Biology Midterm Review

Unit 1 Keystone Objectives: A.1.1, A.1.2, B.4.1.1

1.1 – Biology explores life from the global to the microscopic level.

Put the levels of organization in order, starting with subatomic particle and ending with biosphere.

What is meant by the term “emergent properties”? Explain using 3 consecutive levels of organization that

you listed above (example: macromolecule -> organelle -> cell).

1.2 – Biology explores life in its diverse forms.

What are the 7 characteristics shared by all living things? Give a brief explanation of each.

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Fill in the chart below explaining the three domains of life:

Name of Domain Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Description of Domain

List the taxa used to classify organisms, starting with domain and ending with species. Circle the two that

contribute to the scientific name of the organism.

1.3 – Ten themes unify the study of life.

Identify and briefly explain the 10 themes of biology.

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In the experiment below, identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and at least three

controlled variables:

You want to test to see whether blue light helps a plant grow better than red light. You take two identical

plants and put one under blue light and one under red light and measure their growth after 6 days.

Graph the results of the experiment:

Table 1. Growth of plants

Day Blue

Light

Red

Light

2 2 cm 1 cm

4 4 cm 2 cm

6 6 cm 3 cm

Unit 2 Keystone Objectives: A.2.1, A.2.2

4.1 – Life requires about 25 chemical elements.

List the top 5 most common elements in living things.

Fill in the chart below:

Formula Number of elements Number of atoms of each

element

Molecule, compound, or both?

He

O2

CO2

C6H12O6

H2O

4.2 – Chemical properties are based on the structure of atoms.

Label the parts of the atom.

Fill out the chart below for each subatomic particle.

Name of subatomic

particle

Location Charge Does it contribute to

the atom’s mass?

Fill out the chart below for each element.

Name of

element

Atomic

number

Mass

number

#

protons

#

neutrons

#

electrons

# valence

electrons

electronegativity

C

H

O

N

Na

From the chart below, which element is the most reactive? Why?

4.3 – Chemical bonds join atoms to one another.

What is the main difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

What subatomic particles are involved in chemical bonding?

4.4 – Life depends on the unique properties of water.

Draw the structure of a water molecule. Using electronegativity, explain and diagram why water is

considered polar.

List and describe water’s unique properties.

Property of water Explanation of property Why is this property important?

What is the difference between an acid and a base? Explain using the pH scale (numbers).

5.1 – Carbon is the main ingredient in organic molecules.

Draw the following functional groups, then add them to the carbon chain below. Make sure the carbon

atoms have the appropriate number of bonds by adding hydrogens. (Carbon chain on next page)

Functional group Carbon chain location Drawing

Hydroxyl 3rd carbon

Carbonyl 2nd carbon

Carboxyl 5th carbon

Amino 1st carbon

C-C-C-C-C

Describe the 3 properties of carbon that make it suitable for forming large macromolecules.

Draw and explain dehydration synthesis and what it is used for.

Draw and explain hydrolysis and what it is used for.

5.2 – Carbohydrates provide fuel and building materials.

5.3 – Lipids include fats and steroids.

5.4 – Proteins perform most functions in cells.

Label the structures below as either carbohydrate, lipid, or protein.

What is the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, and a polysaccharide?

Fill out the chart below for the 3 basic macromolecules.

Macromolecule Name of monomer Functions Examples Food

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

What are two things that can affect protein shape?

5.5 – Enzymes are proteins that speed up specific reactions in cells.

What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?

Are enzymes used up in a reaction?

What do enzymes do? Use a picture in your explanation.

Unit 3 Keystone Objectives: A.1.2.1, A.1.2.2, A.3.1, A.4.1, B.2.2.2

6.1 – All organisms are made of cells.

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

Label the parts of the microscope:

Fill out the chart below:

Animal cells only Both cells (give at least 5) Plant cells only

1.

2.

1.

2.

3.

Put check marks in the boxes that describe each type of cell:

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Has DNA

Has a nucleus

Has membrane-bound organelles

Has ribosomes

Animal cells are an example

Bacterial cells are an example

Plant cells are an example

Has cytoplasm

6.2– Membranes organize a cell’s activities.

The cell (plasma) membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. Draw what that looks like, and label

the parts of the phospholipids as either hydrophilic or hydrophobic.

6.3 – Membranes regulate the traffic of molecules.

Draw pictures showing the following processes:

Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport

What does the word “equilibrium” mean?

Draw pictures showing the following solutions and use arrows showing the direction of water movement.

Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

What does endocytosis mean?

What does exocytosis mean?

6.4 – The cell builds a diversity of products.

In the picture of the cell, label the nucleus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic

reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

State the function of each organelle identified above.

Organelle Function

Nucleus

Ribosome

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi apparatus

What is the relationship between the organelles listed above? Discuss how they move things through the

cell.

State the function of the organelles below.

Organelle Function

Lysosome

Peroxisome

Vacuole

6.5 – Chloroplasts and mitochondria energize cells.

Compare and contrast the function of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

In the picture of the plant and animal cells, label the chloroplast and mitochondria. Remember, both plant

AND animal cells have mitochondria, but only plant cells have chloroplasts.

6.6 – An internal skeleton supports the cell and enables movement.

What are two important functions of the cytoskeleton?

Unit 4 Keystone Objectives: A.3.1, A.3.2.1, A.3.2.2

7.1 – Sunlight powers life.

What does autotroph mean? Give an example of an autotroph.

What does heterotroph mean? Give an example of a heterotroph.

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

7.2 – Food stores chemical energy.

What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? Give an example of each.

Fill out the chart below:

Name of energy form Kinetic or potential? Explanation and alternative names

M

R

S

C

H

E

N

7.3 – ATP provides energy for cellular work.

Draw and label the three parts of ATP, and label where energy is stored.

Fill out the chart below for the three types of work done by the cell:

Name of work type Description and example

7.4 – Electrons “fall” from food to oxygen during cellular respiration.

7.5 – Cellular respiration converts energy in food to energy in ATP.

Label the parts of the mitochondria:

Write the formula for cellular respiration. List the three steps, where the steps take place, and where the

reactants are used and the products are made.

7.6 – Some cells can harvest energy without oxygen.

How is cellular respiration similar to and different than fermentation?

8.1 – Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food.

Label the parts of the chloroplast.

8.2 – The light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy.

8.3 – The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide.

Write the formula for photosynthesis. List the two steps, where the steps take place, and where the

reactants are used and the products are made.