Biowaste Disposal and UtilizationBiowaste Disposal and UtilizationJohn Scanga

Center for Red Meat SafetyDepartment of Animal Sciences

Colorado State University

John ScangaCenter for Red Meat Safety

Department of Animal SciencesColorado State University

Historical Events of ImportanceHistorical Events of Importance

1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases of BSE

1997 FDA Bans Feeding of Most Mammalian Proteins to Ruminants

1999 USDA Publishes the Scrapie Eradication Program

2001 Europe Faces Widespread FMD outbreak

2002 USDA Tested 19,900 Cattle Using Targeted Surveillance

May 20, 2003, Canada Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE

December 23, 2003, USDA Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE in Washington

1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases of BSE

1997 FDA Bans Feeding of Most Mammalian Proteins to Ruminants

1999 USDA Publishes the Scrapie Eradication Program

2001 Europe Faces Widespread FMD outbreak

2002 USDA Tested 19,900 Cattle Using Targeted Surveillance

May 20, 2003, Canada Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE

December 23, 2003, USDA Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE in Washington

Risks from chemicalsRisks from chemicals

Euthanasia agents• pentobarbital

Antimicrobials

Pesticides

Predator control compounds• 1080• strychnine

Euthanasia agents• pentobarbital

Antimicrobials

Pesticides

Predator control compounds• 1080• strychnine

Agents of ConcernAgents of ConcernBacteria

• Anthrax

• Clostridial organisms

• Salmonella spp.

• E. coli O157:H7

• Listeria monocytogenes

Bacteria

• Anthrax

• Clostridial organisms

• Salmonella spp.

• E. coli O157:H7

• Listeria monocytogenes

Viruses

• Foreign disease viruses• Cryptosporidia• Giardia

Viruses

• Foreign disease viruses• Cryptosporidia• Giardia

Fungal Diseases• Blastomycosis• Cryptococcosis• Coccidioidomycosis• Aspergillosis

Fungal Diseases• Blastomycosis• Cryptococcosis• Coccidioidomycosis• Aspergillosis

TSE’s

• CWD• Scrapie• BSE

TSE’s

• CWD• Scrapie• BSE

Risks From CarcassesRisks From Carcasses

Transfer of disease

• Humans

• Animals – livestock, wildlife, pets

• Environment

Maintenance of disease in populations

Contamination

• Air

• Water

• Soil

Transfer of disease

• Humans

• Animals – livestock, wildlife, pets

• Environment

Maintenance of disease in populations

Contamination

• Air

• Water

• Soil

Livestock Mortalities in the U.S.Livestock Mortalities in the U.S.

Number (1,000) Weight (1,000 lbs)

Dairy Cattle 804.0 449,227.3

Beef Cattle 3,327.8 1,482,952.5

Hogs 17,927.7 981,655.2

Sheep 281.5 21,957.0

Lambs 486.2 37,923.6

Goats 65.0 4,225.0

Total Mammalian 22,892.2 2,977,940.6

Total Poultry 82,453.5 346,629.7

TOTAL 1,053,457,000 33,245,704,000

Number (1,000) Weight (1,000 lbs)

Dairy Cattle 804.0 449,227.3

Beef Cattle 3,327.8 1,482,952.5

Hogs 17,927.7 981,655.2

Sheep 281.5 21,957.0

Lambs 486.2 37,923.6

Goats 65.0 4,225.0

Total Mammalian 22,892.2 2,977,940.6

Total Poultry 82,453.5 346,629.7

TOTAL 1,053,457,000 33,245,704,000Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002

The Issues in ColoradoThe Issues in Colorado

• US Statistics for 2000 (Sparks Companies, 2002)22.9 million Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and Goats3.0 billion pounds of mammalian livestock mortalities

• Colorado Estimates by Phelps et al. (2003) 205,800 head/month132.3 million lb/month

• US Statistics for 2000 (Sparks Companies, 2002)22.9 million Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and Goats3.0 billion pounds of mammalian livestock mortalities

• Colorado Estimates by Phelps et al. (2003) 205,800 head/month132.3 million lb/month

Estimated annual volume of dead livestock in Colorado (NASS, 2001)Inventory Mortality Potential Volume

Cattle 3,150,000 3 – 6 % 94,500 – 189,000Hogs 840,000 3 – 6 % 25,000 – 50,400Sheep 420,000 7 – 10 % 29,400 – 42,000Horses 145,000 3 – 5 % 4,350 – 7,250

Cost Estimates for Disposal Cost Estimates for Disposal

Rendering Rendering

(Pre-1997) (Post-1997)

Cattle & Calves ($/hd) $8.25 $24.11

Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $7.00 $11.53

Pre-Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $0.50 $0.70

Other ($/hd) $7.00 $9.61

Operating Costs ($1,000) $93,470 $194,470

Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002

“What types of Bio-waste do you most commonly produce?” n=237“What types of Bio-waste do you most commonly produce?” n=237

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F. Rangen=83

S . C e ntraln=27

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O ut of S taten=7

4-D Lvst 4-D C om panion Anm l Dom e stic Lvst O ffal

Exotic Lvst O ffal Re tai l Me at W aste O the r

% o

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nden

ts

0

24

6

810

12

1416

18

Renderer Composter Landfill Crematory Other

Eastern n=45 Front Range n=80 South Central n=21

Western n=55 Out of State n=4

“What is the current destination of the Bio-waste you produce?”

N=205

SOURCE: Phelps et al., 2003

% o

f R

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ts

Cost Estimates for DisposalCost Estimates for Disposal

Burial Incineration Composting

Cattle & Calves ($/hd) $10.63 $9.33 $30.34

Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $12.45 $4.09 $14.04

Pre-Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $2.01 $0.30 $1.02

Other ($/hd) $1.51 $0.29 $0.98

Operating Costs ($1,000) $109,898 $57,879 $191,643

Fixed Costs ($1,000) N/A $1,379,646 $2,146,116

Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002

Chemical DigestionChemical Digestion

Cost Consideration- InstallationCost Consideration- Installation

Digester Unit – approximately $400,000 for a 2000 lb unit

Installation costs – Approximately $500,000 for steam generator, steam hook-ups, sewer hook-ups, enclosure, room remodels, electrical hook-ups

Effluent handling system--$100,000 - $500,000

Total > $1,000,000

Digester Unit – approximately $400,000 for a 2000 lb unit

Installation costs – Approximately $500,000 for steam generator, steam hook-ups, sewer hook-ups, enclosure, room remodels, electrical hook-ups

Effluent handling system--$100,000 - $500,000

Total > $1,000,000

SOURCE: Powers, 2003

Cost Consideration - OperationCost Consideration - Operation

Steam, water, electricity ($0.01/lb)Chemicals (NaOH/KOH) ($0.02/lb)Personnel (4 hours/day for 2 cycles)

($0.04/lb)Sewer costs ($0.07/lb)Maintenance/Service/Repair ($0.02/lb)

Total operation ($0.16/lb)

Steam, water, electricity ($0.01/lb)Chemicals (NaOH/KOH) ($0.02/lb)Personnel (4 hours/day for 2 cycles)

($0.04/lb)Sewer costs ($0.07/lb)Maintenance/Service/Repair ($0.02/lb)

Total operation ($0.16/lb)

SOURCE: Powers, 2003

IncinerationIncineration

•Set-Up Cost $85,000•Capacity 80-100 hd/24 hours•1 lb of fuel/1 lb of carcass•600-700° C SOURCE: Colorado Department of Agriculture

Anaerobic DigestionAnaerobic Digestion

Cost of Anaerobic Digestion Compared to Covered LagoonCost of Anaerobic Digestion Compared to Covered Lagoon

System Construction Cost Electricity Savings

Single Cell $301,500 $0

Double Cell $357,500 $0

Covered Single Cell $476,500 $0

Covered Double Cell $473,500 $0

Single Cell w/75kW Genset $375,000 ~$40,000

Retrofit Lagoon $250,000 ~$40,000

SOURCE: Lewis, 2003

CompostingComposting

Land filling or BurialLand filling or Burial

TDP End ProductsTDP End Products

Water 45%

Minerals and Coke 6%

Org

anic

Liq

uor/

Oil

44%

Gas

5%

SOURCE: Halberstadt, 2003