bioremidiation & recycling of waste material and its impact on biodiversity
TRANSCRIPT
By -: Lovnish Thakur (IBT- 1ST Sem)Enrollment NO. –ASU2014010100099Course code -: 111 (biodiversity & bioprospecting)
www.greenpassport.us
www.nationofchange.org
biodabianss.blogspot.com
Environmental Problems
A. Aquatic Environment Issues – Water pollution, Ocean Dead Zones.
B. Air Quality Issues – Acid rain, Air Pollution, Nuclear Pollution
C. Climate Change Issues – Greenhouse Effect, Ozone Depletion
D. Terrestrial Environment Issues – Desertification, Deforestation, Soil pollution, Waste Disposal, Mining
www.itimes.com
Sources of pollution
Municipal Waste
Open DumpSanitary LandfillIncinerationOcean dumping
Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfill
Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer of earth once a day and a thicker layer when the site is full
Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of leachates: can cause problem by overflow
Gases produced by decomposing garbage needs venting
thetrashblog.com
Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials
produces toxic gases like Cl, HCl, HCN, SO2
thetrashblog.com
en.wikipedia.org
Ocean DumpingProblem Contributes to ocean
pollution Can wash back on beaches,
and can cause death of marine mammals
Dredge spoils still dumped in oceans, can cause habitat
destruction and export of fluvial pollutants
Ocean Dumping Ban Act, 1988: bans dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste
ocean.nationalgeographic.com
Reducing WasteIncineration, compactingHog feed: requires heat treatmentComposting: requires separation of organics from
glass and metalsRecycling and Reusing
Recycle of glass containers.Plastic: marked by types for easy recyclingConverted into Fibers, trash bags, plastic lumber, fill for
pillows, insulation etc.Junked cars.
Liquid WasteSewageHighly toxic
Industrial Waste & Used Oil
Deep well DisposalPumping in deep
porous layer bounded by impermeable formations, well below water table.
Restricted by geological considerations, can trigger earthquakes
www.nationofchange.org
Municipal Sewage Treatment Primary treatment: -:removal of solids Secondary treatment: -:biologicalBacteria and fungi breaks down organicsChlorinated to kill germs can form chloroform which is carcinogenic Tertiary treatment: Filtration and chemical
treatment: expensive Sludge is a by-product and is rich in organics and
nutrients
www.in.all.biz
Nuclear PollutionNuclear PollutionNuclear pollution is pollution that is Nuclear pollution is pollution that is
radioactive. radioactive. Fallout can lead to radiation sickness and death. Fallout can lead to radiation sickness and death. Nuclear fallout can destroy environmental Nuclear fallout can destroy environmental
features and animal lifefeatures and animal life
biodabianss.blogspot.com
Radioactive Waste DisposalIsotopes with short half-lives are gone quickly,
those with long half-lives will decay too littleLow level wastes: 90% of all radioactive wastesHigh level wastes e.g., spent nuclear fuel rods
www.greenpeace.org
High Level Waste DepositoryRocketing to sunUnder Antarctica Ice sheetSea bed disposal
www.beyondintractability.org
Impact of pollution on biodiversityPollution (Oil spills, human agricultural waste,
fertilization, pesticides, acid deposition, greenhouse gases etc) caused by human activities has a negative effect on biodiversity .
Nuclear pollution cause mutation and cause various disease and disorder which further leads to extinction of species.
Habitat loss is the greatest reason for biodiversity loss.
Habitat loss is due to:• Conversion of natural areas to farms, houses, etc• Fragmentation of ecosystems by human activities,
housing, transportation, agriculture etc.
Coral Reefs and Pollution25% of all marine species live in coral reefsAnd even more species use coral reefs as well, mostly as a nursery for juvenile stages.Coral Reefs can only survive in oceans with clear water and few nutrients at the ideal temperature and depth. Pollution mostly from fertilizers or sewage causes increase of nutrientsMore nutrients cause increase of algae growthThis decreases the oxygen and turbidity
( www.noaa.gov)
Loss of BiodiversityLoss of biodiversity come from
death of coral.Which reduces the number of
fish nurseries and amount of food.
Many larval organisms die and adults are few.
Commercial Importance Reduced numbers of
commercially fished fish Loss of possibilities for
research (www.noaa.gov)
BioremediationBioremediation can be defined as any process that
uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.
www.navfac.navy.mil
Bioremediation
Bioremediation technology using microorganisms was reportedly invented by George M. Robinson.
Cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate and/or sulfate fertilizers to facilitate the decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria.
To attack specific soil contaminants, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria.
www.noaa.gov
Classification of bioremediation technology
Some example of bioremediation technique
Bioventing landfarming bioreactor composting bioaugmentation rhizofiltration biostimulation.
Some technique
Bioremediation via the addition of fertilizers to increase the bioavailability within the medium: biostimulation
Addition of matched microbe strains to the medium to enhance the resident microbe population's ability to break down contaminants: bioaugmentation
CompostingComposting
Soil Conditioner – create rich humus Recycles kitchen and yard wasteIntroduces beneficial organisms in the soilGood for the environment as a natural alternative to chemical fertilizersReduces landfill waste
zerowastehouston.org
PHYTOREMEDIATIONHeavy metals like cadmium and lead are not readily absorbed or captured by organismsThe assimilation of metals like mercury into the food chain may worsen matters.
Phytoremediation is useful in these situations, because natural plants or transgenic plants are able to bioaccumulate these toxins in their above-ground parts, which are then harvested for removal.
www.noaa.gov
www.stevenswater.com
Advantages the cost of the phytoremediation is lower than that of
traditional processes both in situ and ex situ
can be employed in areas that are inaccessible without excavation
the plants can be easily monitored
the possibility of the recovery and re-use of valuable metals (by companies specializing in “phyto mining”)
it is potentially “the least harmful” method because it uses naturally occurring organisms and preserves the environment in a more natural state
Everyday Solutions Everyday Solutions ConserveConserveIncrease EfficiencyIncrease EfficiencyRecycleRecycle
References ocean.nationalgeographic.com www.stevenswater.com www.noaa.gov www.navfac.navy.mil en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation Redpathmuseum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/3.Conservation/impact
s.htm