Name _____________________________ Period ________

Biology Mid-Term Review Sheet

2015

Part One: Vocabulary

For each of the following vocabulary terms, write a definition or description in your own words, and describe or draw at least one example of each.

Vocabulary Word Definition/Describe Examples

(Describe or Draw) Scientific Method

1. Hypothesis Information gathered using

your senses that lead you to a

Testable explanation.

Educated guess

Plants produce more oxygen with light

than in the dark.

2. Theory An idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true but that is not known or proven

Theory of Evolution

3. Independent

Variable

The part of an experiment that

is changed.( manipulating

variable)

From above: the amount of light

4. Dependent Variable The part of an experiment you

are testing for. ( resulting

variable)

From above: the amount of oxygen

produced.

5. Control The part of an experiment that

doesn’t change. Stays constant

From above. Same type of plant and

size.

Properties of Water

6. Element Pure substance made of only

one kind of atom.

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Potassium,

etc.

7. Compound A substance made of more than

one type of atom combined

together.

Water- H2O

Glucose- C6H12O6

Carbon Dioxide – CO2

8. Cohesion Water molecules able to stick

to each other.

Water beads up into a round dome

shape on was paper.

9. Adhesion Water molecules able to stick

to other polar molecules

Water climbing up glass tubes, or

xylem in a celery stalk.

10. Surface Tension The “stickiness” of water

molecules on surface of water.

Creates a strong film on

surface.

A paperclip floating on water, though

its density is greater than water. An

insect walking on water.

Molecules of Life (Biomolecules)

11. Carbohydrates Organic compound that

provides primary energy source.

Also, builds structures in cell

walls.

Starches, sugars

Foods- pasta, rice, potatoes

12. Lipids Large organic molecule used as

secondary energy source and

necessary for cell membranes.

Oils, fats, waxes, hormones

13. Proteins Essential in building structures

in cells, building tissue. Also

make enzymes

Muscle, ( meat), eggs,

Enzymes – for chemical reactions

14. Nucleic Acids Store genetic information.

Essentially, store code for

making proteins.

DNA, RNA

15. Monomer Small molecules that form

Large Biomolecules. Building

Blocks of Macromolecules

Monosaccharide for Carbohydrates

Fatty acids for Lipids

Amino Acids for Proteins

16. Polymer Large Molecules made up of

many single monomers.

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins,

Nucleic Acids

Characteristics and Origin of Life

17. Endosymbiosis Theory that eukaryotic cells

evolved from prokaryotic cells.

Plants that contain the chloroplast,

that by theory, was formed by a

bacteria ingesting a photosynthetic

bacteria.

18. Stimulus (Stimuli) That which a cell, organism,

responds to

Temperature, Pressure, Light, Sound,

Gravity,

19. Metabolism Sum total of all cellular

processes taking place at one

time.

20. Homeostasis Maintaining a constant,

balanced internal condition in

organisms

98.6 body temperature,

Maintain equal h2o on each side of cell

membrane.

Cell Theory

21. Prokaryote Single celled organism that

lacks, has no nucleus.

All bacteria

22. Eukaryote Any organism whose cells have a

nucleus

All organisms not bacteria: Plants,

Animals, Protist and Fungi

23. Cells The basic unit of all life Muscle, bone, nerve,

bacteria, protists,

Cell Organelles

24. Organelle Smallest unit in a cell that

carries out a specific function

for the cell.

Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Vacuoles,

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Lysosomes, etc.

25. Nucleus Control center of cell. Carries

out all cellular activity

Contains the DNA inside of the Cell

26. Mitochondria Transform food energy into

stored chemical energy.

Powerhouse of cell.

27. Chloroplasts Transforms sunlight energy into

chemical energy that is stored

as food ( glucose)

28. Cytoplasm Fluid portion of water that

consist of mainly water. It

suspends all the cell’s

organelles.

Liquid in cells

29. Endoplasmic

reticulum

Where chemical reactions

produce lipids and proteins.

Depends if smooth or rough.

30. Vacuole Storage area for food, water,

wastes.

31. Ribosomes Small organelle that produces

(synthesizes) proteins.

Cell Membrane and Cell Transport

32. Cell membrane Protects internal environment

of cell from the external. Cell

membrane keeps the cell in

homeostasis. It is semi-

permeable. Phosopholipids

33. Cell wall Only in Plant and Bacteria cells.

Provides extra protection and

support for cell.

The outside of bacteria, fungi, plant

cells

34. Passive transport When materials move across a

membrane and it requires NO

energy to do so.

Osmosis, diffusion,

35. Diffusion Movement of molecules from an

area of high concentration to a

lesser concentration.

Oxygen passing from lung to

bloodstream

36. Osmosis The diffusion of water from an

area of high to low.

Water moving into or out of a cell.

Facilitated diffusion Particles that move through the

membrane with the help of

transport proteins.

Glucose, Amino Acid passing through

the cell membrane.

37. Active transport Movement of materials against

the concentration gradient and

requiring Energy.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

38. Equilibrium When materials are equal on

both sides of a membrane

50% H2O

Circulatory System

39. Circulatory system Includes the heart, vessels, &

blood.

Transports nutrients and wastes

throughout the body

40. Blood Carries oxygen, nutrients, and

wastes throughout the body.

Includes Leukocytes (WBC),

erythrocytes (RBC), platelets,

and plasma.

WBCs help us fight infection.

RBCs carry oxygen to cells from the

lungs and carry carbon dioxide from

the cell to the lungs. Platelets help us

clot. Plasma = fluid part of blood

41. Heart Four chambered organ that

pumps blood through the body

Left and right ventricles

Left and right atria

42. Blood vessels

*The capillary is where

gas exchange occurs

Arteries, capillaries, and veins

allow the blood to get from the

heart to cells and tissues.

Arteries to capillaries to veins back to

the heart. Largest artery is the Aorta.

Excretory System

43. Excretory system The system that maintains

homeostasis by getting rid

(excreting) non-solid wastes.

Major organs: lungs, skin, and urinary

system

44. Filtration Everything is filtered out of

the blood in the Nephron of the

kidney

Water, salts, glucose, amino acids,

urea, vitamins, and ions are ALL

filtered from the blood

45. Reabsorption All of the good nutrients are

reabsorbed.

Urea and excess (extra) salts and

excess (extra) water are excreted.

46. Excretion The waste is then collected in

the urinary bladder and

excreted.

Pathway: kidney, ureters, urinary

bladder, urethra, outside

Nervous System *maintains balance between internal and external environments

47. Nervous system Processes, manages and stores

information: memory,

intelligence, personality, etc.

Divided into CNS (brain and spinal

cord) and PNS (sensory and motor

neurons of the body)

50% H2O

48. Neuron The basic unit of the nervous

system. May send impulses

from the sensory NS to the

CNS and back (see #50).

49. Reflex arc A pathway that goes from the

stimulus up the sensory neuron

bypassing the brain and back to

a motor neuron.

If you burn or cut your hand, you pull

away quickly.

Endocrine System *maintains balance between internal and external environments

50. Endocrine system Helps regulate mood, blood

pressure, growth, and

development.

Major organs include: the pituitary,

thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas,

ovaries, and testes.

51. Hormones Chemicals made in glands that

regulate homestasis over a long

or sustained period of time.

Growth hormone (GH), testosterone,

and estrogen.

52. Regulate Constant communication to

make sure that the body is in

homeostasis

The nervous and endocrine systems do

this together.

53. Glands Organs that produce hormones. Pituitary gland = “the master gland”

Defending the Body Against Disease (Bacteria, Viruses, Immune System)

54. Bacteria Single-celled organism that

does not have a nucleus. They

may cause diseases like

strept-throat or may make

yogurt.

Coccus: Round-shaped

Bacillus: Rod-shaped

Spirillum: Spiral-shaped

55. Virus Non-living microbes that

cause diseases

Composed of genetic material

surrounded by a protein coat

56. Bacteriophage A virus that only infects

bacteria

57. Inflammatory

response

Your immune system’s

response to a disease.

WBCs move to the infected tissue

causing redness, pain, and swelling.

58. Antibiotic Slows or stops the growth of

bacteria

Streptomycin, penicillin, amoxicillin,

and ampicillin

59. Probiotic Promotes (helps) the growth

of bacteria

Pickles, dark chocolate, yogurt and

olives (source: Mayo clinic) no pun

intended.

60. Pathogen Disease causing agent Bacteria or viruses

Photosynthesis

61. Reactant The ingredients of the chemical

reaction

(Left side of the yield sign)

Carbon dioxide and Water

62. Product What is made or the products of

the chemical reaction

(Right side of the yield sign) Glucose

and Oxygen

63. Photosynthesis Process that turns energy from the

sun into glucose (sugar)

Two parts: light dependent and light

independent (Calvin cycle)

64. Autotroph An organism that can make its own

food (sugars). Sometimes called

producers

Photoautotroph-from the sun

Chemoautotroph – from chemicals

(organic compounds)

65. Heterotroph An organism that cannot make its

own food. Sometimes called

consumers

Animals, including humans

66. ATP Energy that the cell uses to do its

job.

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

Energy Transformations in Ecosystems

67. Ecosystem A biological community of

interacting organisms and their

physical environment

This includes abiotic and biotic factors:

animals, plants, fungus, bacteria, water,

etc.

68. Producer

Makes its own food

The first trophic level is occupied

by producers.

Phytoplankton and perennial grasses

69. Consumer Relies on another organism for food

energy and survival

Humans, lions, tigers, and bears. Oh,

my!

70. Decomposer Break down and absorb nutrients

from dead and decaying organic

matter

Bacteria and fungi

71. Food chain The feeding of one organism on

another

Grass->Cow->Human

Grass->Gazelle->Lion

72. Food web A picture showing energy

relationships between many animals

and plants

73. Trophic level The feeding level or position of a

food chain

74. Biomass Total amount of living tissue in each

trophic level

The amount of producer

(phytoplankton) tissue

75. Energy Plants play a major role in

transforming energy from the sun

into usable products

The energy from the sun drives most

life on the planet (minus deep sea vent

communities).

76. Energy pyramid Used by scientists as models to

show data from the relationships of

organisms

77. Succession A change in the number of species

in an ecosystem due to a

disturbance.

Grass->Mice->Gopher Snake -> Hawk

Removing the hawk from the food chain

will do what to the mouse population?

78. Stability An ecosystem staying the same in

the future

Will an ecosystem remain stable or will

a natural disaster or human impact

change the ecosystem?

79. Competition Limited resources cause a species

to compete for food, mates, etc.

Two Bighorn sheep hitting their horns

together (compete) to breed.

Part Two: Concept Review

Complete the following or answer the question. Be specific and thorough.

Molecules of Life (Biomolecules):

1. Circle the elements found in each of the four biomolecules below:

a. Carbohydrates: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus

b. Lipids: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus

c. Proteins: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus

d. Nucleic Acids: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus

2. Label each of the following monomers with: the monomer name, and the polymer name.

a. monosaccharide/glucose & polysaccharide b. fatty acid & triglyceride/lipid

c. amino acid & protein d. nucleotide & DNA/RNA

Characteristics and Origin of Life:

3. List the 7 characteristics shared by all living things. Put a * next to the characteristic(s) also

shared with viruses.

1. Organized into 1 or more cells 5. Adapt & evolve*

2. Respond to stimuli 6. Maintain homeostasis

3. Reproduce & pass traits to offspring 7. Obtain & use energy

4. Grow

4. Describe the main idea of the Endosymbiosis Theory using the following terms:

mitochondria chloroplasts prokaryote eukaryote plants animals

Mitochondria & chloroplasts, organelles found in eukaryotic cells, look a lot like prokaryotic

cells. They have their own DNA, make their own proteins and divide on their own. The

theory states that mitochondria were aerobic prokaryotes that became part of larger

prokaryotic cells and are now in animal & plant cells; similar with chloroplasts, only found in

plant cells.

Cell Theory:

5. Compare and contrast a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. You may draw a Venn diagram.

Prokaryote Only Both Eukaryote Only

cell wall (peptidoglycan) cell membrane many membrane-bound organelles

small & simple cytoplasm large & complex

no nucleus has genetic material has a nucleus

ribosomes

Cell Organelles:

6. Compare and contrast a plant and an animal cell. You may draw a Venn diagram.

Plant Both Animal

cell wall cell membrane nucleus lysosome

central vacuole Golgi apparatus ribosomes centrioles

chloroplast smooth & rough ER mitochondria

Cell Membrane and Cell Transport:

7. What is the main component of the cell membrane? What is this component’s major function?

Phospholipids; regulate what enters & leaves the cell

8. Proteins are also found in the cell membrane. What is the major function of proteins here?

Channels for larger or charged molecules or proton pumps

9. What types of molecules move through diffusion?

Oxygen, carbon dioxide

10. What types of molecules move through osmosis?

Water

Excretory System:

11. How does the excretory system help to maintain homeostasis?

Eliminates wastes, regulates water in the blood, maintains blood pH

12. List three methods used by the body to excrete waste. For each, name the organs and body

parts involved and describe how the waste is removed from the body.

Lungs – carbon dioxide is exhaled; Skin – excess water & salts are removed in sweat;

Kidneys – filters urea, excess salts & water

Nervous System:

13. What is the main function of the nervous system? to maintain the balance between internal and

external environments by monitoring the other body systems

14. Draw a sketch of a neuron (nerve cell) and label the following:

dendrite nucleus axon myelin sheath axon terminals

15. What is the function of the myelin sheath? acts as an insulator to increase the speed of nerve

impulses

Endocrine System:

16. How does the endocrine system help to maintain homeostasis? uses chemical messengers

(hormones) to respond to changes and monitor the cells of the body

17. What is a positive feedback mechanism? Describe an example of positive feedback. increases

or amplifies a process; ex. a woman in labor – oxytocin increases labor contractions, which

increases the production of oxytocin.

18. What is a negative feedback mechanism? Describe an example of negative feedback. stops or

reverses a process in the body; ex. when you are hot, your body begins to sweat in order to

bring your body temperature down.

19. Insulin levels are regulated by the endocrine system.

a. What organ produces insulin in the human body? pancreas

b. What does insulin do in the body? enables the absorption of glucose so that it can be

used by the body

c. What disease is caused by decreased production of insulin? Diabetes mellitus (Type 1)

Bacteria, Viruses, and Immune System:

20. Why do most scientists consider viruses to be non-living? they have no cytoplasm, internal

metabolism, and cannot grow or divide; they need a host cell to survive

21. Describe what happens inside the body during the inflammatory response. Include specific

names of chemicals and blood cells. white blood cells move to the infected area – the WBC’s

release a chemical signal to increase WBC production – some WBC’s engulf (eat) pathogens and

others release histamine which dilates the blood vessels to make them more permeable.

22. Describe how bacteria can be beneficial to –

a. Plants – bacteria fix nitrogen into a usable form, ammonia (NH3) so plants can use it

<called nitrogen fixation>

b. Animals (including humans) – nitrogen fixation; clean up oil spills and sewage waste;

protect the body from bad bacteria (acidic environment); probiotics promote the growth

of good bacteria

23. Compare/Contrast lytic and lysogenic cycle of viruses. Be sure to include the following: (a) how

does the virus enter the cell? (b) what happens when the virus enters the cell? (c) what

happens to the cell after the cycle is complete? (Feel free to draw a picture.)

Lytic Cycle – virus injects DNA into cell; viral DNA takes over host cell’s DNA to develop new

viral parts; viruses assemble and burst out of the host cell; host cell is destroyed.

Lysogenic Cycle – virus injects DNA into cell; DNA fuses with host cell DNA and goes into a

dormant phase; host cell functions normally; trigger causes viral DNA to activate and make new

viruses; new viruses either rupture out of host cell or they are released without harming the

host cell.

Photosynthesis:

24. What does the term “synthesis” mean? “to make”

25. Give at least 3 examples of synthesis. (1) photosynthesis (making sugars), (2) chemosynthesis

(making compounds using chemicals), (3) building proteins (linking amino acids together.

26. In which part of the plant does photosynthesis occur? in the leaves (inside chloroplasts)

27. Review the equation for photosynthesis below. Describe what the equation means in complete

sentences using the following terms in your explanation:

reactants products energy oxygen carbon dioxide chloroplast glucose water

The reactants of carbon dioxide and water are used to make glucose sugars and oxygen gas as a

waste product. Sunlight is required to provide the energy for this process to occur in the

chloroplasts of plants and in some bacteria and protists.

Energy Transformations in Ecosystems:

28. Food Chains:

a. Draw a food chain that includes a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer,

and tertiary consumer. Label all organisms in your food chain using these terms.

grass (producer) mouse (primary consumer) snake (secondary consumer)

hawk (tertiary consumer)

29. Food Webs:

b. Examine the food web below.

c. Label each organism on the food web above using the following terms:

decomposers D producers P primary consumer PC

secondary consumer SC tertiary consumer TC

d. Circle the level which stores the greatest amount of energy. producer level

30. Energy Pyramids:

e. Examine the energy pyramid below.

f. Draw an arrow to show the direction that energy moves in the pyramid.

g. Color the level where the most energy is available green.

h. Color the level where the least energy is available blue.

i. What are these levels called? trophic levels

Food Nutrition:

31. What are the six (6) nutrients?

i. Water

ii. Carbohydrate

iii. Fats

iv. Proteins

v. Vitamins

vi. Minerals

32. What nutrient do cells use as their first source of energy? Second? What provides more

energy per gram: fats or carbohydrates?

a. 1st: Carbohydrates

b. 2nd: Fats

c. Fats Provides more energy per Gram

33. What does C6H12O6 stand for?

Glucose

34. Using the energy table, determine the calories per serving

if a food sample has 10 grams of fat, 3 grams of carbohydrates

and 1 gram of protein.

a. 10 x 9 = 90

b. 3 x 4 = 12

c. 1 x 4 = 4

d. Total calories per serving = 106 calories

35. What type of foods would have the following biomolecule composition?

a. Large amount of fats, low proteins: fried food, whole milk products (ice cream), bacon

b. High carbs and high fats:

c. High carbs and low fats: Legumes (beans/peas), oatmeal

d. High protein, low fat: chicken, fish, eggs