biometrics: an overview - american national standards institute
TRANSCRIPT
Biometrics: An overview
Presented By:Prof. M. HanmandluDepartment of Electrical EngineeringIIT Delhi
Outline
Introduction
Biometric Traits
Multimodal Biometrics
Threats to Biometrics
Biometric Standards
Introduction :The need to Identify
Every day we are required to
Access a cash machine using a bank card with a PIN
To log on a computer with the password
Open a door with a key
Provide a passport and driving licence as proof of identity
We need to be able to accurately IDENTIFY an individual to minimize the current issues and threats
Is Biometrics The Answer
A biometric is part of the person and is not easily compromised through:
Theft
Collusion
Loss
Simplifies user management resulting in cost savings
Users do not need to remember PINS & passwords
Easy to use
Biometric Definition
The automated recognition of individuals is based on their behavioural and biological characteristics
The general meaning of biometrics encompasses counting, measuring and statistical analysis of any kind of data in the biological sciences including the relevant medical sciences
The term is derived from the Greek words “bios” meaning life and “metron” meaning measure
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Biological and behavioural
Biological
Fingerprint
Iris
Vein pattern
Hand geometry
DNA
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Behavioural
Signature
Gait
Voice
Keystroke dynamics
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Biometric Traits: Iris
Captures the pattern of flecks on the iris
Uses conventional cameras
Average 2 seconds for identification
No physical contact between user and reader
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Face
Based upon the geometric shape and position features of the face
Resistant to changes in skin tone, facial hair, hair style, and eye glasses
No active user involvement required in order to perform identification/verification
Limited success in practical applications
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Hand geometry
Measures the physical characteristics of the user’s hand and fingers
Low level infrared light and camera used to capture an image
Suited to applications where there is a large user base or users access the system infrequently
Systems are easy to use and robust
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Signature
Authentication is based on the analysis of the dynamics of a handwritten signature, e.g. shape, speed, stroke order, pen pressure
Generally use pressure sensitive tablets or wired pens
User friendly
Non intrusive – minimal public acceptance issues
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Fingerprint
Variety of fingerprint devices available (silicon and optical)
Template constructed by analysing patterns that make the fingerprint
Minutiae (Bifurcations
& ridge endings)
Retina
Human eye has its own totally unique pattern of blood vessels.
Because of its internal location, the retina is protected from variations caused by exposure to the external environment (unlike fingerprints).
Which Biometric is the Best?
Universality (everyone should have this trait)
Uniqueness (everyone has a different value)
Permanence (should be invariant with time)
Collectability (can be measured quantitatively)
Performance (achievable recognition accuracy, resources required, operating environment)
Acceptability (are people willing to accept it?)
Circumvention (how easily can it be spoofed?)
Multimodal Biometrics
Multimodal Biometric system is a system that uses more than one independent or weakly correlated biometric identifiers taken from an individual (e.g., fingerprint and face of the same person, or fingerprints from two different fingers of a person)
Multimodal Systems
Multimodal biometrics systems improve performance
A combination in a verification system (1:1) improves system accuracy
A combination in an identification system(1:n) improves system speed as well as accuracy
Multi-modal Systems: Fusion
Decision fusion
Each modality is first pre-classified independently
The final classification is based on the fusion of the outputs of the different modalities
PRSG Meeting Jan 09 IIT Delhi
Performance Evaluation (ROC:FAR vs. GAR)
Decisions based on two types of error rates
FAR: Number of imposter scores, falsely accepted
FRR: FRR: NNumberumber of genuine scores, falsely rejectedof genuine scores, falsely rejected
Genuine Acceptance rate Genuine Acceptance rate GAR=100GAR=100--FRRFRR
Biometric Standards
A field of study devoted to the design, development, and analysis based on natural selection (simulated evolution).
A population of Candidate Solutions (CSs) is randomly generated.
Each of the CSs is evaluated and assigned a fitness value based on a user specified evaluation function.
The Benefits of Standards
They foster wide spread utilization of the Biometric technology
They are a sign of industry maturity
They reduce time-to-market
They facilitate interchange and/or interoperability
They reduce risk of integrators and the end users
They reduce vendor “lock-in” effect
Basic Standards
BioAPI – The most popular API in the biometrics area
CBEFF – Common Biometric Exchange File Format
ANSI X9.84-2003 – Biometric Information Management and Security for the Financial Services Industry
ISO/IEC 19794 – Biometric Data Interchange Formats
Features
DCT, PCA (Face, Iris)
Gabor, wavelet & fuzzy (Iris, Palmprint,Hand vein)
ICA (hand geometry, ear)
Evolutionary Learning
Particle Swarm Optimization
Ant Colony Optimization
Bacterial Foraging
Genetic Algorithm
Reinforced Learning
Hybrids of the above
Conclusions
Biometrics is an ever growing field
New traits are being explored
New sensors are being developed
Biometrics standards are being evolved
It is an era of Biometrics fusion
Sky is the limit to the human aspirations
References and Links
Signal Processing Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
http://scgwww.epfl.ch/
Biometric Systems Lab, University of Bolognahttp://bias.csr.unibo.it/research/biolab/
www.sciencedierect.com
Textbooks 1 and 2 CPSC 601.20