flow
(449-450)
Midterm Exam 2
(Topics through Flower
Adaptations)
Wednesday,
January 19
Life History Patterns
(450-455)
Population Dynamics
(450-455)
Competition and
Predation (468-484)
Thursday,
January 20
Theories of
Evolution:
Adaptation
Genetic Variation hardy-Weinberg:
Natural Selection
(468-484)
Friday,
January 21
Succession, Diversity,
and Stability (468-484)Biomes of the World
(468-484)
Final Exam (Topics
from Fruits and
Seeds, and
comprehensive)
Final Exam
Tests and grading:
1st Midterm 20% A >85% or >80%ile
2nd
Midterm 20% B >75% or >50%ile
3rd Midterm/Final 40% C >65% or >20%ile
Discussion/T.A. 20% D >50% or >10%ile
Course objectives
Objective 1: expand view of sessile (plant) life style,
physiology (Can I make you see a tree the way I do?)
When I see a tree, I see a structure, twice as big as
what is visible above ground, held together by carbon-
based fiber composite materials (high tech)
When I see a tree, I see a chemical factory. Bathed
in sunlight (2 x 109 J/m2-yr), it converts 1% of the incident energy into high-energy organic compounds
(2 x 107 J/m2-yr). Assuming 300 m2 leaf area, it
produces 6 x 109 J/yr. That is equivalent to the energy needed to drive your scooter over 5600 km
(assuming 42 km/l, 4.5 x 107 J/l octane).
When I see a tree, I see a complex distribution system. High-energy molecules being pumped (non-mechanically) throughout the plant.
When I see a tree, I see a growing organism. Both above and below ground, there are hundreds of growing points. Below ground, these push through soil with a pressure of several atmospheres (up to 100
lbs/in2) yet resist abrasion.
When I see a tree, I see an organism resisting a hostile environment: dry air (sucks 4-15 l/day of water from leaves); parasites (bacteria, fungi, insects, nematodes, mammals); high light, UV, O2 oxidize essential lipids; lack of O2;
cold; heat. Mechanisms of resistance cannot depend on escape.
When I see a tree, I see a sexually reproducing organism--even if not easily visible, this plant has (or will have) flowers and a sexual system that is both similar and different from ours. It may depend on a different species for fertilization; it will include a period of suspended animation (in which plantlet loses 50-90% of its water).
Objective 2: Describe the interactions among
community members
When I see a forest, I see several individual populations
of organisms, changing in number and age distribution
according to the supply of food and the benevolence (or
stress) of the environment; over the long term, adapting
to the stresses and opportunities of the environment.
When I see a forest, I see a flow of matter and
energy from the abiotic environment into living
organisms and back.
...a community of organisms of different species, all
interacting, some preying on others, some
depending on others.
...a community whose most obvious members (the
plants) reveal much about major environmental
processes and determine whether more transient,
mobile members (animals, microorganisms) can
survive.
Objective 3: describe how physiology and ecology interact in evolution When I see a plant (or an animal), I recognize an organism that fits its environment in many ways. ...I see a species whose members will produce more offspring than can all survive, but the “fittest” offspring will survive and reproduce. ...I recognize that it is just one of over 300,000,000 species of organisms that have appeared on (and disappeared from) the Earth.
Life has an origin and a history. That history is reflected in fossils, but also in the physical history of the Earth.
Why so late?
Was global warming good?
Why methane then and not now?
The history of life has led to an amazing diversity of organismsMajor groups of organisms (as defined in the “Five
kingdom system” 60 years ago, using electron
microscopy to differentiate cells):
Prokaryotes (Bacteria, Archaea)—no nucleus,
unicellular and simple multicellular
Protists—eukaryotes, ±multicellularity, ±motility,
±photosynthesis, various life cycles
Plants—eukaryotes, photosynthetic, alternation of
generations (or sporic life cycles)
Fungi—eukaryotes, simple multicellular, non-motile,
haplontic (or zygotic) life cycles
Animals—eukaryotes, consumers, diplontic (or
gametic) life cycles
Our understanding of the diversity of life has expanded and changed, as genetic techniques have been used to differentiate among organisms