biomechanics of breathing. lungs ventilation
TRANSCRIPT
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Biomechanics of breathing. Lungs ventilation
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Respiration External respiration (Ventilation
and the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air and blood )
Internal respiration (oxygen utilization by the tissues)
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Airway zones Conductive (Leading ) zone Transient (transit ) zone Respiratory zone
Of the total volume of the lungs conductive zone is about 150 ml,
transient - about 1500 ml.
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Functions of the respiratory pathways
1. Warming.2. Moisturizing.3. Clearing the air
Inhaled air: t 18-22 C, 45-55% BBIn the bronchi: t 37 ° C, 100% BB
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Respiratory muscles
Main muscles for inspiration: diaphragm and external intercostal, intercartilaginous muscles
Muscles for expiration: internal intercostal, pectoral, abdominal muscles
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Calm inspiration is an active process. The contraction of the inspiratory muscles and diaphragm increases intrathoracic volume. It stretches the thorax and lungs.
Calm expiration is a passive process. The thorax and lungs recoil when the respiratory muscles relax.
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Inspiration
the dome of the diaphragm flattens, ribs elevate
In the rest, 4/5 of inhalational work is done by diaphragm.
Pressure in the alveoli reduces below atmospheric, the air moves under pressure gradient into the lungs
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Exhalation
Normally is a passiveprocess. After relaxation of muscles, due to the elastic tension of thorasic tissues air is removed
(Becoming active during bronchial obstruction)
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Inspiration Exspiration
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Effect of Rib and Sternum Movement on Thoracic Volume
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Pressure in the lungs and intrapleural pressure
Intrapleural pressure is always lower than the alveolar one:First: chest is a sealed container.Second, the lungs are characterized by elastic tension, which is due to these factors:
1. presence of ellastic fibers, which make 1 / 3 of elastic tention;2. surface tension of the liquid layer on the inner surface of alveoli, which makes 2 / 3 of the elastic tension of the lungs.
Thirdly, “negative” pressure in the pleural cavity is maintained by the large absorbtion capacity of pleural leaves.
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Physiological dead space
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Breathing act (respiratory movements):
inspiration expiration, their value on average equals to 1:1,2
in adults. The frequency of respiratory movements in an adult - 16-20 respiratory movements for 1 minute.
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Evaluation of functional state of the respiratory system
1. Tidal volume (breathing air) - a volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled at rest. Normally it is - 0,3-0,8 l (mean 0.5 ml).
2. Inspiratory reserve volume (additional air) - is the maximum volume of air you can inhale above after the calm inspiration. Normally it is 1.5-2.0 l.
3. Expiratory reserve volume (air backing) - is the maximum volume of air you can exhale above after the calm expiration. Normally it is 1,0-1,5 liters.
4. Residual volume (residual air) - the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation. Normally it is 1,0-1,5 liters.
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Spirometer, Lung Volumes, and Lung Capacities
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Lung capacity 1. The total maximum lung capacity - the maximum volume of
air that fits in the lungs or the sum of all lung volumes. Normally is 4,5-6,5 liters.
2.Vital lung capacity - the largest amount of air you can exhale after maximum inhalation or the amount of the first three volumes. Normally it is: women - 3,0-3,5 l; in men - 3,5-5,0 liters.
3. Inspiratory capacity - the maximum amount of air you can breathe after calm exhalation, or the amount of the first two volumes. Normally it - 1,8-2,8 liters.
4. Functional residual capacity - the amount of air contained in the lungs after calm exhalation or the amount of the last two volumes. Normally - 2.5-3.5 liters.
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Appropriate Vital Capacity value
Men [27.63 - (0.112 x · age in years)] · height in cmfor women [21.78 - (0.101 · age in years)] · height in cmNormally the actual VC can deviate up to 15%
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Alveolar ventilation
Alveolar ventilation is a volume of air that enters the alveoli of the lungs per unit of time.
Alveolar ventilation =(TV - Dead Space) · BR
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