bioreview2011 s
TRANSCRIPT
BIOLOGY REVIEWASHE – Spring ‘11
What is an object called that is alive now or was once alive?
A LIVING OBJECT7 Characteristics of Life
M: MovementR: RespirationS: Sensitive to the environment
G: GrowthR: ReproductionE: ExcretionN: Nutrition
Is the object below a living or nonliving object?
NONLIVING
What are the 2 main differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplast
Which cell organelle is the outer boundary of the cell?
http://apbio82007.blogspot.com/2007/11/cell-membrane.html
The cell membrane
What organelle produces energy for the cell? It is also known as the powerhouse of the cell.
The ribosomes in the cell are responsible for making ____________.
protein
WHAT TYPE OF SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP IS DESCRIBED BELOW:BARNACLES ATTACH TO WHALES FOR STABILITY AND ALSO GET FOOD FROM THE FILTERED WATER AROUND THE WHALE
Commensalism because the barnacles gain but the whales didn’t benefit nor were they harmed.
Image from http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/humpback-whale-skin-barnacles-6432-pictures.htm
Look at the food chain above. Label the producer, the primary consumer and the secondary consumer.
** Grass – producer** Rabbit – primary consumer; eats the grass** Fox – secondary consumer; eats the rabbit
Look at this food chain. What would happen if a drought hit the area and the grass died?
If the grass were to die, the rabbits would not have food so they would eventually die. Then the foxes would not have food when the rabbits die so they would die as well.
What are the two types of passive transport?
Passive transport is when particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. It requires no energy. Two examples of passive transport is diffusion and osmosis.
When a dog pants, it is trying to maintain a level body temperature. This is an example of what process?
HOMEOSTASIS
The balance that all living things have to maintain, is called
HOMEOSTASIS.
Particles are always moving around. They move from areas that more crowded to areas that are less crowded. This process is called ______________________.
DIFFUSION
crowded less crowded
Diffusion occurs in cells too. What organelle allows diffusion to take place by allowing things to enter and exit the cell?
Cell Membrane
Osmosisis the diffusion of _______
Water
Like Passive Transport (diffusion/osmosis), Active Transport moves particles in and out of the cell, but this time it moves them from less crowded to MORE crowded.
When moving particles against the crowd, it requires ____________.
Energy
In what type of organisms does photosynthesis occur?
Plants/
Producers
In photosynthesis, plants take in water, sunlight and carbon dioxide to make what?
Glucose (Sugar) and Oxygen
+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy+ ++
In what cellular organelle does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
What process breaks down glucose and oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide and ENERGY (ATP)?
Cellular Respiration
In what cellular organelle does
cellular respiration take
place?
Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell
In order for your computer to
work, it needs electric
ity.
Electricity is a type of energy.
Cellular respiration produces
energy called ATP. Why is this
important?
Cells need energy, ATP, to carry out all chemical functions to make our bodies run properly.
+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy+ ++
The equation below is for what process?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
This cellular organelle is often called the “brain” of the cell. It contains the DNA.
Nucleus
A DNA molecule is in the shape of double helix. It looks like a _______ ______________.
Twisted ladder
What are the 4 main organic compounds?
Lipids (fats), carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
________________ are substances that help speed up a chemical reaction without being used.
Enzymes
A DNA molecule is made up of nucleotides. The three parts of a nucleotide is :(1)Nitrogen base(2)Phosphate group(3)_______________
The third part of the nucleotide in a DNA molecule is the DEOXYRIBOSE (which is a sugar)
In a DNA molecule there are can be 4 different nitrogen bases. Name those bases and which bases pair together.
The 4 Nitrogen bases are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
A pairs with TG pairs with C
A DNA molecule makes a copy of itself through a process called DNA Replication.
There are three steps to replication.
1.The DNA molecule untwists & unzips
2._________________________________3.The molecules re-twist and there
is now a new DNA molecule
2. Free nucleotides from inside the nucleus bond with the nitrogen bases on the original DNA molecule
Image taken from library.thinkquest.org
Take this DNA sequence and go through DNA replication and form a new DNA section.
AACGCGTACGTATC
Original DNA: AATCGCGTACGTATC
New DNA sequence: TTAGCGCATGCATAG
Now take that same original DNA sequence and form a RNA sequence:
AATCGCGTACGTATC
Original DNA sequence:AATCGCGTACGTATC
RNA sequence:UUAGCGCAUGCAUAG
Now take that original DNA sequence and form the protein sequence
AATCGCGTACGTATC
Original DNA sequence:AATCGCGTACGTATC
RNA sequence:UUAGCGCAUGCAUAG
By looking at the amino acid chart this RNA sequence would give us this protein sequence:Leucine – Alanine – Histidine – Alanine - Stop
For BROWN eyes, you can have a genotype of BB or Bb
Of those two genotypes, which one is a homozygous genotype?
Homozygous means the two alleles are the same.
So BB is a homozygous genotype
Tom has blue eyes and his wife, Janelle, has blue eyes. 1.What are the genotypes
of both Tom and Janelle?2.Perform a Punnett
Square, to determine the probability that their children will have brown eyes.
The Blue allele for eyes is a RECESSIVE trait. Therefore, in order to have BLUE eyes, both alleles must be recessive. So the genotype for both Tom and Janelle is bb
bb bb
bb bb
b b
b
b
Tom and Janelle’s children have a ZERO chance of having Brown eyes
Why does our DNA need to replicate?
So that every cell will have the same DNA
In a DNA molecule, the nitrogen bases make up the “steps of the ladder.” The bases can only combine in certain ways.
Adenine (A) only combines with __________
Cytosine (C) only combines with __________
Adenine (A) only combines with Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) only combines with Guanine (G)
Who is the Father of Genetics?
Gregor Mendel
Genes are passed from the parents to their children. The child gets _______ of their genes from their mom and _______ of their genes from their dad.
HALF
Tall (T) is a dominant trait in Pea Plants. Short (t)is a recessive trait.
If you cross a heterozygous Tall plant with a short plant, what is the probability that you will get a short plant?
TtTall
ttShort
TtTall
ttshort
A Tall heterozgyous plant would have a genotype of Tt
A short plant would have a genotype of tt
T t
t
t
There is a 50% chance that you will get a short plant